Patent Application
20250129544
Carpet tiles offer considerable advantages over rugs or wall to wall carpeting. For example, the use of carpet tiles for floor covering provides a simple installation process and allows removal of individual tiles which have become worn or soiled more than other tiles while those tiles which are not worn or soiled may be left in place. Additionally, tiles may be rearranged or replaced to enhance decorative effects. Conventional carpet tiles include a pile fabric facing set into a layer of resilient thermoplastic (including elastomeric) material which is stiffened with a layer of suitable stiffening fibers, such as fiberglass fibers. The tile is generally backed with another layer of resilient elastomeric or thermoplastic material to which an adhesive may be applied to set the carpet tile onto the floor.
Conventional carpet tiles are manufactured using a two-layer process. In some two-layer processes, the product has to be run though a production line twice. In the first pass, a nonwoven fiberglass mat is adhered to greige goods via an extruded thermoplastic secondary backing to form a greige good/extruded backing/fiberglass composite. The greige good/extruded backing/fiberglass composite is then wound onto an A-frame roller at the end of this process. In the second pass, the composite is again coated with the same or different secondary extruded backing and an optional felt layer (such as a polyester spunbond) may be added as the finished bottom side of the carpet tile. In other two-layer processes, the product is only run through the line once. In the first pass, a plastisol coating/secondary backing is applied to greige goods before a nonwoven fiberglass mat is adhered to form a greige good/extruded backing/fiberglass composite. The greige good/extruded backing/fiberglass composite is then coated again with the plastisol coating/secondary backing (with the coating going on the uncoated top side of the fiberglass) in a downstream step. This second layer of plastisol is designed to result in complete wet out of the fiberglass mat ensuring sufficient lamination strength and to act as the finished bottom side of the carpet tile. These two-part processes are both inefficient and expensive.
Embodiments of the present invention are directed to carpet tiles that can be produced using a single layer production process, while providing enhanced dimensional stability. Such carpet tiles not only reduce production costs and increase production efficiency by eliminating steps from the manufacturing process, but also eliminate the need for multiple secondary backing layers. The carpet tiles of the present invention achieve these results by incorporating a dual-layer wet-laid nonwoven mat in place of one of the secondary backing layers as well as an optional felt layer. The top layer of the nonwoven mat is formed from coarse glass fibers, while the second layer is formed from synthetic fibers and/or a combination of synthetic fibers and coarse glass fibers. The synthetic fiber layer proves a smoother, non-itchy surface that remains exposed and is easy to handle by installation personnel.
According to one aspect, a carpet tile includes a pile fabric layer, a primary backing coupled with the pile fabric layer, and a secondary backing coupled with the primary backing. The secondary backing includes a thermoplastic material or a plastisol. The carpet tile also includes a dual-layer wet-laid nonwoven mat that includes a glass fiber rich layer, a synthetic fiber rich layer, and an emulsion binder. The glass fiber rich layer and the synthetic fiber rich layer each include a blend of glass fibers and synthetic fibers. The glass fiber rich layer has at least 80 weight percent glass fibers and the synthetic fiber rich layer has at least 80 weight percent synthetic fibers. The emulsion binder is applied to the glass fiber rich layer and the synthetic fiber rich layer to simultaneously bind the glass fibers and synthetic fibers in the two layers together and bind the two layers together. A diameter of the glass fibers is between 9 and 20 μm and the glass fibers have a length greater than 6 mm. A diameter of the synthetic fibers is between 0.3 and 10 Denier and the synthetic fibers have a length of between 5 and 40 mm. The dual-layer wet-laid nonwoven mat includes between 10 and 50 weight percent of the binder, which is curable at a maximum temperature of below 330 degrees Fahrenheit. A total weight percent of glass fibers in the glass fiber rich layer and the synthetic fiber rich layer is at least 48 percent.
In some instances, the total weight percent of glass fibers in the glass fiber rich layer and the synthetic fiber rich layer is between about 48 and 79 weight percent. In some instances, the dual-layer wet-laid nonwoven mat includes between about 15 and 35 weight percent of the binder. The binder may be curable at a maximum temperature of below 310 degrees Fahrenheit. The glass fiber rich layer may have between 90 and 95 weight percent of the glass fibers and/or the synthetic fiber rich layer may have between 90 and 95 weight percent of the synthetic fibers. The synthetic fibers may consist of acrylic, polyester, polypropylene, Aramids, Nylon, polyethylene, Rayon, and/or polyvinylidene fluoride, and/or combinations thereof. A basis weight of the dual-layer wet-laid nonwoven mat may be between 0.6 lbs/sq and 3.0 lbs/sq. A weight ratio of the glass fiber rich layer to the synthetic fiber rich layer may be between 0.5-3.7. The binder may be a self-crosslinking binder and/or include a crosslinker. The carpet tile may be free of a fleece or felt cap layer.
According to another aspect, a dual-layer wet-laid nonwoven mat for a carpet tile includes a glass fiber rich layer, a synthetic fiber rich layer, and an emulsion binder. The glass fiber rich layer and the synthetic fiber rich layer each include a blend of glass fibers and synthetic fibers with the glass fiber rich layer having at least 80 weight percent of the glass fibers and the synthetic fiber rich layer having at least 80 weight percent of the synthetic fibers. The emulsion binder is applied to the glass fiber rich layer and the synthetic fiber rich layer to bind the glass fibers and synthetic fibers in said layers together and to bind the glass fiber rich layer to the synthetic fiber rich layer. The dual-layer wet-laid nonwoven mat includes at least 10 weight percent of the binder and the binder is curable at a maximum temperature of below 330 degrees Fahrenheit. A total weight percent of glass fibers in the glass fiber rich layer and the synthetic fiber rich layer is at least 48 percent.
In some instances, the total weight percent of glass fibers in the glass fiber rich layer and the synthetic fiber rich layer is between about 48 and 79 weight percent. The dual-layer wet-laid nonwoven mat may include between about 15 and 35 weight percent of the binder and/or the binder may be curable at a maximum temperature of below 310 degrees Fahrenheit. The glass fiber rich layer may have at least 90 weight percent of the glass fibers and/or the synthetic fiber rich layer may have at least 90 weight percent of the synthetic fibers. The synthetic fibers may consist of acrylic, polyester, polypropylene, Aramids, Nylon, polyethylene, Rayon, and/or polyvinylidene fluoride, and combinations thereof. A basis weight of the dual-layer wet-laid nonwoven mat may be between 0.6 lbs/sq and 3.0 lbs/sq and/or a weight ratio of the glass fiber rich layer to the synthetic fiber rich layer may be between 0.5-3.7. The binder may be a self-crosslinking binder and/or include a crosslinker. The carpet tile may be free of a fleece or felt cap layer.
