Patent Application
20100018777
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates in general to earth-boring drill bits and, in particular, to a bit having a combination of rolling and fixed cutters and cutting elements.
2. Description of the Related Art
The success of rotary drilling enabled the discovery of deep oil and gas reservoirs and production of enormous quantities of oil. The rotary rock bit was an important invention that made the success of rotary drilling possible. Only soft earthen formations could be penetrated commercially with the earlier drag bit and cable tool, but the two-cone rock bit, invented by Howard R. Hughes, U.S. Pat. No. 930,759, drilled the caprock at the Spindletop field, near Beaumont, Tex. with relative ease. That venerable invention, within the first decade of the last century, could drill a scant fraction of the depth and speed of the modern rotary rock bit. The original Hughes bit drilled for hours, the modern bit drills for days. Modern bits sometimes drill for thousands of feet instead of merely a few feet. Many advances have contributed to the impressive improvements in rotary rock bits.
In drilling boreholes in earthen formations using rolling-cone or rolling-cutter bits, rock bits having one, two, or three rolling cutters rotatably mounted thereon are employed. The bit is secured to the lower end of a drillstring that is rotated from the surface or by a downhole motor or turbine. The cutters mounted on the bit roll and slide upon the bottom of the borehole as the drillstring is rotated, thereby engaging and disintegrating the formation material to be removed. The rolling cutters are provided with cutting elements or teeth that are forced to penetrate and gouge the bottom of the borehole by weight from the drilistring. The cuttings from the bottom and sides of the borehole are washed away by drilling fluid that is pumped down from the surface through the hollow, rotating drillstring, and are carried in suspension in the drilling fluid to the surface.
Rolling cutter bits dominated petroleum drilling for the greater part of the 20th century. With improvements in synthetic diamond technology that occurred in the 1970s and 1980s, the fixed-cutter, or “drag” bit became popular again in the latter part of the 20th century. Modern fixed-cutter bits are often referred to as “diamond” or “PDC” (polycrystalline diamond compact) bits and are far removed from the original fixed-cutter bits of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Diamond or PDC bits carry cutting elements comprising polycrystalline diamond compact layers or “tables” formed on and bonded to a supporting substrate, conventionally of cemented tungsten carbide, the cutting elements being arranged in selected locations on blades or other structures on the bit body with the diamond tables facing generally in the direction of bit rotation. Diamond bits have the advantage of being much more aggressive and therefore drill much faster at equivalent weight-on-bit (WOB). In addition they have no moving parts, which makes their design less complex and more robust. The drilling mechanics and dynamics of diamond bits are different from those of rolling-cutter bits precisely because they are more aggressive and generate more torque. During drilling operation, diamond bits are used in a manner similar to that for rolling cutter bits, the diamond bits also being rotated against a formation being drilled under applied weight on bit to remove formation material. The diamond cutting elements are continuously engaged as they scrape material from the formation, while the rolling-cutter cutting elements indent the formation intermittently with little or no relative motion (scraping) between the cutting element and formation. Rolling-cutter and diamond bits each have particular applications for which they are more suitable than the other; neither type of bit is likely to completely supplant the other in the foreseeable future.
In the prior art, some earth-boring bits use a combination of one or more rolling cutters and one or more fixed blades. Some of these combination-type drill bits are referred to as hybrid bits. Previous designs of hybrid bits, such as is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,343,371, to Baker, III, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,444,281 to Schumacher have equal numbers of fixed blades and rolling cutter in essentially symmetrical arrangements. In these bits, the rolling cutters to do most of the formation cutting, especially in the center of the hole or bit.
At light WOB and higher RPM, fixed-cutter or drag bits sometimes suffer from an undesirable condition known as bit whirl. In this condition, the bit rotates temporarily about an axis that does not coincide with the geometric center of the bit in such a way that the bit tends to wobble or “backwards whirl” about the borehole. Thus, individual PDC cutting elements travel sideways and backwards and are subject to high loads in a direction for which they are not designed. This can cause breakage and premature destruction of the cutting elements. Various means and methods have been devised to combat this condition in what are typically called “anti-whirl” bits. Examples of anti-whirl bits are found in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,873,422 and 5,979,576 to Hansen et al. and also in U.S. Pat. No. 4,932,484, to Warren, et al., assigned to Amoco.
