Patent Grant
10044974
Engineers use compression (also called source coding or source encoding) to reduce the bit rate of digital video. Compression decreases the cost of storing and transmitting video information by converting the information into a lower bit rate form. Compression can be lossless, in which case quality of the video when reconstructed does not suffer but decreases in bit rate are limited by the complexity of the video. Or, compression can be lossy, in which case quality of the reconstructed video suffers but decreases in bit rate are more dramatic. Decompression (also called decoding) reconstructs a version of the original information from the compressed form. A “codec” is an encoder/decoder system.
Over the last two decades, various video codec standards have been adopted, including the ITU-T H.261, H.262 (MPEG-2 or ISO/IEC 13818-2), H.263, H.264 (MPEG-4 AVC or ISO/IEC 14496-10), and H.265 (HEVC or ISO/IEC 23008-2) standards, the MPEG-1 (ISO/IEC 11172-2) and MPEG-4 Visual (ISO/IEC 14496-2) standards, and the SMPTE 421M standard. A video codec standard typically defines options for the syntax of an encoded video bitstream, detailing parameters in the bitstream when particular features are used in encoding and decoding. In many cases, a video codec standard also provides details about the decoding operations a decoder should perform to achieve conformant results in decoding. Aside from codec standards, various proprietary codec formats (such as VP8, VP9 and other VPx formats) define other options for the syntax of an encoded video bitstream and corresponding decoding operations.
For encoding, a video source such as a camera or screen capture module typically provides video that is converted to a format such as a YUV 4:4:4 chroma sampling format. A YUV format includes a luma (or Y) component with sample values representing approximate brightness values as well as multiple chroma (or U and V) components with sample values representing color difference values. In a YUV 4:4:4 format, chroma information is represented at the same spatial resolution as luma information.
Many commercially available video encoders and decoders support only a YUV 4:2:0 chroma sampling format. A YUV 4:2:0 format is a format that sub-samples chroma information compared to a YUV 4:4:4 format, so that chroma resolution is half that of luma resolution both horizontally and vertically. As a design principle, the decision to use a YUV 4:2:0 format for encoding/decoding is premised on the understanding that, for typical use cases such as encoding/decoding of natural, camera-captured video content, viewers do not ordinarily notice significant visual differences between video encoded/decoded in a YUV 4:2:0 format and video encoded/decoded in a YUV 4:4:4 format. (Human eyes are less sensitive to changes in color (chroma) compared to changes in brightness or intensity (luma).) The compression advantages for the YUV 4:2:0 format, which has fewer samples per picture, are therefore compelling.
There are some use cases, however, for which video has richer color information and higher color fidelity may be justified. In such use cases, the differences between YUV 4:4:4 and YUV 4:2:0 chroma sampling formats are more easily perceived by viewers. For example, for encoding/decoding of computer screen text content, animated video content with artificial hard-edged boundaries, color text, or certain features of video content more generally (such as scrolling titles and hard-edged graphics, or video with information concentrated in chroma channels), a YUV 4:4:4 format may be preferable to a YUV 4:2:0 format. Some codecs support direct encoding and decoding of video pictures in a YUV 4:4:4 format, but the lack of widespread support for codecs using YUV 4:4:4 formats (especially in terms of hardware implementations) is a hindrance. Other prior approaches providing video with YUV 4:4:4 quality are deficient, for many use case scenarios, in terms of rate-distortion efficiency and computational complexity.
In summary, the detailed description presents innovations in encoding of video pictures in a high-resolution chroma sampling format (such as YUV 4:4:4) using a video encoder operating on coded pictures in a low-resolution chroma sampling format (such as YUV 4:2:0). For example, according to a set of decision rules, high chroma resolution details are selectively encoded on a region-by-region basis such that increases in bit rate (due to encoding of sample values for the high chroma resolution details) happen when and where corresponding increases in chroma resolution are likely to improve quality in noticeable ways. In this way, available encoders operating on coded pictures in the low-resolution chroma sampling format can be effectively used to provide high chroma resolution details.