According to another aspect, a method of manufacturing a carpet tile includes providing a pile fabric layer having a primary backing, applying a secondary backing to the primary backing, and applying a dual-layer wet-laid nonwoven mat to an exposed surface of the secondary backing to form a carpet sheet. The dual-layer wet-laid nonwoven mat includes a glass fiber rich layer and a synthetic fiber rich layer that each include a blend of glass fibers and synthetic fibers with the glass fiber rich layer having at least 80 weight percent of the glass fibers and the synthetic fiber rich layer having at least 80 weight percent of the synthetic fibers. A total weight percent of glass fibers in the glass fiber rich layer and the synthetic fiber rich layer is at least 48 percent. An emulsion binder is applied to the glass fiber rich layer and the synthetic fiber rich layer to bind the glass fibers and synthetic fibers in said layers together and to bind the glass fiber rich layer to the synthetic fiber rich layer. The dual-layer wet-laid nonwoven mat includes between about 10 and 50 weight percent of the binder and the binder is curable at a maximum temperature of below 330 degrees Fahrenheit. The method also includes cutting the carpet sheet into a plurality of carpet tiles.
In some instances, applying the dual-layer wet-laid nonwoven mat includes laminating the first layer to the secondary backing. In some instances, the secondary backing is a thermoplastic material or plastisol that is applied to the primary backing. The secondary backing is applied via an extrusion or coating process onto the primary backing to laminate the greige good (i.e., the carpet face and primary backing) and secondary backing. In some instances, the method further includes exposing the carpet sheet to a chilled roller assembly prior to cutting the carpet sheet. The binder of the dual-layer wet-laid nonwoven mat may be distributed homogenously throughout the dual-layer wet-laid nonwoven mat.
Various features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will be better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying figures in which like characters represent like parts throughout the figures, wherein:
The ensuing description provides exemplary embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the disclosure. Rather, the ensuing description of the exemplary embodiments will provide those skilled in the art with an enabling description for implementing one or more exemplary embodiments. It being understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.
Embodiments of the present invention provide carpet tiles that, instead of having two separate layers of thermoplastic backing as in conventional tiles, use a single application of thermoplastic backing between the primary backing and a reinforcing mat/scrim. In such conventional applications, the mat/scrim must impart the required dimensional stability and create a suitable finished floor facing surface. Embodiments of the invention achieve the desired dimensional stability by providing a dual layer wet laid nonwoven mat in which one layer consists of a polymeric/synthetic fiber with binder and the other layer is glass fiber with a binder. The mat not only provides dimensional stability, but the polymeric/synthetic layer also acts as a finished surface for facing the floor, as the polymeric/synthetic layer is not itchy or otherwise uncomfortable to handle and therefore provides a surface that is suitable for handling during installation.
Dimensional stability is important in a carpet tile. Dimensional stability, as understood in the art, is the ability of a carpet tile to lie flat and remain flat and square on a floor surface under conditions of normal use as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,010,302, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The industry standard Aachen DIN STD 54318 test is used to determine the dimensional stability. Fiberglass mats or scrims may be placed between resilient thermoplastic backing layers to impart dimensional stability in carpet tiles.
Turning now to the figures, a carpet tile 100 according to the present invention is shown in
A dual layer fiberglass mat 110 may be coupled to the secondary backing 108. As best seen in
The dual layered fiberglass mat 110 may be formed from a wet laid process such that there is not a separate binder or adhesive used to adhere the layers to one another. For example, the nonwoven mats discussed below include multiple layers of fibers made in a single step or process. In other words, the layers of the mats discussed below are not separately formed and then combined in a later stage or process (i.e., separately made and then bonded together). Rather, the layers are formed simultaneously, which results in a mat that functions as a single layer in terms of structure and integrity despite having different fiber compositions and layer densities. Accordingly, the mats discussed may be produced at lower cost and in less time.
The first layer 112 may include a blend of differently sized glass fibers. The differently sized glass fibers form layers of different densities within the mat. For example, the top layer may include both coarse and microfibers. The coarse or larger diameter fibers may range in size between about 8 and about 25 μm, and small diameter fibers or microfibers may range in size between about 0.5 and 6 μm. In a more specific embodiment, the coarse or larger diameter fibers may range in size between about 8 and about 16 μm, and more commonly between about 11 and 16 μm.
In a specific embodiment, the larger diameter fibers may be about 13 μm diameter fibers and the microfibers may be about 3 μm in diameter. The mat includes at least one binder that bonds the large diameter fibers and microfibers together to form the fiber mat. The binder may be water repellant and/or include a water repellant additive such as a stearylated melamine water repellant.
Typically, the first layer 112 is a non-woven fiber mat 110 formed using coarse fibers. The course fiber layer 112 provides dimensional stability to the finished carpet tile 100. The term “coarse fibers” in this application is understood to mean glass fibers having an average diameter between about 8 and 25 μm and an average length between about ¼ inch and 2 inches. The coarse fibers may be made from E glass, C glass, T glass, sodium borosilicate glass, A & S glasses, Basalt, mineral wool, slag fiber, and mixtures thereof. In one particular embodiment, the first layer 112 may be formed entirely of coarse fibers having an average fiber diameter of between 8 and 25 μm, between 8 and 16 μm, and more commonly between 11 and 16 μm. In another embodiment, the first layer 112 may be formed from a combination of differently sized coarse fibers, which are typically homogenously dispersed or distributed throughout the first layer 112. For example, the first layer 112 may be formed from a first type of coarse fibers having an average diameter between 8 and 11 μm, which is then mixed with a second type of coarse fibers having a diameter between 12 and 25 μm. In another embodiment, the first layer 112 may be formed from a combination of coarse glass fibers having fiber diameter between 8 and 25 μm and synthetic fiber having fiber diameter between 0.3 and 8 denier. For example, the percentage by weight of the coarse fibers in the second layer 112 may vary between 70 and 99 percent, while the percentage by weight of the synthetic fibers may vary between 1 and 30 percent. The inclusion of synthetic fiber may be necessary to combat the differential shrinkage characteristics between glass fiber and synthetic fiber.
In some embodiments, the second layer 114 may be formed solely out of synthetic fibers, such as polyester, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and/or other synthetic materials. In another embodiment, the second layer 114 may be formed out of a combination of coarse glass fibers and synthetic fibers. When a combination of coarse fibers and synthetic fibers are employed, the coarse fibers and synthetic fibers are typically homogenously dispersed or distributed throughout the second layer 114. In an embodiment that includes both coarse fibers and synthetic fibers, the percentage of weight of the coarse fibers and the synthetic fibers may vary. For example, the percentage by weight of the coarse fibers in the second layer 114 may vary between 1 and 80 percent, while the percentage by weight of the synthetic fibers may vary between 20 and 99 percent. In another embodiment, the percentage by weight of the coarse fibers in the second layer 114 may vary between 1 and 20 percent, while the percentage by weight of the synthetic fibers may vary between 80 and 99 percent, which would result in a mat 110 that is substantially smoother and less itchy. The inclusion of coarse fibers in the second layer 114 provides additional strength and integrity to the layer and helps increase the dimensional stability of the finished carpet tile 100.
In embodiments where both first layer 112 and second layer 114 are produced with a combination of coarse glass fibers and synthetic fibers, the ratio of glass to synthetic fiber is distinctly different in each of the two layers.
