Patent Application
20210208223
The present specification relates to magnetic resonance imaging.
In one aspect, some implementations provide a method to perform fat saturation on a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system having a main magnet providing a magnetic field B0. The method includes driving a shim coil assembly of the MRI system with a first set of shimming currents to sufficiently alter a B0 field inhomogeneity of the magnetic field B0 within a region that includes a first imaging volume of interest such that water saturation inside the region is reduced from before the first set of shimming currents are applied; applying a fat saturation pulse to the region; identifying the first imaging volume of interest from the region; driving the shim coil assembly of the MRI system with a second set of shimming currents to alter the B0 field inhomogeneity of the magnetic field B0 within the first imaging volume of interest such that the B0 field inhomogeneity within the first imaging volume of interest is reduced from before the second set of shimming currents were applied; and obtaining magnetic resonance (MR) signals from the first imaging volume of interest using an imaging pulse sequence.
Implementations may include one or more of the following features.
Obtaining magnetic resonance (MR) signals from the first imaging volume of interest may include: applying gradient pulses to encode MR signals from the first imaging volume of interest; and in response to the gradient pulses, acquiring the MR signals from the first imaging volume of interest.
The imaging pulse sequence may include at least one of: a gradient-echo pulse sequence, a spin-echo pulse sequence, a steady-state free precession (SSFP) pulse sequence, and an echo-planar imaging (EPI) pulse sequence.
Driving the shim coil of the MRI system with a first set of shimming currents may include: driving the shim coil of the MRI system with a first set of shimming currents to substantially minimize water saturation within the region and maximizing fat saturation inside the first imaging volume of interest. Driving the shim coil assembly of the MRI system with a first set of shimming currents may include: driving the shim coil assembly of the MRI system to substantially minimize water saturation throughout the region.
The method may further include: identifying a second imaging volume of interest from the region where fat saturation has been applied; subsequently driving the shim coil of the MRI system with a third set of shimming currents to alter the B0 field inhomogeneity of the magnetic field B0 within the second imaging volume of interest such that the B0 field inhomogeneity within the second imaging volume of interest is reduced from before the third set of shimming currents were applied; and obtaining magnetic resonance signals from the second imaging volume of interest using the imaging pulse sequence.
The method may further include: placing a subject in the main magnet such that the region covers a portion of the subject. The portion of the subject may include at least one of: an abdominal organ of the subject, a breast of the subject, a neck of the subject, an extremity of the subject, and a head of the subject.
Prior to obtaining the MR signals from the first imaging volume of interest: applying a first slice-select gradient while applying a first radio-frequency (RF) pulse such that protons from the first imaging volume of interest are excited by the first RF pulse.
Some implementations provide a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system that includes: a main magnet providing a magnetic field B0; a shim coil assembly; a gradient coil assembly; a radio-frequency (RF) coil; a controller in communication with the shim coil assembly, the gradient coil assembly, and the RF coil. The controller configured to perform operations of: driving the shim coil assembly of the MRI system with a first set of shimming currents to sufficiently alter a B0 field inhomogeneity of the magnetic field B0 within a region that includes a first imaging volume of interest such that water saturation inside the region is reduced from before the first set of shimming currents are applied; applying a fat saturation pulse to the region; identifying the first imaging volume of interest from the region; driving the shim coil assembly of the MRI system with a second set of shimming currents to alter the B0 field inhomogeneity of the magnetic field B0 within the first imaging volume of interest such that the B0 field inhomogeneity within the first imaging volume of interest is reduced from before the second set of shimming currents were applied; and obtaining magnetic resonance (MR) signals from the first imaging volume of interest using an imaging pulse sequence.
Obtaining magnetic resonance signals from the first imaging volume of interest may include: applying gradient pulses to encode MR signals from the first imaging volume of interest; and in response to the gradient pulses, acquiring the MR signals from the first imaging volume of interest.
The imaging pulse sequence may include at least one of: a gradient-echo pulse sequence, a spin-echo pulse sequence, a steady-state free precession (SSFP) pulse sequence, and an echo-planar imaging (EPI) pulse sequence.
Driving the shim coil assembly of the MRI system with a first set of shimming currents may include: driving the shim coil of the MRI system with a first set of shimming currents to substantially minimize water saturation within the region.
