Patent Grant
6959153
1. Field of Invention
The invention relates to a device for wavelength division multiplexed systems and systems incorporating the device, and more particularly to dynamically reconfigurable add/drop multiplexers with low coherent cross-talk and optical communication networks incorporating add/drop multiplexers.
2. Discussion of Related Art
Demand for optical communication systems is growing with the growing demand for faster broadband and more reliable networks. Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is one technique used to increase the capacity of optical communication systems. Such optical communication systems include, but are not limited to, telecommunication systems, cable television systems (CATV), and local area networks (LANs). An introduction to the field of Optical Communications can be found in “Optical Communication Systems” by Gowar, ed. Prentice Hall, NY, 1993.
WDM optical communication systems carry multiple optical signal channels, each channel being assigned a different wavelength. Optical signal channels are generated, multiplexed to form an optical signal comprised of the individual optical signal channels, and transmitted over a single waveguide such as an optical fiber. The optical signal is subsequently demultiplexed such that each channel corresponding to a band of wavelengths is individually routed to a designated receiver.
Single or multiple optical channels can be routed to different destinations, such as in telecommunication networks, cable television subscriber systems and optical LANs. Routing is performed by selectively sending specific channels to a desired location. Another signal may be subsequently added to the dropped or other unused channel. This form of optical routing is generally referred to as “add/drop multiplexing or ADM”.
Fixed wavelength add/drop multiplexers (WADM) are already available commercially. However, such systems require that the wavelengths to be dropped at a specific site, commonly known as a node, be known in advance. Fixed notch filters—typically made from Bragg gratings—are utilized to make fixed wavelength add/drop multiplexers. However, advanced optical networks require that a node be established within the network for any one, all, or any specific set of wavelengths to be dropped, or re-routed on demand. There is thus a strong need for programmable and/or reconfigurable all-optical wavelength add/drop multiplexers (WADM) in such networks.
In order to obtain reconfigurable add/drop multiplexers, optical components capable of directing or routing optical wavelengths are required. Bragg gratings, electromechanical switches, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), and liquid crystals are some of the optical components which have been proposed as tuning elements in a reconfigurable add/drop networking element.
Optical add/drop multiplexers based on tunable Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) have been proposed and patented. For instance, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,185,023, Mizrahi describes add/drop multiplexers which are compatible with dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems. Mizrahi attempts to solve the problem of cross-talk between dropped and added channels by separating sets of Bragg gratings with an optical isolator. The Bragg grating sets and the optical isolator are interposed between first and second couplers. The optical channels to be dropped from the DWDM optical signal are reflected by the first set of Bragg gratings and exit the add/drop multiplexer through the first coupler. Similarly, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,069,719 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,748,349 of Mizrahi is disclosed a grating-based add/drop multiplexer wherein a set of Bragg gratings is positioned in the transmission path for reflected signals to be dropped.
Sridhar in U.S. Pat. No. 5,778,118 describes an optical add-drop multiplexer for wavelength division multiplexed optical communication systems. The add-drop multiplexer includes an optical filter for selecting portions of a wavelength division multiplexed optical signal. The portions of the wavelength division multiplexed signal which are not sent to an input port exit the add-drop multiplexer.
Giles et al in U.S. Pat. No. 5,754,321 describe an alternative add/drop optical circuit based on fiber Bragg gratings and polarizing beamsplitters. According to that reference, the input beamsplitter means splits the input signal into two different polarized input signals. Each polarized input signal is connected to a first end of a different selective wavelength filter, each of which is arranged to reflect the drop signal back to the input beamsplitter and pass the remaining signal portion to the output beamsplitter.
Liu et al in U.S. Pat. No. 5,953,141 describe an optical add-drop multiplexer and network which can dynamically route on a per-wavelength basis with minimized spectral filtering of the pass-through wavelengths which allows a wavelength to pass through a large number of routing nodes without distortion of the information. Similarly, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,208,443 B1 Liu et al discuss a method and apparatus for constructing an optical wavelength-routing network in which each network node is a dynamic optical add-drop multiplexer (OADM) with minimized spectral filtering effect on pass-through channels and with survivability upon failure.
Huber in U.S. Pat. No. 5,467,212 describes an addressable grating modulation system for an optical cable television system. A tunable optical filter is provided in order to switch video signals onto an optical fiber going to the node in a particular neighborhood. An arrangement uses in-fiber Bragg gratings in order to remove and insert different optical frequencies. The Bragg grating reflects one or more wavelengths and allows passage of wavelengths other than the desired wavelength. Therefore, the desired wavelength is dropped for processing further with other systems.