As noted above, in some embodiments the second layer 114 may be formed entirely of synthetic fibers having an average fiber diameter of between 0.3 and 8 denier. The second layer 114 may be formed from a single, relatively uniform, synthetic fiber size or the second layer 114 may be formed from a combination of differently sized synthetic fibers, which are typically homogenously dispersed or distributed throughout the second layer 114. For example, the second layer 114 may be formed from a first type of synthetic fibers having an average diameter between 0.3 and 1 denier, which is then mixed with a second type of synthetic fibers having an average diameter between 1.5 and 8 denier. The weight percentages of the first and second types of synthetic fibers may vary in the second layer 114. For example, the percentage by weight of the first type of synthetic fibers may vary between 5 and 50 percent while the second type of synthetic fibers may vary between 50 and 95 percent. The percentages of the first and second types of synthetic fibers may be varied depending on a desired texture or attribute affecting the tactile feel of the resulting layer 114. For example, if the layer 114 needs to be smooth, the layer 114 will contain a higher percentage of the smaller synthetic fibers.
The mat 110 includes a binder that binds the respective fibers together in the first layer 112 and in the second layer 114 and that also bonds the first layer 112 and the second layer 114 together. In one embodiment, the mat 110 includes a single binder that functions to both bind the fibers together in the respective layers and bond the respective layers together. The binder is typically homogenously or relatively evenly dispersed or distributed throughout the mat 110. Stated differently, the binder may be distributed homogenously within the first layer 112 and the second layer 114 and may also be homogenously distributed through the first and second layers 112, 114. Since the binder is relatively evenly distributed through the mat 110 in this manner, the mat 110 does not include a separate binder, or a layer of binder (or other adhesive), at an interface between the first layer 112 and the second layer 114. Stated differently, there is not a concentration of a binder at an interface or boundary between the first and second layers 112, 114 since the binder is evenly distributed through the mat 110. This even distribution of the binder results from the formation of the first and second layers 112, 114 in a single step. In addition, the fibers of the first and second layers 112, 114 are more integrated, intertwined, and intermeshed with one another at the interface or boundary of the layers due to the formation of the layers in a single step. This results in more gradual transition between the first and second layers 112, 114.
The binder is uniformly or homogenously distributed throughout the top and bottom layers and there is no binder concentration at the interface. In addition, because the two layers were formed simultaneously, a small gradient of glass and synthetic fibers exists at the interface, which enhances the physical bond or entanglement of the fibers of the top and bottom layers. Specifically, a portion of the synthetic fibers of the second layer 114 at or near the interface migrate into the first layer 112 and vice versa. The degree of migration of the fibers and the resulting physical bond or entanglement is unique to the mats formed in accordance with the disclosure herein since such entanglement and migration is not achievable without simultaneously forming the layers. The migration of the fibers is a desirable feature since it makes the interface between the layers gradual, which may allow the secondary backing 108 to partially penetrate into the second layer 114. The migration of the fibers also forms a strong bond between the layers.
In some embodiments, the mat 110 may have a combined thickness between about 0.1 and 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the thickness of the mat 110 may be less than 20 percent of an overall thickness of the carpet tile 100. The first and second layers have respective thicknesses. For example, the thickness of the first layer 112 may be between 0.05 mm and 0.5 mm, and the thickness of the second layer 114 may be between 0.05 mm and 1 mm. Each of these layers 112, 114 may also be defined as a percentage of the overall mat thickness. For example, the first layer 112 may be between 10% and 70% of the overall mat thickness, and the second layer 114 may be between 30% and 90% percent of the overall mat thickness.
In some embodiments, the thickness of the first layer 112 may be greater than the thickness of the second layer 114 because the first layer 112 may include more coarse fibers. Furthermore, because the first layer 112 includes coarse fibers the porosity of the first layer 112 may be greater than the second layer 114. The more porous first layer 112 enables the first layer 112 to absorb a portion of the secondary backing 108 when the mat 110 is applied as a mat to the secondary backing 108, such as by lamination, during manufacturing of the carpet tile 100. Specifically, the secondary backing 108 may be relatively wet or unhardened and may absorb or penetrate into the first layer 112 due to the porosity of the first layer 112. The penetration or absorption of the secondary backing 108 into the first layer 112 may bind the secondary backing 108 to the mat 110 during manufacturing. The second layer 114 may be less porous than the first layer and may prevent the coarse fibers of the first layer 112 from being exposed in order to provide a smoother, non-scratchy exposed bottom surface for the carpet tile 100.
The manufacturing system 300 includes multiple fluid lines that deliver coarse fibers and synthetic fibers to a hydroformer 302 that simultaneously forms the first and second layers 112, 114 of the mat 110. While a hydroformer 302 is illustrated, a fourdrinier wire or a delta former may also be used to produce first and second layers 112, 114 of the mat 110 in a single step/process.
The manufacturing system 300 produces the first layer 112 using a first fluid line 304 that delivers coarse fiber to the hydroformer. The first fluid line 304 includes at least one coarse fiber source 306 containing one or more types of coarse fibers (e.g., differently sized coarse fibers, coarse fibers made from different materials, or a combination thereof). Fluidly coupled to the coarse fiber source 306 is a pump 308 (e.g., a thick stock pump) that pumps a first fluid 310 containing the coarse fibers. For example, the first fluid 310 may include water, viscosity modifiers, dispersants, defoamers, etc. mixed with the coarse fibers. After passing through the pump 308, the first fluid 310 is diluted with a dilution fluid 312 (e.g., water, viscosity modifiers, dispersants, defoamers, or a combination thereof) stored in a dilution tank 314. By diluting the coarse fibers, the manufacturing system 300 may enable a more even distribution of the coarse fibers in the first layer 112 by the hydroformer. The dilution fluid 312 combines with the first fluid 310 before the first fluid 310 enters a second pump 316. The pump 316 (e.g., thin stock pump) may facilitate mixing of the first fluid 310 and the dilution fluid 312 before delivery to the hydroformer 302. After exiting the pump 316, the first fluid 310 enters a first inlet pipe 318 of the hydroformer 302. The first inlet pipe 318 directs the first fluid 310 into the hydroformer 302, which forms the first layer 112 of the mat 110 by removing the first fluid 310 and dilution fluid 312 from the fluid/coarse fiber mixture as the mixture is poured onto the hydroformer 302.
In order to form the second layer 114 of the mat 110, the manufacturing system 300 includes a second fluid line 320. The second fluid line 320 includes at least one synthetic fiber source 306 containing one or more types of synthetic fibers (e.g., differently sized synthetic fibers, synthetic fibers made from different materials, or a combination thereof). Fluidly coupled to the synthetic fibers source 306 is a pump 322 (e.g., a thick stock pump) that pumps a second fluid 324 containing the synthetic fibers. For example, the second fluid 324 may include water, viscosity modifiers, dispersants, defoamers, etc. mixed with the synthetic fibers. After passing through the pump 322, the second fluid 324 is diluted with a dilution fluid 326 (e.g., water, viscosity modifiers, dispersants, defoamers, or a combination thereof) stored in a dilution tank 328. By diluting the second fluid 324, the manufacturing system 300 may enable even distribution of the fibers in the second layer 114. The dilution fluid 326 combines with the second fluid 324 before the second fluid 324 enters a second pump 330. The pump 330 (e.g., thin stock pump) enables mixing of the second fluid 324 and the dilution fluid 326 before delivery to the hydroformer 302. After exiting the pump 330, the second fluid 324 enters a second inlet pipe 332 of the hydroformer 302. The second inlet pipe 332 directs the second fluid 324 into the hydroformer 302, which forms the second layer 114 of the mat 110 by removing the second fluid 324 and dilution fluid 326 from the fluid/fiber mixture as the mixture is poured onto the hydroformer 302 atop the first layer of the mat 110 that was immediately formed by the hydroformer 302. The second fluid 324 is directed or poured atop the first layer of the mat 110 as the fluid is being drained from the first fluid 310 such that the second layer 114 and the first layer 112 are formed simultaneously by the hydroformer 302.