The operations may further include: identifying a second imaging volume of interest from the region; subsequently driving the shim coil assembly of the MRI system with a third set of shimming currents to alter the B0 field inhomogeneity of the magnetic field B0 within the second imaging volume of interest such that the B0 field inhomogeneity within the second imaging volume of interest is reduced from before the third set of shimming currents were applied; and obtaining magnetic resonance signals from the second imaging volume of interest using the imaging pulse sequence.
The region may cover a portion of a subject placed in the main magnet. The portion of the subject may include at least one of: an abdominal organ of the subject, a breast of the subject, a neck of the subject, an extremity of the subject, and a head of the subject.
Prior to obtaining the MR signals from the first imaging volume of interest: applying a first slice-select gradient while applying a first radio-frequency (RF) pulse such that protons from the first imaging volume of interest are excited by the first RF pulse.
Some implementations provide a method to compute sets of shimming currents for a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system having a main magnet that provides a magnetic field B0. The method includes: obtaining a field map of a portion of the magnetic field B0; obtaining a fat map of a portion of a subject placed in the main magnet; obtaining a water map of the portion of the subject placed in the main magnet; based on the field map, the fat map, and the water map, computing values of a first set of shimming currents that substantially minimize water saturation within a region that covers the portion of the subject; obtaining location information of a first imaging volume of interest, the first imaging volume of interest included by the region; and based on the field map, the fat map, the water map, and the location information of the first imaging volume of interest, computing values of a second set of shimming currents that substantially minimize the magnetic field inhomogeneity within the first imaging volume of interest.
Implementations may include one or more of the following features.
The first set of shimming currents may substantially maximize fat saturation within the region that covers the portion of the subject.
The details of one or more aspects of the subject matter described in this specification are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages of the subject matter will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims.
Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.
Various embodiments and aspects of the specification will be described with reference to details discussed below. The following description and drawings are illustrative of the specification and are not to be construed as limiting the specification. Numerous specific details are described to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments of the present specification. However, in certain instances, well-known or conventional details are not described in order to provide a concise discussion of embodiments of the present specification.
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging based on proton resonance can provide excellent soft tissue contrast. However, protons from fat tissue and water molecules (in non-fat tissue) experience slightly different (for example, 3.5 ppm) resonant frequencies in a magnetic field. Fat saturation methods can suppress fat signals, thereby improving MR image quality for various applications. Indeed, fat saturation can be added to many MR sequences with minimal increase in scan time and minimal reduction in signal to noise ratio (SNR). However, FatSat can be more challenging at lower field, where the resonant frequencies of fat and water are closer together. This can result in unrealistically long spectrally selective excitation pulses or an intractable problem when the B0 field cannot be sufficiently shimmed. As noted, the peak corresponding to fat proton is about 3.5 ppm away from the water proton. In comparison, a volume of interest can have, for example, 10 ppm B0 variation. To use this volume for MR imaging, the frequency range for suppressing all of the fat signal would overlap with the range for the water signal, rendering it impractical to excite one but not the other.
The present specification discusses a system and method to dynamically change shimming currents to adjust B0 inhomogeneity. A first set of shimming currents can be used to achieve a first adjustment of B0 inhomogeneity for preparing the entire volume or slab for MR imaging. For the purpose of fat saturation, this first set of shimming currents may reduce the amount of water excitation during fat saturation preparation when spectrally selective fat excitations are applied to the entire volume or slab. For example, the number of water protons excited within the entire volume or slab can be minimized while the number of fat protons excited within the entire volume or slab can be maximized as an objective function for an optimization procedure. After signal preparation, a second set of shimming currents can be used to achieve a second adjustment of B0 inhomogeneity. This second set of shimming currents may reduce the overall magnetic field inhomogeneities within the volume of interest for high performance imaging.
In slice-by-slice imaging, it is sufficient to excite (and saturate) the fat signals in each slice separately before acquiring imaging data on that slice. However, if water signal is excited and saturated in another slice in the imaging volume, such saturation could degrade image quality. Indeed, for each imaging slice for subsequent slice-by-slice imaging, a different set of shimming currents can be used to assert a specific adjustment of B0 inhomogeneity for a particular slice when the particular slice is being selected. For example, the new set of shimming currents may be set to maximize the number of in-plane voxels with fat that are in the excitation frequency range, while minimizing the number of water voxels in the coverage volume that are in the excitation frequency range. Similar to the single volume of interest case described previously, a second set of shimming currents for each slice/slab may be applied during the acquisition process so as to minimize field inhomogeneity for that particular slice/slab.
