Patent Application
20150364940
The present invention relates generally to a method, system, and computer program product for configuring a battery. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method, system, and computer program product for a dynamically configurable auto-healing battery.
A battery is a commonly used source for supplying electrical power. A battery may store electrical power as electrical charge, or may produce electrical power through a chemical reaction. Some batteries are single-use, where upon use, the battery has to be replaced. Other batteries are reusable. The reusable batteries discharge when connected to a load circuit, and recharge when connected to a charging circuit.
A battery comprises one or more cells, each of which can hold an amount of the electrical charge or perform a portion of the chemical reaction. A cell in a battery produces a voltage, or potential difference, and supplies current to a load. A load is an electrical circuit including an electrical component with impedance.
More than one cell can be electrically connected to one another with a conductive material in a configuration to increase an output of the configuration. For example, when several cells are connected in series, the configuration produces a higher voltage than a single cell. As another example, when several cells are connected in parallel, the configuration produces a higher current than a single cell.
The illustrative embodiments provide a method, system, and computer program product for a dynamically configurable auto-healing battery. An embodiment includes a method for dynamically configuring a battery. The embodiment identifies, within the battery, a condition, wherein the battery comprises a set of cells a subset of which is electrically connected in a configuration such that the configuration delivers a first amount of electrical power from the battery, the battery further comprising a second set of spare cells. The embodiment selects, responsive to the condition, a cell from the subset. The embodiment selects, responsive to the condition, a spare cell from the set of spare cells. The embodiment makes the selected cell in the subset electrically unavailable in the configuration. The embodiment makes the selected spare cell electrically available in the configuration, resulting in eliminating an effect of the condition on a power output of the battery.
Another embodiment includes a computer usable program product comprising a computer readable storage device including computer usable code for dynamically configuring a battery. The embodiment further includes computer usable code for identifying, within the battery, a condition, wherein the battery comprises a set of cells a subset of which is electrically connected in a configuration such that the configuration delivers a first amount of electrical power from the battery, the battery further comprising a second set of spare cells. The embodiment further includes computer usable code for selecting, responsive to the condition, a cell from the subset. The embodiment further includes computer usable code for selecting, responsive to the condition, a spare cell from the set of spare cells. The embodiment further includes computer usable code for making the selected cell in the subset electrically unavailable in the configuration. The embodiment further includes computer usable code for making the selected spare cell electrically available in the configuration, resulting in eliminating an effect of the condition on a power output of the battery.
Another embodiment includes a dynamically configurable battery. The embodiment further includes a set of cells, a subset of which is electrically connected in a configuration such that the configuration delivers a first amount of electrical power from the battery. The embodiment further includes a second set of spare cells. The embodiment further includes a monitoring component within the battery, which is configured to identify a condition, and select, responsive to the condition, a cell from the subset. The embodiment further includes a multiplexing component, which is configured to select, responsive to the condition, a spare cell from the set of spare cells, make the selected cell in the subset electrically unavailable in the configuration, and make the selected spare cell electrically available in the configuration, resulting in eliminating an effect of the condition on a power output of the battery.
The novel features believed characteristic of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, as well as a preferred mode of use, further objectives and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of the illustrative embodiments when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Batteries are used in a variety of devices, appliances, and equipment. For example, batteries are used to power uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), a variety of computer equipment and computing devices, automobiles, satellites orbiting Earth and other celestial bodies, and even rovers and other equipment sent to distant planets and planetary bodies.
The illustrative embodiments recognize that many modern uses of batteries require much higher reliability of power supply from a battery than in the past. The illustrative embodiments further recognize that modern batteries are expected to service often unpredictable load swings without failing or degrading the battery performance.
For example, an electric vehicle presents a highly variable load on the battery in the vehicle. While the vehicle is stationary, the load on the vehicle's battery may be a fraction of the load presented when the vehicle is started or set in motion from rest. The load further varies, unpredictably when the vehicle tries to negotiate difficult uneven terrain.
Similarly, a battery in an orbiting satellite is exposed to large swings in temperatures, which adversely affects battery performance. Yet, the battery is expected to reliably supply power to the loads connected to the battery.