In some embodiments, fluidly coupled to the second fluid line 320 is a third fluid line 334. The third fluid line 334 includes at least one coarse fiber source 336 containing one or more types of coarse fibers (e.g., differently sized coarse fibers, coarse fibers made from different materials, or a combination thereof). Fluidly coupled to the coarse fiber source 336 is a pump 338 (e.g., a stock pump) that pumps a third fluid 340 containing the coarse fibers. The third fluid 340 may include water, viscosity modifiers, dispersants, defoamers, etc. mixed with the coarse fibers. After passing through the pump 338, the third fluid 340 may be pumped into the second fluid line 320. In this way, coarse fibers may be mixed with synthetic fibers of the second layer 114. As illustrated, the third fluid line 334 couples upstream from the pump 330. By coupling upstream from the pump 330, the manufacturing system 300 uses the turbulent flow through the pump 330 to facilitate mixing of the third fluid 340 with the second fluid 324. However, in some embodiments, the third fluid line 334 may couple to the second fluid line 320 downstream from the pump 330. For example, the manufacturing system 300 may rely on the pump 330 to mix the third fluid 340 with the second fluid 324. In still other embodiments, the third fluid line 340 may couple upstream as well as downstream of the pump 330. This layout may enable the gradual introduction of the third fluid into the first and/or second fluid lines at different locations.
The flow of the first, second, and third fluids 310, 324, 340 through the manufacturing system 300 may be controlled with a controller 342. The controller 342 may include one or more processors 344 that execute instructions stored on one or more memories 346 to control the operation of various valves as well as the pumps. For example, the third fluid line 334 may include first and second valves 348, 350. As illustrated, the first valve 348 controls the flow of the third fluid 340 into the first fluid line 304, while the second valve 350 controls the flow of the third fluid 340 into the second fluid line 320. By controlling the first and second valves 348, 350 the controller 342 is able to control the amount of the third fluid 340 combining with the second fluid 324. This in turn controls the amount of coarse fibers in the second layer 114 produced in the hydroformer 302. In this way, the manufacturing system 300 may vary the coarse fiber content in the second layer 114 to between 0 and 100 percent, and more commonly to the percentages described in the mat embodiments herein.
The manufacturing system 300 may also control the fluid flow through the first and second fluid lines 304, 320 using additional valves 352 and 354 as well as controlling the pumps 308, 318, 322, 330, and 338. By controlling the flow of the first and second fluids 310, 324 the controller 342 may increase or decrease thickness of the respective first and second layers 112, 114. Stated differently, the manufacturing system 300 may increase or decrease the thickness of the first and/or second layers 112, 114 of the mat 110 depending on the particular needs of the carpet tile 100. For example, the manufacturing system 300 may increase the flow of the first fluid 310 through the fluid line 304 to increase the thickness of the first layer 112 and decrease the flow of the second fluid 324 to decrease the thickness of the second layer 114. Similarly, the manufacturing system 300 may decrease the flow of the first fluid 310 through the fluid line 304 to decrease the thickness of the first layer 112 and increase the flow of the second fluid 324 to increase the thickness of the second layer 114.
As the first and second fluids 310, 324 enter the hydroformer 302 they contact a conveyer belt 356 that drains a substantially majority of the fluid in the first and second fluids 310, 324 leaving behind the combined first and second layers 112, 114. The manufacturing system 300 may then apply one or more binders 358. In some embodiments, the binder 358 may include resinous binders such as urea formaldehyde, modified urea formaldehyde, acrylic resins, modified acrylic resins, polyurethanes, polyvinyl chlorides, melamine resins, homopolymers or copolymers of polyacrylic acid; crosslinking acrylic copolymers; cross-linked vinyl chloride acrylate copolymer, among other types of binders. Flame retardants may also be included in the binder, such as Alumina trihydrate, organic phosphonates, Antimony oxide, and the like.
These binders 358 may be stored in one or more binder sources 360. The binder(s) 358 may be applied to the first and second layers 112, 114 by moving the first and second layers 112, 114 under a spray or waterfall of binder. Any excess binder may then flow through the first and second layers. In this way, the manufacturing system 300 may bind the fibers in their respective layers as well as bind the layers 112, 114 together without performing multiple binding steps/processes. Stated differently, the manufacturing system 300 may simultaneously bind the fibers in the respective layers and bond the fibers layers together in a single step. The application of the binder(s) 358 to the first and second layers 112, 114 simultaneously results in the binder being relatively evenly distributed through and between the first and second layers 112, 114 without forming or defining a binder layer between the first and second layers 112, 114. Stated differently, a separate or individual layer of binder is not formed or defined at an interface or boundary between the first and second layers 112, 114 as occurs in conventional systems where the layers are formed individually and combined in a subsequent process. The relatively even distribution of the binder(s) 358 may increase the strength of the mat and/or reduce issues such as delamination of the layers. In addition, the mat described herein has a less defined boundary between the first and second layers 112, 114 since these layers are simultaneously formed. Rather, the mat has a relatively gradual transition from the first layer 112 to the second layer 114 due to the simultaneous formation of the layers, which may increase the strength and/or reduce issues such as delamination of the layers.
For convenience in describing the various embodiments herein, the coarse fibers were referred to a glass fibers. It should be realized that various other fiber types may be used in any of the embodiments described herein and that the embodiments are not limited solely to glass fibers unless otherwise specified in the claims. It should also be realized that the use of non-glass fibers are contemplated as being used in any of the embodiments. The non-glass fibers may be used in combination with glass fibers or instead of glass fibers. Accordingly, unless otherwise explicitly specified in the claims, the concepts and embodiments described herein may include only glass fibers, only non-glass fibers, or any combination of glass and non-glass fibers. Exemplary non-glass fibers include inorganic fibers, mineral fibers, basalt fibers, polymer fibers, synthetic fibers, organic fibers, natural fibers, and the like. Similarly, it should be understood that the glass microfibers and/or glass coarse fibers described herein can be partially or completely replaced with polymeric, synthetic, or natural microfibers. Thus, the general term “fibers” and/or “coarse fibers” may be used in the claims with such usage being understood to cover a variety of fibers including glass fibers and non-glass fibers. The term “coarse fibers” will be understood in relation to size to have the definitions provided herein.
Referring now to
At block 404, a second fluid mixture is poured or applied onto the porous belt or surface atop the layer of the first group of fibers. The second fluid mixture includes a second group of fibers that are homogenously mixed or dispersed within a second fluid. In one specific embodiment, the second group of fibers comprise or consist of synthetic fibers having an average fiber diameter of between about 0.3 and 8 denier. In another specific embodiment, the second group of fibers comprise or consist of a combination of coarse glass fibers having an average fiber diameter of between 8 μm and 25 μm and synthetic fibers having an average fiber diameter of between 0.3 and 8 denier. The amount of each fiber type may be similar to the embodiments described herein.