In rolling-cutter bits, a similar condition called “off-center running” or forward whirl occurs when the bit axis itself rotates in a concentric circle around the center of the borehole. This is typical in drilling applications in which the material being drilled is behaving plastically and lateral movement of the bit is facilitated due to lack of stabilization, light depth of cut, high RPM, and low weight on bit. Another factor encouraging off-center running of the bit is inadequate bottom hole cleaning, which leaves a layer of fine cuttings on the borehole bottom, which acts as a lubricant between the bit and the formation to make lateral displacement of the bit easier. Off-center running is not nearly as destructive to the cutting elements or cutting structure of the rolling-cutter bit as whirl is to the fixed-cutter bit. Off-center running in rolling cutter bits is still undesirable because the bit drills slowly and creates an oversize or out-of-gage borehole in which the bit is harder to stabilize and tends to “walk” so that the borehole deviates from vertical in undesirable ways. An example of a rolling-cutter design that addresses off-center running are found in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,695,018 to Pessier and Isbell.
None of the prior art addresses the dynamic, “whirling” tendencies of the hybrid bit with its combination of rolling cutters and fixed blades. Accordingly, an improved hybrid earth-boring bit with enhanced drilling performance would be desirable.
It is a general object of the present invention to provide an improved dynamically stable earth-boring bit of the hybrid variety. This and other objects of the present invention are achieved by providing an earth-boring bit comprising a bit body configured at its upper extent for connection into a drilistring. A selected number of fixed blades extend downward from the bit body and a selected number of rolling cutters are mounted for rotation on the bit body. A plurality of rolling-cutter cutting elements may be arranged on each rolling cutter and a plurality of fixed-blade cutting elements are arranged on each fixed blade. The selected number of fixed blades exceeds the selected number of rolling cutters by at least one.
According to an illustrative embodiment of the present invention, the fixed blades and rolling cutters are distributed around 360 degrees of circumference of the bit body and the majority of the fixed-blade cutting elements are contained within 180 degrees of the circumference of the bit body.
According to an illustrative embodiment of the present invention, at least one of the fixed-cutter cutting elements is located proximal the central axis of the bit body to disintegrate formation at the axial center. But, a center-cutting fixed-cutter cutting element is not necessary according to the present invention.
According to an illustrative embodiment of the present invention, ⅔ of the fixed-blade cutting elements are contained within 180 degrees of the circumference of the bit body.
According to an illustrative embodiment of the present invention, at least two of the selected number of fixed blades are adjacent one another without an intervening rolling cutter.
Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent with reference to the figures and detailed description.
So that the manner in which the features and advantages of the present invention, which will become apparent, are attained and can be understood in more detail, more particular description of embodiments of the invention as briefly summarized above may be had by reference to the embodiments thereof that are illustrated in the appended drawings which form a part of this specification. It is to be noted, however, that the drawings illustrate only some embodiments of the invention and therefore are not to be considered limiting of its scope as the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments.
Referring to
The radially outermost surface of the bit body 13 is known as the gage surface and corresponds to the gage or diameter of the borehole (shown in phantom in
A rolling cutter 21, 23 is mounted on a sealed journal bearing that is part of each bit leg 17. Sealed or unsealed rolling-element bearings may be employed instead of the sealed journal bearing. According to the illustrated embodiment, the rotational axis of each rolling cutter 21, 23 intersects the axial center 15 of the bit, and therefore rolling cutters 21 have no skew or angle and no offset (
At least one (a plurality are illustrated) rolling-cutter cutting inserts or elements 25 are arranged on the rolling cutters 21, 23 in generally circumferential rows. Rolling-cutter cutting elements 25 need not be arranged in rows, but instead could be “randomly” placed on each rolling cutter 21, 23. Moreover, the rolling-cutter cutting elements may take the form of one or more discs or “kerf-rings,” which would also fall within the meaning of the term rolling-cutter cutting elements. Rolling cutters 21, 23, in combination with fixed blades 19, reduce vibration at constant weight-on-bit compared to fixed-cutter bits. Further, the rolling cutter or cutters 21, 23 serve to limit the depth-of-cut of the cutting elements on the fixed blades 19. These purposes can also be accomplished with rolling cutters that are entirely devoid of rolling-cutter cutting elements 25, whether inserts, or teeth or other elements.
Tungsten carbide inserts, secured by interference fit (or brazing) into bores in the rolling cutter 21, 23 are shown, but a milled- or steel-tooth cutter having hardfaced cutting elements (25) integrally formed with and protruding from the rolling cutter could be used in certain applications and the term “rolling-cutter cutting elements” as used herein encompasses such teeth. The inserts or cutting elements may be chisel-shaped as shown, conical, round, or ovoid, or other shapes and combinations of shapes depending upon the application. Rolling cutter cutting elements 25 may also be formed of, or coated with, superabrasive or super-hard materials such as polycrystalline diamond, cubic boron nitride, and the like.