The illustrative embodiments further recognize that charging or recharging (collectively, “charging”) conditions of a battery also vary greatly. For example, an electric vehicle may be plugged into a high-capacity or rapid charging outlet that is capable of supplying greater charging current than required to charge the battery at a given rate, e.g., an optimum rate. The same vehicle may be plugged into a different outlet, such as when travelling to a different location, where the current supply may be less than the charging current required to charge the battery at the optimum rate.
Furthermore, cells in a battery can fail, causing the battery's performance to suffer adversely. For example, a failed cell in a series configuration causes a drop in the battery's voltage output. A failed cell in a parallel configuration causes a drop in the battery's current output. Cell failures in a battery can occur due to manufacturing defects, abuse or misuse of the battery, operating the battery in hostile environments, corrosion, or from a variety of other causes or conditions.
The illustrative embodiments recognize that presently available batteries are not configured in a manner that they can recover to their original performance upon cell failures. Furthermore, the illustrative embodiments recognize that presently available batteries are designed or configured to handle load swings within a pre-determined set of thresholds, and loads outside those thresholds often deteriorate the battery's performance, utilization, or both.
The illustrative embodiments used to describe the invention generally address and solve the above-described problems and other problems related to batteries and battery design. The illustrative embodiments provide a method, system, and computer program product for a dynamically configurable auto-healing battery.
An embodiment configures within a battery at least two sections. A first section, called the matrix includes a first set of cells (matrix cells), and a second section, called the spare, includes a second set of cells (spare cells). Certain embodiments are described with respect to one matrix and one spare section only for the clarity of the description and not to imply a limitation on the illustrative embodiments. The battery can includes any number of matrix and spare sections within the scope of the illustrative embodiments.
The embodiment is further configured with at least one switching component (interchangeably referred to hereinafter as “switching component” or “multiplexer”). The embodiment is further configured with at least one controlling component (interchangeably referred to hereinafter as “monitor” or “controller”).
The cells in the matrix and the spare sections are configured such that at least some of the matrix cells, some of the spare cells, or a combination thereof, can be electrically connected into a particular configuration in response to a corresponding switching signal. For example, in one example operation of an embodiment, the multiplexer sends a signal to the matrix such that nine out of an example twelve cells in the matrix are connected in parallel (or series). In another example operation of the embodiment, the multiplexer sends a signal to the matrix such that six out of the example twelve cells in the matrix are connected in series (or parallel). In another example operation of the embodiment, the multiplexer sends a signal to the matrix such that a first subset of six out of the example set of twelve cells in the matrix are connected in a first series (or first parallel), a second subset of the other six out of the example set of twelve cells in the matrix are connected in a second series (or second parallel), and the first and the second series (or parallel) are then connected in parallel (or series).
In another example operation of the embodiment, assume that a cell in the matrix section has failed or deteriorated. The multiplexer sends a signal to the matrix and the spare section such that the remaining eleven out of the example twelve cells in the matrix and one of the spare cells from the spare section are connected in series (or parallel).
In another example operation of the embodiment, assume that a load demands more current than the twelve example cells in the matrix section can provide. The multiplexer sends a signal to the matrix such that the twelve cells in the matrix and four spare cells from the spare section are connected in a parallel to supply the load with adequate current. An embodiment is configured to generate suitable signals from the multiplexer to substitute a matrix cell with a spare cell in a configuration, augment the matrix cells with spare cells in a configuration, reduce the number of used matrix cells in a configuration, or create other configurations with other combinations of matrix cells and spare cells in a similar manner.
Generally, an embodiment is configured to create a configuration of some or all matrix cells only, some or all spare cells only, or some or all matrix cells and spare cells, depending upon the electrical characteristics of a cell, a load condition, a charging condition, or a combination thereof.
A load condition is an electrical power demand of an electrical load or a change in the electrical load. For example, a current required for an operation of the load or a change in the electrical current demand of the load is an example of a load condition. A change in the current or voltage requirement to perform or change an operation of the electrical load is also an example of a load condition.