When the second fluid mixture is applied or poured atop the porous belt or surface, the second fluid is drained or removed from the second fluid mixture so that a layer of the second group of fibers is formed atop the porous belt or surface and atop the layer of the first group of fibers. The second fluid mixture is poured or applied onto the porous belt or surface as the first fluid is being removed from the first fluid mixture. As such, the layer of the first group of fibers is typically not fully formed or defined until after the second fluid mixture is poured or applied onto the porous belt or surface. In this manner, the layer of the first group of fibers and the layer of the second group of fibers are formed simultaneously atop the porous belt or surface. The second fluid mixture may be poured directly vertically above the first fluid layer and thus, both layers may be poured simultaneously atop each other. Stated differently, since the layer of the first group of fibers is not fully formed or defined until after the second fluid mixture is poured or applied onto the porous belt or surface, the layer of the first group of fibers is formed or defined at essentially the same time as the layer of the second group of fibers is formed or defined atop of the porous belt or surface. Since the layer of the first group of fibers and the layer of the second group of fibers are formed simultaneously, the degree of intermeshing or entangling of the fibers at the interface of the two layers is significantly greater than in conventional fiber mats where one or both of the layers are fully formed or defined prior to application of the other layer. In some embodiments, the second fluid mixture may be poured or applied onto the porous belt or surface within 30 inches of where the first fluid mixture is poured or applied onto the porous belt or surface. In such instances, the fiber mat forming section (i.e., porous belt) may be extremely long such that the first layer is still dewatering when the second fluid mixture is applied to the belt. In other instances, the second layer may be poured within 12 inches or within 6 inches after the first layer is poured or applied to the porous belt. In such instances, the first layer may be partially dewatered, but still in the process of forming on the porous belt. In some embodiments, the second layer 114 (e.g., a more dense layer) may be poured atop the porous belt first and then the first layer 112 (e.g., a less dense layer) may be poured atop the second layer 114. In such instances, a more dense layer may be formed on the bottom while a less dense layer is simultaneously formed on the top.
At block 406, a binder is simultaneously applied to the layer of the first group of fibers and the layer of the second group of fibers in order to bind the two layers together and to bind the various fibers within each layer together. In most embodiments, a binder is not applied to either layer prior to block 406, or stated differently, the layers are typically free of a binder prior to block 406. The simultaneous application of the binder to the two layers, which are typically free of a binder prior to block 406, results in a more homogenous or uniform distribution of the binder throughout the fiber mat. In addition, the simultaneous application of the binder to the two layers results in the fiber mat being free of a concentrated binder layer at the interface of the two layers. Conventional fiber mats typically include a binder concentration at the interface between layers because the fiber layers are formed separately and then adhered or bonded together via an additional binder or other adhesive. The additional binder bonds the two layers together and is typically concentrated at the interface between the two layers. In contrast, the process described herein is able to form a multiple layer fiber mat construction in which the binder is relatively homogenously or uniformly dispersed throughout the mat rather than being concentrated in one or more areas. In addition, a single binder may be employed to both bond or adhere the layers together and bond or adhere the fibers of the various layers together. Conventional mats commonly require the use of multiple binders in order to bond the fibers of the separate layers together and to subsequently bond the layers together.
In a specific embodiment, the fiber mat that is formed according to the method 400 of
It should be noted that while the method 400 of
The mat 110 may be produced separately using manufacturing system 300 and/or process 400 as described above and may include a top layer 112 of coarse glass fibers and a bottom layer 114 of synthetic fibers, and in some embodiments a combination of synthetic fibers and coarse glass fibers. The top layer 112 may be positioned against the secondary backing 108. In some embodiments, the secondary backing 108 is thermoplastic in nature. The fabric layer 102, primary backing 104, secondary backing 108, and nonwoven mat 110 (and latex pre-coat 106 when included) may then pass through a second roller assembly, such as a nip chill roller assembly 510, which may press the respective layers together and cause the layers to bond and set with one another due to the lower temperature of the chill rollers of the nip chill roller assembly 510. In some embodiments, the secondary backing layer 108 is plastisol in nature. The fabric layer 102, primary backing 104, plastisol secondary backing 108, and nonwoven mat 110 (and latex pre-coat 106 when included) may then pass through a set of heated ovens to cure the plastisol and bond the different layers to one another. Once cooled/cured, the various layers form a roll and/or sheet of carpet 512, which may be provided to a cutting apparatus 514, which cuts the carpet 512 into individual carpet tiles 100. In some embodiments, prior to or after cutting the tiles an adhesive layer, such as a pressure sensitive adhesive layer, may be applied to the exposed bottom surface of the carpet tile 100, oftentimes along with a non-stick release liner.
In some embodiments, process 600 may include applying an adhesive to the exposed bottom surface of the second layer. The adhesive may be applied before or after the carpet sheet has been cut into individual carpet tiles. In some embodiments, the adhesive may be a pressure sensitive adhesive that enables the carpet tile to be installed by applying force to a top surface of the carpet tile once the tile is in its desired position on a floor substrate. In some embodiments, a release liner may be applied to the exposed surface of the adhesive to prevent the adhesive from adhering to another surface prior to installation of the carpet tile. During installation, the release liner may be peeled off to expose the adhesive.
As briefly described herein, the fiber types and sizes affect the texture and tactile feel of the carpet tile. In addition, the fiber types also affect the structural properties of the carpet tile, which include mechanical strength, adhesivity, weight, physical appearance, and the like. A multi factor or variable approach is required to achieve a wet-laid nonwoven mat that provides sufficient mat strength and adhesivity while also achieving good feel (e.g., non-itchiness) and visual appearance (e.g., free of wrinkles). The wet-laid nonwoven mat described herein is constructed so that the mat includes at least the following properties or characteristics.
The weight ratio of the glass fiber rich layer to the synthetic fiber rich layer is typically less than 4 (i.e., less than 4:1) and is typically greater than 0.25 (i.e., greater than ¼). More commonly, the weight ratio of the glass fiber rich layer to the synthetic fiber rich layer is between 0.5 and 3.7 and more preferably between 1 and 3.7. In specific instances, the weight ratio of the glass fiber rich layer to the synthetic fiber rich layer may be 50:50, but is more commonly 64:36 or 79:21.