In addition, a plurality of fixed-blade or fixed cutting elements 31 are arranged in a row and secured to each of the fixed blades 19 at the leading edges thereof (leading being defined in the direction of rotation of bit 11). Each of the fixed-blade cutting elements 31 comprises a polycrystalline diamond layer or table on a rotationally leading face of a supporting substrate, the diamond layer or table providing a cutting face having a cutting edge at a periphery thereof for engaging the formation.
A plurality of back-up cutters 35 are present on each blade 19. Back-up cutters 35 are optional and serve primarily to protect blades 19 against wear on surfaces behind the leading edge of each blade. Back-up cutters can also have influence on the stability and dynamics of a bit 11, but the effect is minimal in comparison to the primary fixed cutting elements 31 on the leading edge of each blade 19. Thus, for purposes of this application, back-up cutters 35, or any other fixed cutters or cutting elements not present on the leading edge of each blade, are not “counted” for purposes of inducing a lateral imbalance force to resist the backward whirl tendency of the bit, as discussed in greater detail below.
A plurality of wear-resistant elements 37 are present on the gage surface at the outermost periphery of each blade 19 (
The number of bit legs 17 and fixed blades 19 is at least one, and according to one embodiment of the invention, the number of fixed blades exceeds the number of bit legs 17 (and the associated rolling cutters) by at least one. Typically, if there are more blades 19 than rolling cutters 21, 23 (and more than one of each), the distribution of the blades requires that at least two of the blades 19 and their associated fixed cutting elements 31 be distributed on one half or within 180 degrees of the circumference of the bit. Regardless, according to the present invention, the number and distribution (about the 360 degree circumference of bit body 13) of fixed blades 19 (and of fixed cutting elements 31) is selected so that the fixed cutting elements 31 are concentrated in one area of the bit. This induces a lateral imbalance force in the bit during drilling operation and tends to resist the tendency of the bit to backward whirl, thus avoiding the destructive forces to or on fixed cutting elements 31 associated with this condition. Further, the presence of the rolling cutters tends to introduce off-center running or forward whirl, which also counteracts the tendency toward destructive backward whirl.
Specifically, in accordance with the present invention, the number and distribution of fixed blades 19 is selected such that at least a majority (more than half and preferably closer to two-thirds (⅔) of the fixed cutting elements 31 on the fixed blades are concentrated on one half or 180 degree section of the circumference of bit 11. Further, the asymmetry in blade and cutter arrangement and the imbalance in cutting forces can be enhanced if the number of fixed blades 19 (and associated cutting elements 31) exceeds the number of rolling cutters 21, 23. Furthermore, the greater number of fixed blade 19 allows for a greater number and redundancy of fixed cutting elements 31. This reduces the unit load on each cutting element 31 and thus improves their durability and service life.
In accordance with these parameters, the preferred embodiment illustrated in
According to the illustrated embodiments, at least one of the fixed cutting elements 31 on at least one of the blades is located to cut at the axial center of the bit (typically coinciding with the axial center of the borehole). However, the dynamic stability of the configuration is not dependent upon cutting at the center of the borehole with a fixed cutting element 31 and this configuration is illustrative only. In any event, due to the hybrid configuration of the bit, the rolling cutter cutting elements 25, 125 and the fixed-blade cutting elements 31, 131 combine to define a common or congruent cutting surface in the nose and shoulder portions of the bit profile. The rolling-cutter cutting elements 25, 125 crush and pre-fracture formation in the highly stressed nose and shoulder sections of the borehole, easing the burden on fixed cutting elements 31, 131.
Further, the asymmetry introduced by confining the majority of the fixed blades 19, 119 and associated fixed cutting elements 31, 131 on one-half (180 degrees) or less of the circumference of the bit, which can be combined with the unequal number of fixed blades 19, 119 and rolling cutters 21, 23, 121, provide an imbalance force that cooperates with the tendency toward forward whirl of the rolling cutters 21, 23, 121 to counteract the tendency of the bit to backward whirl and the associated destruction or damage to fixed cutting elements 31, 131.
The invention has several advantages and includes asymmetry of blades and rolling cutters and an imbalance of the cutting forces, which tends to avoid or suppress synchronous vibration and destructive backward whirl. The greater number of blades further improves the durability of the dominant PDC cutting structure with greater cutting element density and redundancy.
While the invention has been shown or described in only some of its forms, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that it is not so limited, but is susceptible to various changes without departing from the scope of the invention as hereinafter claimed, and legal equivalents thereof.