A charging condition is an availability of a quantity, type, or quality of electrical power to charge one or more cells in the battery. For example, availability of a higher than threshold charging current is an example charging condition. Availability of a lower than threshold charging current is another example charging condition. For example, when lower than a threshold amount of charging current is available, an embodiment selects only that number of cells and configures them in a configuration such that the charging current drawn by such configuration does not exceed the available charging current.
Other constraints on charging can also form a charging condition. For example, given a time charging constraint, an embodiment selects some cells for charging and not others according to a specified criterion. The time constraint and criterion or criteria for cell selection can be supplied to the battery via an instruction as described elsewhere in this disclosure. In one embodiment, the battery includes a pre-configured cell selection criterion for this and other charging conditions.
Furthermore, the monitor is electrically coupled with the matrix and the spare sections such that the monitor can determine an electrical property of each matrix cell, each spare cell, or all cells in the matrix and spare sections. An electrical property of a cell includes but is not limited to a maximum voltage output possible from the cell, maximum current output possible from the cell, or a combination thereof. A healthy cell is a cell that can provide at least a threshold voltage, at least a threshold current, or both. An example of a failed cell is a cell whose voltage output has fallen below a lower predetermined threshold voltage, whose current output has fallen below a lower predetermined threshold current, or both. An example of a deteriorated cell is a cell whose voltage output has fallen below an upper predetermined threshold voltage, whose current output has fallen below an upper predetermined threshold current, or both.
These examples of failed or deteriorated cells, and the example manners of identifying them are not intended to be limiting on the illustrative embodiments. A cell can be deemed failed or deteriorated for many other reasons and by many other methods, and the same are contemplated within the scope of the illustrative embodiments. For example, a rise in a cell's temperature (or a lack thereof) beyond a threshold, or a reduction in a capacity of a cell below a threshold are some other ways in which a cell can be identified as failed or deteriorated. Furthermore, the determination of the failing or deteriorating factors such as the voltage, the current, the temperature, the capacity and the like can be made during discharge or charging of the cell or by a dedicated status determination operation at other times.
The capacity of a cell can be interpreted in several ways, including but not limited to (i) an amount of charge held in the cell, (ii) peak amperes supplied, and duration for which the cell can supply that peak current, or (iii) total ampere-hours the cell can supply before draining below a threshold charge. From this disclosure, those of ordinary skill in the art will be able to conceive other ways of measuring a cell's capacity, and such ways are contemplated within the scope of the illustrative embodiments.
In one example operation of an embodiment, the monitor determines that a matrix cell has either failed or deteriorated. The monitor instructs the multiplexer to switch off or disconnect that matrix cell, or otherwise make that matrix cell electrically unavailable for participating in a configuration to supply power to a load, receive charging current, or both. The same instruction from the monitor, or a separate instruction from the monitor to the multiplexer further instructs the multiplexer to switch on, connect, or otherwise make a spare cell electrically available in place of that disconnected matrix cell for participating in a configuration to supply power to a load, receive charging current, or both.
In one embodiment, the monitor is further configured to determine, evaluate, detect, receive, predict, anticipate, or otherwise compute a load condition. For example, assume that in one instance, the monitor detects a rising trend in the load current. For example, tracking of demand on automotive battery during navigation can be route-dependent due to the change in the power consumption of the processor of the navigation device. An anticipated route condition can predict a rise in the processor's demand for power, and can alert the monitor about an impending load increase.
Accordingly, the monitor instructs the multiplexer to add to a configuration supplying the power, a number of matrix cells if available, spare cells if available, or a combination of matrix cells and spare cells if available, where the number is sufficient to supply an expected level of current demand during a given period.
In another example instance, the monitor detects that the load current has dropped below a lower threshold. Accordingly, the monitor instructs the multiplexer to remove from a configuration supplying the power, a number of matrix cells, a number of spare cells, or a combination of a number of matrix cells and spare cells, where the number of remaining cells in the configuration is sufficient to supply an expected level of current demand during a given period.