A wet-laid nonwoven mat constructed to have the above described composition exhibits several important characteristics, such as a normalized total strength (i.e., machine direction and cross machine direction) greater than 30 lbf/3 in per 1 lbs/sq mat, more commonly greater than 50 lbf/3 in, and most commonly greater than 80 lbf/3 in. The wet-laid nonwoven mat also exhibits a z-tensile strength of greater than 15 lbf for a sample size of 1.5 inches×3 inches, and more commonly greater than 20 lbf for a sample size of 1.5 inches×3 inches, and most commonly greater than 40 lbf for a sample size of 1.5 inches×3 inches. Z-tensile strength characterizes the delamination strength of the mat at z-direction (i.e., thickness direction). Using a sample of 1.5 inches×3.0 inches, the sample is tested according to Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI) T 541. The wet-laid nonwoven mat further exhibits a feel rating of at least 8, and a wrinkle rating of at least 8. “Wrinkle” is an internal numbering system (1-10) developed to rank severity of the wrinkles on the mat with a rating of 1 being the worst and 10 being essentially wrinkle free. Examples of wrinkle ratings are shown in
For example, it was discovered that the usage of fine and shorter synthetic fibers (e.g., less than 0.3 Denier) resulted in significantly lower tensile strength than those described herein. Similarly, when longer synthetic fibers were used, it resulted in undispersed fibers on the synthetic fiber rich layer. A synthetic fiber weight of less than 80% in the synthetic fiber rich layer, such as 30% or 70%, based on a total weight of the fibers in the synthetic fiber rich layer was insufficient to produce a nonwoven mat with a feel rating greater than 8. A glass fiber weight of less than 80% in the glass fiber rich layer based on a total weight of the fibers in the glass fiber rich layer was insufficient to produce a nonwoven mat having the required strength, especially for the finished product carpet tiles (containing glass mat) to meet the required Aachen number. An oven temperature greater than 350° Fahrenheit resulted in a wrinkle rating below the required level of 8. Similarly, an oven temperature of less than about 210° Fahrenheit, and more commonly less than 250° Fahrenheit, was insufficient to produce a nonwoven mat having the required tensile strength. A binder Loss on Ignition (LOI) of at least 10% based on the weight of the nonwoven mat was required to achieve the required strength (tensile strength for the mat and properties for the finished product carpet tile, such as Aachen and upcurl). An air permeability of less than 150 cfm/ft2 at a pressure difference of 125 Pa and/or a basis weight greater than 3.0 lbs/sq resulted in delamination issues due to poor penetration of the secondary backing on to the nonwoven mat.
Referring to
A dual-layer wet-laid nonwoven mat 810 (hereinafter nonwoven mat 810) is coupled to the secondary backing 808. The nonwoven mat 810 includes a glass fiber rich layer 812 that includes or consists of a blend of glass fibers and synthetic fibers. The nonwoven mat 810 also includes a synthetic fiber rich layer 814 that includes or consists of a blend of glass fibers and synthetic fibers. The glass fiber rich layer 812 has at least 80 weight percent of the glass fibers while the synthetic fiber rich layer 814 has at least 80 weight percent of the synthetic fibers. The glass fiber rich layer 812 is coupled with the secondary backing 808 to attach or couple the nonwoven mat 810 to the fabric layer 802. The glass fiber rich layer 812 is typically attached to the secondary backing 808 due to penetration of the thermoplastic elastomer and/or a plastisol material into at least a portion of the glass fiber rich layer 812. While the glass fiber rich layer 812 is illustrated as being positioned adjacent to the secondary backing 808, in some instances, the position of the glass fiber rich layer 812 and synthetic fiber rich layer 814 may be reversed so that the synthetic fiber rich layer 814 is positioned adjacent to the secondary backing 808.
The glass fibers and synthetic fibers are typically cut or chopped fibers that are laid or distributed on a belt in a wet laid process. The fibers are not needled or otherwise mechanically entangled. Rather, any entanglement of the fibers is the result of a fiber laying or distribution in the wet laid process. The synthetic fibers are typically surface treated for use in the wet laid process.
A solution or emulsion binder (hereinafter emulsion binder) adheres or binds the fibers in the glass fiber rich layer 812 together and adheres or binds the fibers in the synthetic fiber rich layer 814 together. The emulsion binder also typically adheres or binds the glass fiber rich layer 812 to the synthetic fiber rich layer 814. In some instances, a single emulsion binder may be used to bind the glass fibers and the glass fiber layers together. Stated differently, the single emulsion binder functions to both bind the fibers together in the respective layers and to bond or adhere the respective layers together. The single emulsion binder is homogenously or evenly dispersed or distributed throughout the glass fiber rich layer 812 and the synthetic fiber rich layer 814. Since the single emulsion binder is evenly distributed through the nonwoven mat 810, the nonwoven mat 810 does not need to use a separate binder, or a layer of binder (or other adhesive), at an interface between the glass fiber rich layer 812 and the synthetic fiber rich layer 814.
In some instances, however, a first emulsion binder may be used to bind the fibers of the glass fiber rich layer 812 together and a second emulsion binder may be used to bind the fibers of the synthetic fiber rich layer 814 together. The first emulsion binder, the second emulsion binder, and/or a third emulsion binder may be used to bind or adhere the glass fiber rich layer 812 to the synthetic fiber rich layer 814.
The binder is typically curable at a maximum temperature of below 330 degrees Fahrenheit and the nonwoven mat 810 includes at least 10 weight percent of the binder. The binder is curable at a temperature below 330 degrees Fahrenheit with a residence time of less than 1 min. The binder is more commonly curable at a temperature below 325 degrees Fahrenheit, and more preferably below 310 degrees Fahrenheit, with a residence time of less than 1 min. To cure the emulsion binder, an oven temperature of at least 210 degrees Fahrenheit, or more commonly 230 degrees Fahrenheit, is typically employed. The oven temperature is more preferably of 250 degrees Fahrenheit or 270 degrees. Thus, a range of oven temperatures may include between 210 and 330 degrees Fahrenheit, 230 and 325 degrees Fahrenheit, 250 and 310 degrees Fahrenheit, or 270 and 310 degrees Fahrenheit.
The emulsion binder may be a self-crosslinking binder or may include a crosslinker. The emulsion binder is typically based on acrylic or styrene-butadiene chemistry. Examples of binders that may be employed in the nonwoven mat 810 include or consist of a polyacrylic acid based binder containing QRXP 1692 supplied by The Dow Chemical Company and RediBond 5330 supplied by Ingredion Inc. In other instances, any other appropriate starch emulsion binder may be employed. In some instances, the nonwoven mat 810 may include between 10 and 50 weight percent of the binder and more commonly between 15 and 35 weight percent of the binder.
A total weight percent of the glass fibers in the nonwoven mat 810 (i.e., in the glass fiber rich layer 812 and the synthetic fiber rich layer 814) is at least 48 percent. In other instances, the total weight percent of glass fibers in the nonwoven mat 810 is between about 48 and 79 weight percent, between about 48 and 69 weight percent, between about between about 69 and 86 weight percent, or between about 69 and 79 weight percent. The total weight percent of glass fibers in the nonwoven mat 810 may be increased by increasing the percentage of glass fibers in the glass fiber rich layer and/or synthetic fiber rich layer and/or by increasing the thickness of the glass fiber rich layer in comparison with the synthetic fiber rich layer. For example, in a specific embodiment, the glass rich layer may have 95% glass fibers and may be roughly 3.0 to 4.0, or 3.5 to 4.0 times thicker or heavier than a synthetic fiber rich layer having 80% synthetic fibers. Assuming that the glass fiber rich layer is roughly 3.7 times thicker, the total weight percent of glass fibers in the nonwoven mat 810 would be calculated as follows: (95%*3.7+20%*1)/(3.7+1), which would result in a total weight percent of glass fibers in the nonwoven mat 810 of approximately 79%.