According to one aspect of the innovations described herein, a video processing tool such as a video encoder system packs sample values of an input picture into first and second coded pictures. The input picture is organized according to an input picture format, e.g., having a chroma sampling rate such as 4:4:4. The first and second coded pictures are organized according to first and second coded picture formats, respectively. The first and second coded picture formats can be the same coded picture format or different coded picture formats (e.g., different chroma sampling rates). Compared to the input picture format, at least one of the first and second coded picture formats may have a lower chroma sampling rate such as 4:2:0. The first coded picture contains sample values for a low chroma resolution version of the input picture. The second coded picture contains sample values for high chroma resolution details of the input picture.
The video processing tool encodes the first and second coded pictures to produce encoded data. For the encoding, for each of one or more regions, the video processing tool evaluates one or more attributes of the region (e.g., extent of change in the region, quality of encoded data for the region, and/or content in the region). Based at least in part on results of the evaluation, the video processing tool determines whether to encode sample values in the region for the high chroma resolution details of the input picture as part of the second coded picture. The video processing tool can also, based at least in part on results of the evaluation, determine whether to encode sample values in the region for the low chroma resolution version of the input picture as part of the first coded picture. The video processing tool outputs the encoded data.
The innovations can be implemented as part of a method, as part of a computer system configured to perform the method or as part of a tangible computer-readable media storing computer-executable instructions for causing a computer system, when programmed thereby, to perform the method. The various innovations can be used in combination or separately. The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying figures.
The detailed description presents innovations in encoding of video pictures in a high-resolution chroma sampling format (such as YUV 4:4:4) using a video encoder operating on coded pictures in a low-resolution chroma sampling format (such as YUV 4:2:0). For example, according to a set of decision rules, high chroma resolution details are selectively encoded on a region-by-region basis such that increases in bit rate (due to encoding of sample values for the high chroma resolution details) happen when and where corresponding increases in chroma resolution are likely to improve quality in noticeable ways. In this way, available encoders operating on coded pictures in the low-resolution chroma sampling format can be effectively used to provide high chroma resolution details.
As used herein, the term “coded picture” indicates a picture that is encoded and decoded, which is typically in a coded picture format having a chroma sampling rate such as 4:2:0. The term “input picture” indicates a picture in an input picture format, which typically has a higher chroma sampling rate such as 4:4:4, before rearrangement of sample values into the coded picture format for encoding. Conversely, the term “output picture” indicates a picture in an output picture format, which typically has the same chroma sampling rate as the input picture format, after rearrangement of sample values from the coded picture format following decoding. Some examples described herein involve packing/unpacking for sample values of input/output pictures in a YUV 4:4:4 format for encoding/decoding using a codec adapted for a YUV 4:2:0 format. More generally, the described approaches can be used for other chroma sampling formats. For example, in addition to variations of YUV color spaces such as Y′UV, YIQ, Y′IQ, YdbDr, YCbCr, YCoCg, etc. in sampling ratios such as 4:4:4, 4:2:2, 4:2:0, 4:1:1, 4:0:0, etc., the described approaches can be used for color spaces such as RGB, GBR, etc. in sampling ratios such as 4:4:4, 4:2:2, 4:2:0, 4:1:1, 4:0:0, etc. as the chroma sampling formats. The term “pack” indicates any operations in which some or all sample values for a picture in a first picture format are separated, converted, rearranged, reformatted, filtered, or otherwise changed to one or more pictures in a second picture format. Conversely, the term “unpack” indicates any operations in which some or all sample values for one or more pictures in the second picture format are combined, composed, converted, rearranged, reformatted, filtered, or otherwise changed back to a picture in the first picture format.
In many of the examples described herein, an input picture in a YUV 4:4:4 format is packed into two coded pictures in a YUV 4:2:0 format, which are encoded. The two coded pictures in the YUV 4:2:0 format are decoded and (for at least some sample values) unpacked into an output picture in the YUV 4:4:4 format. More generally, an input picture in an input picture format can be packed into multiple coded pictures in coded picture formats, which can be the same coded picture format or different coded picture formats (e.g., different chroma sampling rates) for the respective coded pictures. For example, for an input picture in a YUV 4:4:4 format, one of the coded pictures is in a YUV 4:2:2 format, and the other coded picture is in a 4:0:0 format. In this configuration, the coded picture in the YUV 4:2:2 format can store a low chroma resolution version of the input picture, and the coded picture in the 4:0:0 can store high chroma resolution details.