In the prior art the add/drop multiplexers are mostly based on fiber Bragg gratings. However, an issue of some significance with fiber-grating based tunable add-drop multiplexers is that of coherent cross talk. If a grating with insufficient reflectivity is used in an add/drop multiplexer, an unacceptable portion of the incident channel to be dropped will pass through, resulting in coherent cross-talk with the channel of the same wavelength which is subsequently added within the add-drop multiplexer. To limit this type of cross-talk it is desirable for attenuation of a dropped optical channel to be greater than 30 dB (typically 35 to 40 dB is desirable). While such high reflectivity gratings have been fabricated, the yields for such high reflectivity devices is low, making them very expensive. In addition, very high grating reflectivity is also associated with broader grating bandwidth, which makes these devices unattractive for optical networks utilizing closely spaced optical channels (e.g. 50 GHz spaced DWDM systems).
It is therefore an object of this invention to overcome these and other limitations without putting stringent requirements on the grating characteristics thus allowing an overall cost reduction as well as better performance of the network.
This invention pertains to a dynamically reconfigurable add-drop multiplexer, using a tunable in-fiber Bragg grating, which eliminates coherent cross-talk prevalent in add/drop multiplexers and also provides for built-in optical channel monitoring for high reliability operation. This approach relaxes stringent requirements for grating characteristics thus reducing the overall cost of the system. Additionally, the architecture allows for the use of built-in optical amplification and channel equalization units to provide a “transparent” all-optical, dynamically configurable add/drop multiplexer, which can be data rate and data format independent.
In one embodiment the add-drop multiplexer comprises an optical transmission signal input port adapted to receive a wavelength division multiplexed optical transmission signal, an optical transmission signal output port adapted to output at least a portion of the wavelength division multiplexed optical transmission signal, an add-drop optical channel port adapted to receive an optical add channel and output an optical drop channel, and a wavelength selective optical filter arranged between the optical transmission signal input port, the optical transmission signal output port and the optical add-drop channel port. The wavelength selective optical filter reflects optical channels that will continue through the add-drop multiplexer along a transmission line to the optical transmission signal output port and permits an optical channel that is to be dropped to pass therethrough.
In another embodiment, the add-drop multiplexer further comprises a wavelength tracker and stabilizer comprising an optical channel monitor adapted to provide absolute wavelength and intensity information of the light reflected by the wavelength selective optical filter.
In one embodiment, the add-drop multiplexer further comprises an optical coupler in optical communication with the optical transmission signal input port and the wavelength selective optical filter. The optical coupler can be for example an optical circulator having a first optical port in communication with the optical transmission signal input port, a second optical port in communication with the selective optical filter, a third optical port in communication with the add-drop optical channel port.
In one embodiment, the wavelength selective optical filter comprises an optical fiber having fiber Bragg gratings therein. The fiber Bragg grating having a reflecting band corresponding to an optical channel permitted to pass through the add-drop multiplexer. The wavelength selective optical filter may further comprise a tuning element disposed proximate to the fiber Bragg gratings. Examples of a tuning element include a mechanical strain element attached to the fiber Bragg grating and a thermal element.
These and other objects and advantages of the invention will become more apparent and more readily appreciated from the following detailed description of the presently preferred exemplary embodiments of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, of which:
In the following description, in order to facilitate a thorough understanding of the invention and for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth such as particular optical and electrical circuits, circuit components, techniques, etc. However, the invention may be practiced in other embodiments that depart from these specific details. The terms optical and light are used in a broad sense in this description to include both visible and non-visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Currently, infrared light is used extensively in transmitting signals in optical communication systems. Infrared light is included within the broad meaning of the term light as used herein.
First optical path 212 optically communicates with the first circulator port 204. First optical path 212 is configured to carry a wavelength division multiplexed optical communication signal 210 including one or a plurality of wavelengths.
Second optical path 214 optically communicates with the second circulator port 206 wherein optical filters 216, 218, 220 and 222 for selecting respectively wavelengths λ1, λ2, λ3 and λn, are positioned in optical path 214. In one embodiment, optical filters 216, 218, 220 and 222 consist of in-fiber Bragg gratings. While four Bragg gratings are shown in
Third optical path 224, optically communicating with the third circulator port 208, is configured to receive optical wavelengths output by the third circulator port 208 corresponding to the channels not dropped from the wavelength division multiplexed optical communication signal 210. The channels in the third optical path 224, consisting of λ1, λ2, λ3 and λ4 correspond to the through channels.
A second optical coupler 226 has first and second coupler input ports (228, 230) and one coupler output port 232 configured such that optical signals which enter the first input port 228 and second input port 230 are combined and output to the coupler output port 232. The third optical path 224 communicating with the first input port 228 of the second coupler 226 transmits a wavelength division multiplexed optical communication signal from the third path 224 to the first input port 228 of the second coupler 226.
Fourth optical path 234 optically communicating with the second input port 230 of the second optical coupler 226 is configured to carry optical wavelengths to be added to channels of the third optical path 224.