The total weight percent of the glass fibers is the weight percentage of glass fibers in the fiber mixture, which includes the glass and synthetic fibers. The total weight percent of the glass fibers does not account for any binder in the fiber mixture. In the latter instance, the nonwoven mat 810 includes substantially more glass fibers than synthetic fibers. The increase in glass fibers may be due to an inclusion of more glass fibers in the glass fiber rich layer and/or the synthetic fiber rich layer and/or may be due to a thicker glass fiber rich layer in comparison with the synthetic fiber rich layer. The glass fiber rich layer 812 may include between 90 and 95 weight percent of the glass fibers. Similarly, in some instances, the synthetic fiber rich layer 814 may include between 85 and 95 weight percent, or between 90 and 95 weight percent, of the synthetic fibers. In any of the embodiments, there are at least some glass fibers in the synthetic fiber rich layer 814 and at least some synthetic fibers in the glass fiber rich layer 812. The amount of each fiber in the respective layers is typically the remaining weight fiber percentage of the respective layer. For example, in instances where the glass fiber rich layer 812 includes at least 80 weight percent glass fibers, the glass fiber rich layer includes at most 20 weight percent synthetic fibers with the remaining fiber percentage consisting of synthetic fibers. In instances where the glass fiber rich layer 812 includes between 90 and 95 weight percent glass fibers, the glass fiber rich layer 812 includes between 5 and 10 weight percent synthetic fibers. Similarly, in instances where the synthetic fiber rich layer 814 includes at least 80 weight percent synthetic fibers, the synthetic fiber rich layer 814 includes at most 20 weight percent glass fibers with the remaining fiber percentage (i.e., the fiber percentage between 80 and 100 weight percent) consisting of glass fibers. In instances where the synthetic fiber rich layer 814 includes between 85 and 95 weight percent, or between 90 and 95 weight percent, synthetic fibers, the synthetic fiber rich layer 814 includes between 5 and 15 weight percent, or between 5 and 10 weight percent, glass fibers. The glass and synthetic fibers are homogenously dispersed or distributed throughout the glass fiber rich layer 812 and the synthetic fiber rich layer 814. The addition of each fiber type in each fiber layer balances the thermal property differences between the layers and/or impedes differential shrinkage characteristics between the layers.
A diameter of the glass fibers in the nonwoven mat 810 may be between 9 and 20 μm and/or the glass fibers may have a length greater than 6 mm. The diameter of the glass fibers in the nonwoven mat 810 is more commonly between 11 and 16 μm and the glass fibers normally have a length of less than 38 mm. In one embodiment, the glass fibers in the nonwoven mat 810 includes any combination of fibers having an average diameter of about 11 μm, 13 μm, and/or 16 μm. Similarly, the glass fibers in the nonwoven mat 810 may include any combination of fibers having an average length of 18 mm, 25 mm, and/or 32 mm. In a specific embodiment, the glass fibers in the nonwoven mat 810 include any combination of fibers having average fiber diameters and lengths of 13 μm & 18 mm; 16 μm & 32 mm; 16 μm & 25 mm; 11 μm & 25 mm; and/or 13 μm & 25 mm. A diameter of the synthetic fibers in the nonwoven mat 810 may be between 0.3 and 10 Denier and/or the synthetic fibers may have a length of between 5 and 40 mm. The diameter of the synthetic fibers is more commonly between 0.5 and 2 Denier, or between 0.5 and 1.5 Denier, and the length is more commonly between 6 and 18 mm.
The nonwoven mat 810 has a basis weight of between 0.6 lbs/sq and 3.0 lbs/sq. The basis weight of the nonwoven mat 810 is more commonly between 1.0 lbs/sq and 1.4 lbs/sq. The nonwoven mat 810 also exhibits an air permeability of at least 150 cfm/ft2 and more commonly greater than 500 cfm/ft2. The nonwoven mat 810 is between 10 and 40 mils. This thickness includes a combined thickness of the glass fiber rich layer 812 and the synthetic fiber rich layer 814. In some embodiments, the glass fiber rich layer 812 may have a thickness of between about 0.1 mm and 0.28 mm, while the synthetic fiber rich layer 814 has a thickness of between about 0.1 mm and 0.72 mm. In such instances, the nonwoven mat 810 has a total thickness of between about 0.2 mm and 1.0 mm.
The synthetic fiber rich layer 814 provides a soft, non-itchy exposed bottom surface that may be grasped by the installers. This layer helps prevent the installers from needing to directly touch the itchier glass fiber rich layer. The synthetic fibers may include or consist of acrylic, polyester, polypropylene, Aramids, Nylon, polyethylene, Rayon, and/or Kynar® PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride), and/or combinations thereof. The glass fiber rich layer 812 provides dimensional stability to the finished carpet tile 100, such as by minimizing or preventing shrinkage and/or curling of the nonwoven mat 810. The glass fibers of the nonwoven mat 810 may be made from E glass, C glass, T glass, sodium borosilicate glass, A & S glasses, Basalt, mineral wool, slag fiber, and mixtures thereof.
The nonwoven mat 810 is formed from a wet laid process such that a separate binder or adhesive is not used to adhere the layers to one another. In other words, the glass fiber rich layer 812 and the synthetic fiber rich layer 814 are not separately formed and then combined in a later stage or process (i.e., separately made and then bonded together). Rather, the layers are formed simultaneously, which results in a mat that functions as a single layer in terms of structure and integrity despite having different fiber compositions and layer densities.
In some embodiments, a portion of the fibers of the glass fiber rich layer 812 and a portion of the fibers of the synthetic fiber rich layer 814 at or near the interface of the layers migrate into the other layer. The degree of migration of the fibers and the resulting physical bond or entanglement is not achievable without simultaneously forming the layers as described herein. The migration of the fibers makes the interface between the layers gradual, which may allow the secondary backing 808 to partially penetrate into the nonwoven mat 810. The migration of the fibers also forms a strong bond between the layers.
In some embodiments, the thickness of the glass fiber rich layer 812 is greater than the thickness of the synthetic fiber rich layer 814. Furthermore, the use of a substantially greater portion of glass fibers in the glass fiber rich layer 812 results in the glass fiber rich layer 812 having a greater porosity than the synthetic fiber rich layer 814. The increased porosity of the glass fiber rich layer 812 enables the glass fiber rich layer 812 to absorb a portion of the secondary backing 808, such as during lamination of the carpet tile 100. Specifically, the secondary backing 808 may be relatively wet or unhardened and may absorb or penetrate into the glass fiber rich layer 812 due to the porosity of the glass fiber rich layer 812. The penetration or absorption of the secondary backing 808 into the glass fiber rich layer 812 binds the secondary backing 808 to the nonwoven mat 810 during manufacturing.
As illustrated in
Nonwoven mats were manufactured according to the embodiments described herein. Examples of the manufactured nonwoven mats are provided in Table 1 below. As noted in Table 1, both examples include 90 weight percent synthetic fibers and 10 weight percent glass fibers in the synthetic fiber rich bottom layer and 85 weight percent glass fibers and 15 weight percent synthetic fibers in the glass fiber rich top layer. Each layer had a basis weight of approximately 0.7 lb, which resulted in a basis weight of the nonwoven mat (including the binder) of slightly over 2 lbs/sq. Both mats have a binder LOI of roughly 30%. The manufacturing conditions (e.g., oven temperature, etc.) of the two samples were the same.