Typically, when an input picture in an input picture format is packed into multiple coded pictures in coded picture formats, the coded pictures do not include overlapping data. For example, some sample values of an input picture in a YUV 4:4:4 format are packed into a first coded picture in a YUV 4:2:0 format (possibly after filtering of the sample values), and other sample values of the input picture are packed into a second coded picture in the YUV 4:2:0 format. Alternatively, coded pictures may include overlapping data, which potentially hurts compression efficiency. For example suppose sample values of an input picture in a YUV 4:4:4 format are packed into a first coded picture in a YUV 4:2:2 format or YUV 4:2:0 format. Some of the same sample values, as well as additional sample values, may be packed into a second coded picture in a YUV 4:2:0 format or a YUV 4:2:2 format.
Although operations presented herein are in places described as being performed by a video encoder or video decoder, in many cases the operations can be performed by another type of media encoder or media decoder (e.g., image encoder or image decoder) or other media processing tool. For example, the described techniques may be applied in still-image coding/decoding, medical scan content coding/decoding, multispectral imagery content coding/decoding, etc.
Some of the innovations presented herein are illustrated with reference to syntax elements and operations specific to the H.264/AVC standard or H.265/HEVC standard. The innovations presented herein can also be implemented for other standards or formats.
Many of the innovations presented herein can improve rate-distortion performance when encoding certain “artificially” created video content such as screen-capture content for remote desktop conferencing or another use case scenario. Screen-capture content typically includes repeated structures (e.g., graphics, text characters). Screen capture content is often encoded in a format (e.g., YUV 4:4:4 or RGB 4:4:4) with high chroma sampling resolution, although it may also be encoded in a format with lower chroma sampling resolution (e.g., YUV 4:2:0). Common scenarios for encoding/decoding of screen-capture content include remote desktop conferencing and encoding/decoding of graphical overlays on natural video or other “mixed content” video. Many of the innovations presented herein can also be used for natural video.
More generally, various alternatives to the examples presented herein are possible. For example, some of the methods presented herein can be altered by changing the ordering of the method acts described, by splitting, repeating, or omitting certain method acts, etc. The various aspects of the disclosed technology can be used in combination or separately. Different embodiments use one or more of the described innovations. Some of the innovations presented herein address one or more of the problems noted in the background. Typically, a given technique/tool does not solve all such problems.
I. Example Computer Systems.
With reference to
A computer system may have additional features. For example, the computer system (100) includes storage (140), one or more input devices (150), one or more output devices (160), and one or more communication connections (170). An interconnection mechanism (not shown) such as a bus, controller, or network interconnects the components of the computer system (100). Typically, operating system software (not shown) provides an operating environment for other software executing in the computer system (100), and coordinates activities of the components of the computer system (100).
The tangible storage (140) may be removable or non-removable, and includes magnetic disks, magnetic tapes or cassettes, optical storage media such as CD-ROMs or DVDs, or any other medium which can be used to store information and which can be accessed within the computer system (100). The storage (140) stores instructions for the software (180) implementing one or more innovations for encoding and/or decoding of high chroma resolution details.
The input device(s) (150) may be a touch input device such as a keyboard, mouse, pen, or trackball, a voice input device, a scanning device, or another device that provides input to the computer system (100). For video, the input device(s) (150) may be a camera, video card, TV tuner card, screen capture module, or similar device that accepts video input in analog or digital form, or a CD-ROM or CD-RW that reads video input into the computer system (100). The output device(s) (160) may be a display, printer, speaker, CD-writer, or another device that provides output from the computer system (100).
The communication connection(s) (170) enable communication over a communication medium to another computing entity. The communication medium conveys information such as computer-executable instructions, audio or video input or output, or other data in a modulated data signal. A modulated data signal is a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media can use an electrical, optical, RF, or other carrier.
The innovations presented herein can be described in the general context of computer-readable media. Computer-readable media are any available tangible media that can be accessed within a computing environment. By way of example, and not limitation, with the computer system (100), computer-readable media include memory (120, 125), storage (140), and combinations of any of the above.