In another example instance, the monitor detects that the charging current is below a lower threshold. Accordingly, the monitor instructs the multiplexer to remove from a configuration receiving the charge or recharge, a number of matrix cells, a number of spare cells, or a combination of a number of matrix cells and spare cells, where the number of remaining cells in the configuration can be sufficiently charged with the available charging current. These example manners of operation of a dynamically configurable auto-healing battery, and other similarly purposed operations conceivable from this disclosure are some example ways in which a battery according to an embodiment can auto-heal. Auto-healing comprises a process of maintaining the power and performance within a one or more tolerance limits of fluctuations while facing a cell failure or degradation, load changes, charging changes, and other conditions that adversely affect the power and performance of the battery.
The illustrative embodiments are described with respect to certain power supply configurations, charging configurations, cells combinations, thresholds, cell health factors, electrical characteristics, load conditions, charging conditions, manner of detections, instructions, events, rules, policies, algorithms, data processing systems, environments, components, and applications only as examples. Any specific manifestations of such artifacts are not intended to be limiting to the invention. Any suitable manifestation of data processing systems, environments, components, and applications can be selected within the scope of the illustrative embodiments.
Furthermore, the illustrative embodiments may be implemented with respect to any type of data, data source, or access to a data source over a data network. Any type of data storage device may provide the data to an embodiment of the invention, either locally at a data processing system or over a data network, within the scope of the invention.
The illustrative embodiments are described using specific code, designs, architectures, protocols, layouts, schematics, and tools only as examples and are not limiting to the illustrative embodiments. Furthermore, the illustrative embodiments are described in some instances using particular software, tools, and data processing environments only as an example for the clarity of the description. The illustrative embodiments may be used in conjunction with other comparable or similarly purposed structures, systems, applications, or architectures. An illustrative embodiment may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination thereof.
The examples in this disclosure are used only for the clarity of the description and are not limiting to the illustrative embodiments. Additional data, operations, actions, tasks, activities, and manipulations will be conceivable from this disclosure and the same are contemplated within the scope of the illustrative embodiments.
Any advantages listed herein are only examples and are not intended to be limiting to the illustrative embodiments. Additional or different advantages may be realized by specific illustrative embodiments.
Furthermore, a particular illustrative embodiment may have some, all, or none of the advantages listed above.
With reference to the figures and in particular with reference to
In addition, clients 110, 112, and 114 couple to network 102. A data processing system, such as server 104 or 106, or client 110, 112, or 114 may contain data and may have software applications or software tools executing thereon.
Only as an example, and without implying any limitation to such architecture,
Servers 104 and 106, storage unit 108, and clients 110, 112, and 114 may couple to network 102 using wired connections, wireless communication protocols, or other suitable data connectivity. Clients 110, 112, and 114 may be, for example, personal computers or network computers.
In the depicted example, server 104 may provide data, such as boot files, operating system images, and applications to clients 110, 112, and 114. Clients 110, 112, and 114 may be clients to server 104 in this example. Clients 110, 112, 114, or some combination thereof, may include their own data, boot files, operating system images, and applications. Data processing environment 100 may include additional servers, clients, and other devices that are not shown.
In the depicted example, data processing environment 100 may be the Internet. Network 102 may represent a collection of networks and gateways that use the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and other protocols to communicate with one another. At the heart of the Internet is a backbone of data communication links between major nodes or host computers, including thousands of commercial, governmental, educational, and other computer systems that route data and messages. Of course, data processing environment 100 also may be implemented as a number of different types of networks, such as for example, an intranet, a local area network (LAN), or a wide area network (WAN).
Among other uses, data processing environment 100 may be used for implementing a client-server environment in which the illustrative embodiments may be implemented. A client-server environment enables software applications and data to be distributed across a network such that an application functions by using the interactivity between a client data processing system and a server data processing system. Data processing environment 100 may also employ a service oriented architecture where interoperable software components distributed across a network may be packaged together as coherent business applications.
With reference to
In the depicted example, data processing system 200 employs a hub architecture including North Bridge and memory controller hub (NB/MCH) 202 and South Bridge and input/output (I/O) controller hub (SB/ICH) 204. Processing unit 206, main memory 208, and graphics processor 210 are coupled to North Bridge and memory controller hub (NB/MCH) 202. Processing unit 206 may contain one or more processors and may be implemented using one or more heterogeneous processor systems. Processing unit 206 may be a multi-core processor. Graphics processor 210 may be coupled to NB/MCH 202 through an accelerated graphics port (AGP) in certain implementations.