In these implementations, annular coil assembly does not include transmit coil 106 or any receiver coil. For these implementations, radio-frequency (RF) excitation pulses are, for example, transmitted by local coils for imaging the head region 102 of patient 103. In one instance, a head coil in a birdcage configuration is used for both transmitting RF excitation pulses and receiving MR signals for imaging the subject. In another instance, a birdcage coil is used as a transmit coil and a local coil (such as a surface coil) is used as a receiver coil. In yet another instance, a surface coil is used for transmitting an RF excitation pulse into the subject and a phased array coil configuration is used for receiving MR signals in response. The MRI system 100 can be used to scan various portions of a subject, for example, an abdominal organ of the subject, a breast of the subject, a neck of the subject, an extremity of the subject, and a head of the subject.
In some implementations, shim coil assembly 109 are housed within the gradient coil assembly 104. Shim coil assembly 109 may include one or more of shim coils. Shim coil assembly 109 may be powered by a group of power amplifiers. In some cases, the power amplifiers are housed in a control room and are connected to shim coil assembly 109 to provide shimming of the magnetic field within inner bore 101. In driving shim coil assembly 109, power amplifiers may be controlled by a control unit that generally includes one or more processors as well as programming logic to configure the power amplifiers. In some instances, the control unit is housed in a control room separate from the solenoid magnet 105 of the MRI system 100. Further, shim coil assembly 109 may not require active cooling using circulating coolant. In these implementations, an array of shimming coils can be used to provide adjustment to the field strength within the inner bore 101 such that the magnet field within the inner bore 101 becomes more homogenous.
The embodiments provided in this present specification allows the operation of multiple RF coils inside an MR magnet. As described earlier in this specification, an RF coil is a resonant structure used to either excite the sample, receive signals from the sample, or perform a combination of both functions during a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquisition. When operating an RF coil in the presence of additional RF circuitry, for example, a close-fitting “receive-only coil,” the RF coil can be switched “off” and “on” for two reasons. During transmission, a resonating structure located between the transmit coil and the sample results in a distortion of the transmit field and a reduction in efficiency. Additionally, transmit coils operate at power levels that far exceeds the range of receive-only circuits. For illustration, if such transmit coils are coupled to the receive-only coils, the power level during transmit events can destroy the low-power receive-only circuitry. During reception, the presence of any additional resonating structures in the vicinity of the receive-only RF coil results in signal degradation and an increase in overall system noise.
In this context, transmit coil 106, as an example of a radio frequency (RF) coil, can be switched “on” and “off” during transmit and receive operations. RF coils can be configured in an array for performing excitation, receiving signals or a combination of both functions. Arrays designed for signal excitation are known as “transmit coils.” Arrays designed for signal reception are known as “receive coils.” Arrays designed for both functions are known as “transceive coils.” Generally, RF arrays are composed of multiple resonating antennae that are disposed in a judicious manner about the imaging region such that: (i) efficiency can be maximized during transmission, (ii) the magnitude of the received signal can be maximized during reception (signal-to-noise ratio or ‘SNR’), and (iii) a combination of both.
Referring to
To mitigate the issue of unintended saturation, the MRI system 100 can be programmed to have one set of shim currents that drive shim coil assembly 109 while the fat saturation preparation pulses are played and use a different set of shim currents for the shim coils during imaging pulses when MR signals are being acquired from each selected slice. During the fat saturation preparation pulse, the shim currents are designed to alter the B0 field inhomogeneity as shown in
Referring to
A variety of MR imaging sequences can incorporate these signal acquisitions, including, for example, a gradient-echo pulse sequence, a spin-echo pulse sequence, a steady-state free precession (SSFP) pulse sequence, and an echo-planar imaging (EPI) pulse sequence. Moreover, when each slice-select gradient 412A, 412B, or 412C is applied, shim currents 401 may have transitioned from the first setting of 402 to a corresponding second setting. The exact timing may not be critical. In some cases, the transition may immediately precede slice-selection. In other cases, the transition may immediately follow slice-selection.