The innovations can be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, being executed in a computer system on a target real or virtual processor. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or split between program modules as desired in various embodiments. Computer-executable instructions for program modules may be executed within a local or distributed computer system.
The terms “system” and “device” are used interchangeably herein. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, neither term implies any limitation on a type of computer system or computer device. In general, a computer system or computer device can be local or distributed, and can include any combination of special-purpose hardware and/or general-purpose hardware with software implementing the functionality described herein.
The disclosed methods can also be implemented using specialized computing hardware configured to perform any of the disclosed methods. For example, the disclosed methods can be implemented by an integrated circuit (e.g., an ASIC such as an ASIC digital signal processor (“DSP”), a GPU, or a programmable logic device (“PLD”) such as a field programmable gate array (“FPGA”)) specially designed or configured to implement any of the disclosed methods.
For the sake of presentation, the detailed description uses terms like “determine,” “set,” and “use” to describe computer operations in a computer system. These terms are high-level abstractions for operations performed by a computer, and should not be confused with acts performed by a human being. The actual computer operations corresponding to these terms vary depending on implementation.
II. Example Network Environments.
In the network environment (201) shown in
A real-time communication tool (210) manages encoding by an encoder (220).
In the network environment (202) shown in
III. Example Frame Packing/Unpacking Systems.
The system (300) includes a video source (310), which produces source pictures (311) in an input picture format having a first, higher chroma sampling rate such as a YUV 4:4:4 format. The video source (310) can be a camera, tuner card, screen capture module, storage media, or other digital video source.
The splitter (315) rearranges the pictures (311) in the input picture format to produce source pictures (316) in a coded picture format having a second, lower chroma sampling rate such as a YUV 4:2:0 format. Example approaches to splitting the pictures (311) using frame packing are described below. Alternatively, the source pictures (316) can have different coded picture formats (e.g., a YUV 4:2:2 format for coded pictures of low chroma resolution versions of the pictures (311), and a YUV 4:0:0 format for coded pictures with high chroma resolution details), with at least one of the coded picture formats having a lower chroma sampling rate than the input picture format. The splitter (315) can signal metadata (317) about one or more regions that indicates whether and how splitting was performed, for use by the combiner (385) after decoding. Example approaches to signaling metadata about region(s) are described below.
The encoder (340) encodes the pictures (316) in the coded picture format having the lower chroma sampling rate. (If the pictures (316) have different coded picture formats, different encoders can be used for the different coded picture formats, or a single encoder supporting both formats can be used.) Example encoders are described below with reference to
In some examples described herein, the pictures (316) in the coded picture format are encoded as two different sub-sequences of pictures. In a first sub-sequence, pictures contain sample values for low chroma resolution versions of the pictures (311). In a second sub-sequence, pictures contain sample values for high chroma resolution details of the pictures (311). The coded data (341) includes encoded data for the first sub-sequence and encoded data for the second sub-sequence. Each sub-sequence is conformant for the format of the encoder (340) and decodable by a decoder (360) for that format. Between the encoder (340) and decoder (360), a bitstream editing tool (not shown) such as a demultiplexer or router can separate the encoded data for the first sub-sequence from the encoded data for the second sub-sequence. This enables the bitstream editing tool to send only the encoded data for the first sub-sequence to some playback devices (e.g., those that lack sufficient display resolution, computational resources, or network connection for playback with high chroma resolution), which reduces overall bit rate by eliminating the high chroma resolution details of the second sub-sequence. The encoded data for the first sub-sequence remains conformant for the format of the encoder (340) and decodable by the decoder (360) for that format. To other playback devices (e.g., those that have sufficient display resolution, computational resources, and network connection for playback with high chroma resolution), the bitstream editing tool can send all of the coded data (341), including encoded data for both sub-sequences.