In the depicted example, local area network (LAN) adapter 212 is coupled to South Bridge and I/O controller hub (SB/ICH) 204. Audio adapter 216, keyboard and mouse adapter 220, modem 222, read only memory (ROM) 224, universal serial bus (USB) and other ports 232, and PCI/PCIe devices 234 are coupled to South Bridge and I/O controller hub 204 through bus 238. Hard disk drive (HDD) or solid-state drive (SSD) 226 and CD-ROM 230 are coupled to South Bridge and I/O controller hub 204 through bus 240. PCI/PCIe devices 234 may include, for example, Ethernet adapters, add-in cards, and PC cards for notebook computers. PCI uses a card bus controller, while PCIe does not. ROM 224 may be, for example, a flash binary input/output system (BIOS). Hard disk drive 226 and CD-ROM 230 may use, for example, an integrated drive electronics (IDE), serial advanced technology attachment (SATA) interface, or variants such as external-SATA (eSATA) and micro-SATA (mSATA). A super I/O (SIO) device 236 may be coupled to South Bridge and I/O controller hub (SB/ICH) 204 through bus 238.
Memories, such as main memory 208, ROM 224, or flash memory (not shown), are some examples of computer usable storage devices. Hard disk drive or solid state drive 226, CD-ROM 230, and other similarly usable devices are some examples of computer usable storage devices including a computer usable storage medium.
An operating system runs on processing unit 206. The operating system coordinates and provides control of various components within data processing system 200 in
Instructions for the operating system, the object-oriented programming system, and applications or programs, such as applications 105, 133, and 137 in
The hardware in
In some illustrative examples, data processing system 200 may be a personal digital assistant (PDA), which is generally configured with flash memory to provide non-volatile memory for storing operating system files and/or user-generated data. A bus system may comprise one or more buses, such as a system bus, an I/O bus, and a PCI bus. Of course, the bus system may be implemented using any type of communications fabric or architecture that provides for a transfer of data between different components or devices attached to the fabric or architecture.
A communications unit may include one or more devices used to transmit and receive data, such as a modem or a network adapter. A memory may be, for example, main memory 208 or a cache, such as the cache found in North Bridge and memory controller hub 202. A processing unit may include one or more processors or CPUs.
The depicted examples in
With reference to
Battery 302 includes one or more matrix sections, such as matrix section 304, in the manner described elsewhere in this disclosure. Battery 302 includes one or more spare sections, such as spare section 306, in the manner described elsewhere in this disclosure.
Matrix section 304 includes any number of matrix cells 308. Any number of matrix cells 308 can be configured in matrix section 304 without limitation. In some instances, the number of matrix cells 308 can reach into the hundreds or thousands. Spare section 306 includes any number of matrix cells 310. Any number of spare cells 310 can be configured in spare section 306 without limitation.
Monitor 312 monitors cell health, load conditions, charging conditions, or performs a combination these and other functions. Monitor 312 further communicates with, instructs, or otherwise informs multiplexer 314 about conditions warranting cell configuration changes. Some non-limiting and non-exhaustive examples of such communications are described elsewhere in this disclosure.
Multiplexer 314 sends electrical signals as needed to electronic or electrical components, e.g., switches, that are associated with matrix cells 308, spare cells 310, or both. The electrical signals cause those electronic or electrical components to operate in a manner that the associated cells are connected or disconnected in the configuration. The resulting configuration then either receives charging power from charging circuit 316, or supplies power to load circuit 318, as the case may be.
With reference to
Matrix 404 depicts an example configuration of nine example matrix cells 408 in some combination of series and parallel connections with one another. Matrix cell 408 labeled 1-1 occupies row 1 column 1 position in the example three-by-three arrangement. Other matrix cells 408 labeled 1-2 through 3-3 similarly occupy the row of the first number in the label and the column of the last number in the label in the example arrangement.