Fifth optical path 236 optically communicating with the output port 232 of the second optical coupler 226 is configured for receiving the combined signals from the first input port 228 and second input port 230 of the second optical coupler 226. The combined signals correspond to a wavelength division multiplexed optical communication signal which include the through channels from the third optical path 224 and the optical channels added from the fourth optical path 234.
As mentioned previously, wavelengths λ1, λ2, λ3 and λn, reflected off fiber gratings 216, 218, 220 and 222 enter circulator 202 at port 206 and exit circulator 202 at port 208. These wavelengths are considered the through channels. In other words, these wavelengths do not get dropped but are sent in the forward direction. This is an important distinction between the present invention and prior art utilizing tunable filters and circulators and/or optical couplers to design add-drop multiplexers. In prior art approaches, the optical add-drop multiplexer (OADM) is configured such that the through channels correspond to the grating being tuned away from the appropriate wavelength, thus letting the through channels pass and exit via port 206 of circulator 202, while the drop channels correspond to the grating being tuned to reflect the appropriate wavelength and exit through port 208 of circulator 202. In the present invention, the gratings are used in reverse arrangement such that the through channels correspond to the incoming wavelengths being reflected off the appropriate grating while the drop channel corresponds to the grating being shifted such that it lets the wavelength pass. This leads to the through channels exiting circulator port 208 and the drop channels exiting through port 206. The approach described in this invention has very useful implications making the tunable grating-based reconfigurable add-drop multiplexer described here cost effective and more practical for use in networks while providing low cross-talk effects.
Dropping channels, i.e. wavelength channels, occurs by tuning the filter element, such as an in-fiber Bragg grating, such that instead of reflecting the incoming wavelength and re-sending it back towards circulator 202, the grating reflection spectrum is ‘pushed’ out to let the channel continue on the output fiber of port 206. Multiple wavelengths are dropped by tuning each grating, such as 216, 218, 220, and 222, out of the appropriate reflection band. The dropped wavelengths can also be separated by using wavelength demultiplexer 223, if desired.
Another feature of the present invention is the wavelength tracker and stabilizer 240, which allows for precise wavelength monitoring and feedback to the tuning elements 216A, 218A, 220A and 222A which may comprise strain varying elements or assemblies such as piezo-electric elements. However, tuning elements 216A, 218A, 220A and 222A could also use thermal effects instead, such as temperature varying assemblies. Indeed, one should keep the tuning elements well within the guard band of the channels. The wavelength tracker and stabilizer 240 controls the reflection wavelength of the gratings by providing appropriate feedback to the tuning elements. The monitoring of the wavelengths is accomplished by tapping into the through signal in path 224 via tap 238. A portion of the signal, e.g., 1% to 5%, is adequate to provide input for the wavelength tracker and stabilizer 240. The wavelength tracker and stabilizer should have an accurate wavelength reference to provide very accurate wavelength tuning of the grating. The wavelength tracker and stabilizer 240 comprises an optical channel monitor which is described in a co-pending application entitled “Optical Channel Monitor with Continuous Gas Cell Calibration” U.S. application Ser. No. 09/808,222, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference and in another co-pending application entitled “Optical Channel Monitor Ultilizing Multiple Fabry-Perot Filter Pass-Bands”, U.S. application Ser. No. 09/929,339, the entire contents of which are also incorporated herein by reference.
In
The output from port 232 of optical coupler 226 contains added channels as well as the through channels input to optical coupler 226 via port 228. The reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer (re-OADM) can be made “loss-less” by providing small amounts of built-in optical amplification 242 with the use of pure optical amplifiers such as erbium-doped fiber amplifiers or Raman amplifiers, or optical to electrical amplifiers such as semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA). Since the architecture is essentially a low-loss architecture, the amount of amplification required is minimal. Therefore, the cost involved in building such systems remains low. Subsequent channel equalization can provide high quality output signals thus making the re-OADM “transparent”. By tuning the gratings such that the drop channels correspond to signals passing through the gratings, the problem of coherent cross-talk between the drop and add channels, due to insufficient extinction ratio of gratings, is eliminated. In addition, by providing continuous wavelength monitoring of the entire wavelength range using an accurately referenced wavelength monitor and providing appropriate feedback to the tuning elements, the gratings are reliably held at their appropriate wavelengths to perform a given operation such as add, drop or pass through. Built-in optical amplification and channel equalization provides for a transparent and flexible add/drop multiplexer. The flexibility provided by the architecture in the present invention allows dropping one, multiple or all of the incoming wavelengths to be redirected quickly and accurately. In addition, the present invention allows for a large number of channels to be accommodated.
The reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer (re-OADM) 400 also has wavelength tracker and stabilizer 432, which allows for precise wavelength monitoring and feedback to tuning elements 412A, 414A, 416A, and 418A. The tuning elements 412A, 414A, 416A, and 418A are kept well within the guard band of the channels. Wavelength tracker and stabilizer 432 controls the reflection wavelength of the gratings by providing appropriate feedback to tuning elements 412A, 414A, 416A, and 418A. Wavelength tracker and stabilizer 432 operates in the same manner as Wavelength tracker and stabilizer 240 described previously.
Similar to the previous embodiment, appropriate channels can be dropped by tuning the grating spectrum ‘out of the way’ of the incoming signals and let the signals drop on individual optical fibers 420, 422, 424, and 426.
Channels are added via port 442 of optical coupler 440 in this embodiment. The added wavelengths can be introduced using a tunable laser source or individual lasers, not shown on
The output from port 444 of optical coupler 440 contains added channels as well as the through channels input to optical coupler 440 via port 446. The reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer (re-OADM) can be made “loss-less” by providing small amounts of built-in optical amplification. Fiber optical amplifiers 450 such as, but not limited to, an erbium fiber amplifier is suitable and currently available. Channel equalizing can provide high quality output signals thus making the re-OADM “transparent”.
Similarly, optical signal path 508 enters second circulator 520 at port 522 and exits at port 524 to be directed into path 526. In path 526 are disposed a series of fiber Bragg gratings 527A, 527B, 527C for selecting respectively wavelength λ21, λ22, λ23. While three Bragg gratings are shown in path 526, it is understood that that there can also be one grating, two or more than three gratings. Each fiber Bragg grating is configured to reflect a portion of optical wavelengths included in the wavelength division multiplexed optical communication signal to circulator port 524 while transmitting the remaining wavelengths, that is wavelengths other than λ21, λ22, λ23. The wavelengths being transmitted correspond to the optical channels to be dropped while the wavelengths reflected towards circulator port 524, to be output by circulator 520 through the optical port 528, correspond to the through channel.
Optical path 519, optically communicating with the third circulator port 518, is configured to receive optical wavelengths output by the third circulator port 518 corresponding to the channels not dropped from the wavelength division multiplexed optical communication signal in path 506. The channels in the optical path 519, consisting of λ11, λ12, and λ13 correspond to the through channels.
Similarly, Optical path 529, optically communicating with the third circulator port 528, is configured to receive optical wavelengths output by the third circulator port 528 corresponding to the channels not dropped from the wavelength division multiplexed optical communication signal in path 508. The channels in the optical path 529, consisting of λ21, λ22, and λ23 correspond to the through channels.
Optical path 519 connected to the third optical port of the first circulator 510 carrying wavelengths λ11, λ12, and λ13 and optical path 529 connected to the third optical port of the second circulator 520 carrying wavelengths λ21, λ22, and λ23 are connected to processing unit 530 comprising optical amplification, channel equalization, recombination and addition. Processing unit 530 amplifies, equalizes, combines and adjusts the two signals carried by the two paths 519 and 529.
In the same way presented in the first embodiment illustrated in
This embodiment demonstrates the flexibility and scalability of the present reconfigurable add/drop multiplexer. Indeed, it is shown that two optical signals can be treated at the same time. However, it is understood that more than two optical signals can be treated in this way by splitting the incoming optical signal into more optical sub-signals and adding circulators and fiber Bragg grating lines to select wavelengths in each optical sub-signal.
Optical filter 216, 218, 220 and 222 is configured to reflect wavelength channels to be sent in second transmission line 608 corresponding to line 236 in
Similarly, optical filter 412, 414, 416 and 418 is configured to reflect wavelength channels to be sent in second transmission line 608 and configured to transmit wavelength channels to be dropped into third transmission line 610 which can be one or more than one optical line. Fourth transmission line 612 is adapted to add wavelength channels to the through channels in second transmission line 608.
A receiver 614 is also in optical communication with second transmission line 608 and receives the combined optical signal comprised of the through channels and the added channels. Receiver 614 may be understood as a single receiver 614 or as an array of receivers 615. A splitter, demultiplexer or channel selector 616 may be used to direct an optical channel into the receiver 614 from the transmission line 608.
A transmitter 602, which may be understood alternately as a single transmitter such as transmitter 602, an array of transmitters or a tunable transmitting arrangement 603, produces an optical signal which is coupled into first optical transmission line 604
Though the invention has been described in terms of multiple channels being transmitted along a single fiber, one skilled in the art will realize that it has application in systems in which only a single channel is transmitted on the fiber. Likewise, though the invention has been described in context of 1550 nm systems, it may be applied to 1310 nm systems, for example, or other systems operating at other wavelengths.
While the invention has been described in connection with particular embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiments described, but on the contrary it is intended to cover all modifications and arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the claims, which follow.
This application claims benefit of prior U.S. Application 60/292,913, filed May 24, 2001, the contents of which are incorporated into this application by reference.
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