By way of examples, implementations can provide shim currents in the second setting that are substantially identical, even though the target slices are spatially different (for example, neighboring slices). The shim currents in the second setting can also vary by slice location as the second setting attempts to fine tune the B0 magnetic field by corrections via high order harmonic terms through the shim coils. Moreover, several neighboring slices may form a slab or a composite volume for which a volumetric acquisition can be performed, for example, by an additional gradient waveform in the z direction. In other words, slice selection may involve selecting a slab with a three-dimensional signal acquisition for the slab.
In contrast to implementations that rely on spectro-spatial pulses, the implementations of the current specification does not use gradient coils only. Instead, the implementations of the current specification uses shim coils for correcting B0 inhomogeneity. Indeed, other implementations treat the B0 field as fixed and the optimization problem as an RF pulse only problem addressed by a spectrally selective RF pulse, or a spectrally selective RF pulse in combination with gradient waveforms. Moreover, the first set of shim currents of the present specification may result in fat saturation preparation pulses of similar duration as compared to a typical spectrally selective fat saturation (FatSat) pulse. In contrast, spectro-spatial pulses can result in significantly longer pulses and may not be appropriate in many imaging applications. Although the examples discussed above in the present specification is contrasted with spectro-spatial pulses, it is understood that the above examples and spectro-spatial pulses are not mutually exclusive techniques. In particular, the above examples can incorporate the use of spectro-spatial pulses with the potential for further improvement in FatSat quality, at the expense of longer FatSat pulse durations.
Implementations disclosed by the present specification are not limited to MRI systems with a small-bore magnet (for example, not large enough for whole body scanning) or a low-field magnet (for example, lower than 1.5 Tesla). In fact, these implementations are equally applicable to MRI systems with a large-bore magnet (for example, accommodating whole body scanning) or a high-field magnet (for example, no lower than 1.5 Tesla).
Moreover, sets of shimming currents can be computed for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system 100 having a main magnet that provides a magnetic field B0 in inner bore 101. Initially, a field map of the magnetic field B0 can be obtained. For example, a field map can be calculated based on the difference in phase between two different echoes in a double echo sequence. Additionally or alternatively, two separate acquisitions with opposite phase encoding directions can be used to calculate a field map based on the difference in distortion between the two acquisitions. Thereafter, a fat map of a portion of a subject placed in the main magnet (for example, inner bore 101) can be obtained. This fat map can be obtained by globally suppressing water signals. Likewise, a water map of the portion of the subject placed in the main magnet (for example, inner bore 101) can also be obtained by globally suppressing fat signals. In some cases, the fat map, the water map, and the field map may be jointly obtained using a chemical shift encoded method. In some cases, the fat map and the water map can be obtained as fractional maps (for example, based on the Dixon method to extract in-phase and out-of-phase signals). Based on the field map, the fat map, and the water map, values of a first set of shimming currents that substantially minimize water saturation while providing adequate fat saturation within a region that covers the portion of the subject can be obtained. Subsequently, location information of a first imaging volume of interest, the first imaging volume of interest included by the region can be obtained. Based on the field map, the fat map, the water map, and the location information of the first imaging volume of interest, values of a second set of shimming currents can be computed that substantially minimize field inhomogeneities within the first imaging volume of interest.
As used herein, the terms “comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed as being inclusive and open ended, and not exclusive. Specifically, when used in the specification and claims, the terms “comprises” and “comprising” and variations thereof mean the specified features, steps or components are included. These terms are not to be interpreted to exclude the presence of other features, steps or components.
As used herein, the term “exemplary” means “serving as an example, instance, or illustration,” and should not be construed as preferred or advantageous over other configurations disclosed herein.
As used herein, the terms “about” and “approximately” are meant to cover variations that may exist in the upper and lower limits of the ranges of values, such as variations in properties, parameters, and dimensions. In one non-limiting example, the terms “about” and “approximately” mean plus or minus 10 percent or less.
The specific embodiments described above have been shown by way of example, and it should be understood that these embodiments may be susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms. It should be further understood that the claims are not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed, but rather to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of this specification.