Monitor 412 is coupled with each matrix cell 408 and each spare cell 410 in any suitable manner to test a cell's health, voltage output, current output, power output, and other electrical characteristics. Multiplexer 414 is coupled with each matrix cell 408 and each spare cell 410 in any suitable manner to switch a cell in or out of a configuration. Monitor 412 is further configured to receive inputs 420, which include but are not limited to load conditions, charging conditions, and instructions from other applications such as application 105, 133, or 137 in
In an example operation, monitor 412 determines that matrix cells 1-3 and 3-3 are to be replaced in the given configuration. For example, cell 1-3 may have failed, and cell 3-3 may be operating in a deteriorated state. Over communication path 422, monitor 412 informs multiplexer 414 of the need to replace cells 1-3 and 3-3. Multiplexer 414 selects spare cell 410 labeled 1 to replace matrix cell 1-3 and spare cell 410 labeled 2 to replace matrix cell 3-3.
Multiplexer 414 switches the electrical or electronic components associated with matrix cells 1-3 and 3-3 and spare cells 1 and 2 such that matrix cells 1-3 and 3-3 no longer participate in the configuration and spare cells 1 and 2 take their respective places in the configuration. The revised configuration then either supplies a load or receives charging via battery leads 424 and 426.
With reference to
The battery or a component thereof, e.g., monitor 412 in
Depending on the circumstances under which the configuration has to be changed, the battery or a component thereof, e.g., multiplexer 414 in
As another example, in the circumstance where a greater power output is desired from the configuration, the battery adds the spare cell to the configuration (block 510). The battery may end process 500 thereafter.
As another example, in the circumstance where the total power output of the battery has to be reduced, or an inadequate amount of charging current is available to charge all cells in the configuration, the battery makes the selected cell in the configuration electrically unavailable for participation in the configuration (block 512). The battery may end process 500 thereafter.
In another example, in case the selected spare cell is already in use and is no longer needed, e.g., when the power demand has dropped or an inadequate amount of charging current is available, the battery makes the selected spare cell electrically unavailable for participation in the configuration (block 514). The battery may end process 500 thereafter.
In another example, in case the selected cell is previously excluded from the configuration, e.g., when a cell had deteriorated previously due to higher than threshold temperature, the battery makes the selected cell electrically available for participation in the configuration, e.g., when the deteriorated cell's temperature has dropped below the threshold, (block 516). The battery may end process 500 thereafter.
In another example circumstance when the power demand has dropped or an inadequate amount of charging current is available, the battery may perform blocks 512 and 514 together. In another example circumstance, when the power demand has increased and a cell in the configuration has failed, the battery may perform blocks 508 and 510 together.
The example circumstances and the manner of executing certain block-combinations of process 500 are not intended to be limiting on the illustrative embodiments. From this disclosure, those of ordinary skill in the art will be able to execute combinations of the depicted blocks and other similarly purposed blocks to address other circumstances not described in the examples here. Such other combinations and other similarly purposed blocks are contemplated within the scope of the illustrative embodiments.
With reference to
The battery or a component thereof, e.g., monitor 412 in
The battery may also detect the load condition by measuring a value of a current, a voltage, or a rate of change thereof at a battery terminal or lead. Using this disclosure, other direct and indirect ways of determining a load condition or a change in a load condition will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art and the same are contemplated within the scope of the illustrative embodiments.
With reference to
The battery or a component thereof, e.g., monitor 412 in
The battery may also detect the charging condition by measuring a value of a current, a voltage, or a rate of change thereof at a battery terminal or lead. Using this disclosure, other direct and indirect ways of determining a charging condition or a change in a charging condition will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art and the same are contemplated within the scope of the illustrative embodiments.
Thus, a computer implemented method, system or apparatus, and computer program product are provided in the illustrative embodiments for a dynamically configurable auto-healing battery. Although certain cells are described as belonging to the matrix section and the spare section, a cell need not be relegated to one section or another permanently. Within the scope of the illustrative embodiments, matrix cells can be moved or re-categorized as spare cells, and vice-versa, such as to ensure that each cell receives sufficient number of discharge and recharge cycles over a period.
The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computer program product. The computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention.
The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire.
Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device.
Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++ or the like, and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention.
Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions.
These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.