A main difference between the two examples is that sample 2 included synthetic fibers having a diameter of 1.5 Denier compared to sample 1, which included synthetic fibers having a diameter of 0.5 Denier. The use of bigger synthetic fibers resulted in sample 2 exhibiting a lower total tensile strength, but greater air permeability and substantially increased Z tensile strength. Importantly, both samples exhibited a wrinkle and feel rating of “9”, which exceeds the minimum acceptable limit of 8.
Table 2 provides a lighter weight design of a nonwoven mat. For example, the nonwoven mat of Table 2 has a basis weight of around 1 lb/sq, which is roughly half the basis weight of the nonwoven mats of Table 1. The 1.0 lbs/sq basis weight of sample 2 in Table 1 was produced on a production scale wet-laid machine. Both layers of the samples of Table 2 had approximately equal weights (i.e., approx. 0.5 lbs/sq). The bottom layer of each sample was a PET-rich layer having 90% PET fibers (1.5D, 6 mm) and 10% glass fibers (¾″ K117 from JM). The top layer of each sample was a glass fiber rich with 15% PET fibers (1.5D, 6 mm) and 85% glass fibers (¾″ K117 from JM). A binder concentration of roughly 30% LOI was targeted for each sample. The line speed of the wet-laid machine was set at 300 fpm and oven temperatures were set to be 175 F, 205 F, 245 F, 275 F, 285 F, 290 F for the six zones respectively to achieve good curing and an acceptable wrinkle ranking.
Table 3 provides four additional examples of nonwoven mats that were manufactured as described herein. Each mat included 90 weight percent synthetic fibers and 10 weight percent glass fibers in the synthetic fiber rich bottom layer and 85 weight percent glass fibers and 15 weight percent synthetic fibers in the glass fiber rich top layer. The basis weight of each mat, including the fibers and binder together, was approximately 1 lb/sq. The fiber basis weight (i.e., fibers only) of each mat varied between the samples, with sample 1 having a basis weight of roughly 0.35 lbs for each layer and a 50:50 weight ratio between the two layers. Sample 2 had a fiber basis weight (i.e., fibers only) of roughly 0.45 lbs for the glass fiber rich layer and a fiber basis weight (i.e., fibers only) of 0.25 lbs for the synthetic fiber rich layer, which resulted in a weight ratio of 64:36 between the two layers. Samples 3 and 4 had a fiber basis weight of roughly 0.55 lbs for the glass fiber rich layer and a basis weight of 0.15 lbs for the synthetic fiber rich layer, which resulted in a weight ratio of 79:21 between the two layers. As noted in Table 3, the percentage of total glass fibers in the nonwoven mat increased from sample 1 to samples 3 and 4 due to the greater basis weight of the glass fiber rich layer in samples 2, 3, and 4. The manufacturing conditions (e.g., oven temperature, etc.) of the four samples were the same. Specifically, oven temperatures of 270 F and 285 F were set for zone 1 and zone 2, respectively, for the pilot mat machine.
The higher percentage of glass fiber in the nonwoven mat resulted in a substantial increase in tensile strength and air permeability. Each mat exhibited a total tensile strength of greater than 100 lbf/3 inch, which is an acceptable strength. In addition, Z-tensile strength for all samples remained high. For all samples, the ratings for wrinkles and feel was 9. With higher glass fibers in the products (i.e., samples 2, 3, & 4), the feel rating did not change due to the fiber ratio in the bottom layer remaining unchanged (i.e., 90% PET fibers).
Mat rolls in Table 3 were used as the reinforcement component for carpet tiles. Aachen property was tested for the produced carpet tiles, as shown in Table 4. Specifically, the Aachen properties of multiple samples for examples 1, 2, and 3 were compared against samples of the control mat. The control mat had a base weight of roughly 1.4 lbs/sq and used an style “A1” style mat, which includes two layers of thermoplastic compound. As noted herein, the nonwoven mats according to this disclosure do not require the use of two layers of thermoplastic compound. Thus, the total amount of thermoplastic compound used in samples 1, 2, and 3 was significantly less than the control mat. Specifically, samples 1, 2, and 3 used close to 50 percent less thermoplastic compound than the control mat. Aachen properties from samples 1, 2, and 3 are well within the carpet tile specifications (i.e., −0.15% to 0.15%). Despite the mat of samples 1, 2, and 3 having a lower base weight than the control and only about 50% thermoplastic compound used in comparison with the control, the Aachen properties of the samples were outstanding. With increased glass content (i.e., increasing from samples 1 to 3), better Aachen numbers were obtained. For both directions, a number close to zero is preferred.
The basis weight of the nonwoven mats was measured by weighing a handsheet sample (typically cut 12″×12″) with the unit pounds per square (i.e., lbs/100 sq. ft2). The tensile strength (1 bf/3″) of a 3″×12″ sample was measured using American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) method (or corresponding method by Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI)) by an Instron machine. Tensile strength was measured in the machine direction (MD) and the cross-machine direction (CD or CMD). Total tensile is the sum of the two measured strengths. Thickness was measured with a gauge under pressure of 1.686 kPa (28 ounce (784 gram) contact pressure and 3 inch diameter foot). Air permeability (“air perm”) was measured by the Frazier test, described by ASTM Standard Method D737. This test was carried out at a differential pressure of about 0.5 inches of water (125 Pa). As previously described, “wrinkle” is an internal numbering system (1-10) developed to rank severity of the wrinkles on the mat with a rating of 1 being the worst and 10 being essentially wrinkle free. Examples of wrinkle ratings are shown in
While several embodiments and arrangements of various components are described herein, it should be understood that the various components and/or combination of components described in the various embodiments may be modified, rearranged, changed, adjusted, and the like. For example, the arrangement of components in any of the described embodiments may be adjusted or rearranged and/or the various described components may be employed in any of the embodiments in which they are not currently described or employed. As such, it should be realized that the various embodiments are not limited to the specific arrangement and/or component structures described herein.
In addition, it is to be understood that any workable combination of the features and elements disclosed herein is also considered to be disclosed. Additionally, any time a feature is not discussed with regard in an embodiment in this disclosure, a person of skill in the art is hereby put on notice that some embodiments of the invention may implicitly and specifically exclude such features, thereby providing support for negative claim limitations.
Having described several embodiments, it will be recognized by those of skill in the art that various modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents may be used without departing from the spirit of the invention. Additionally, a number of well-known processes and elements have not been described in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present invention. Accordingly, the above description should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention.
Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lower limits of that range is also specifically disclosed. Each smaller range between any stated value or intervening value in a stated range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range is encompassed. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included or excluded in the range, and each range where either, neither or both limits are included in the smaller ranges is also encompassed within the invention, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included.
As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a process” includes a plurality of such processes and reference to “the device” includes reference to one or more devices and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.
Also, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” “include,” “including,” and “includes” when used in this specification and in the following claims are intended to specify the presence of stated features, integers, components, or steps, but they do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, components, steps, acts, or groups.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16431831 | Jun 2019 | US |
| Child | 18936129 | US |