The decoder (360) receives at least some of the encoded data (341) and decodes at least some of the pictures (316) in the coded picture format having the lower chroma sampling rate. (If the pictures (316) have different coded picture formats, different decoders can be used for the different coded picture formats, or a single decoder supporting both formats can be used.) Example decoders are described below with reference to
The combiner (385) optionally rearranges the reconstructed pictures (381) in the coded picture format having the lower chroma sampling rate (or multiple different coded picture formats) to reconstruct the output pictures (386) in an output picture format having the higher chroma sampling rate. Example approaches to combining that use frame unpacking are described below. The combiner (385) can receive the metadata (317) about region(s) that indicates whether and how splitting was performed, and use such metadata (317) to guide combining operations. The combiner (385) outputs the reconstructed pictures in the output picture format to an output destination (390). Color space conversion on output pictures in the output picture format (such as a YUV 4:4:4 format) can convert sample values to another format (such as an RGB 4:4:4 format) for display.
IV. Example Encoder Systems.
The video source (410) can be a camera, tuner card, storage media, screen capture module, or other digital video source. The video source (410) produces a sequence of video pictures at a frame rate of, for example, 30 frames per second. As used herein, the term “picture” generally refers to source, coded or reconstructed image data. For progressive-scan video, a picture is a progressive-scan video frame. For interlaced video, in example embodiments, an interlaced video frame might be de-interlaced prior to encoding. Alternatively, two complementary interlaced video fields are encoded together as a single video frame or encoded as two separately-encoded fields. Aside from indicating a progressive-scan video frame or interlaced-scan video frame, the term “picture” can indicate a single non-paired video field, a complementary pair of video fields, a video object plane that represents a video object at a given time, or a region of interest in a larger image. The video object plane or region can be part of a larger image that includes multiple objects or regions of a scene. After color space conversion from a capture format (e.g., an RGB format), the source pictures (411) are in the input picture format having the higher chroma sampling format (such as a YUV 4:4:4 format).
The splitter (415) (also called a formatter) rearranges the pictures (411) in the input picture format to produce source pictures (416) in the coded picture format having the lower chroma sampling rate (such as a YUV 4:2:0 format). Example approaches to splitting that use frame packing are described below. Alternatively, the source pictures (416) can have different coded picture formats (e.g., a YUV 4:2:2 format for coded pictures of low chroma resolution versions of the pictures (411), and a YUV 4:0:0 format for coded pictures with high chroma resolution details), with at least one of the coded picture formats having a lower chroma sampling rate than the input picture format. The splitter (415) can signal metadata (not shown) that indicates whether and how splitting was performed, for use by a combiner after decoding. Example approaches to signaling such metadata are described below. The splitter (415) can perform pre-processing operations, for example, as described below.
An arriving source picture (416) is stored in a source picture temporary memory storage area (420) that includes multiple picture buffer storage areas (421, 422, . . . , 42n). A picture buffer (421, 422, etc.) holds one source picture in the source picture storage area (420). After one or more of the source pictures (416) have been stored in picture buffers (421, 422, etc.), a picture selector (430) selects an individual source picture from the source picture storage area (420). The order in which pictures are selected by the picture selector (430) for input to the encoder (440) may differ from the order in which the pictures are produced by the video source (410), e.g., the encoding of some pictures may be delayed in order, so as to allow some later pictures to be encoded first and to thus facilitate temporally backward prediction.
The order of the splitter (415) and the frame storage area (420) can be switched. Before the encoder (440), the encoder system (400) can include a pre-processor (not shown) that performs pre-processing (e.g., filtering) of the selected picture (431) before encoding. The pre-processing can include the color space conversion into primary (e.g., luma) and secondary (e.g., chroma differences toward red and toward blue) components and resampling processing (e.g., to reduce the spatial resolution of chroma components) for encoding.
The encoder (440) encodes the selected picture (431) (in a coded picture format) to produce a coded picture (441) and also produces memory management control operation (“MMCO”) or reference picture set (“RPS”) information (442). The RPS is the set of pictures that may be used for reference in motion compensation for a current picture or any subsequent picture. If the current picture is not the first picture that has been encoded, when performing its encoding process, the encoder (440) may use one or more previously encoded/decoded pictures (469) that have been stored in a decoded picture temporary memory storage area (460). Such stored decoded pictures (469) are used as reference pictures for inter-picture prediction of the content of the current source picture (431). The MMCO/RPS information (442) indicates to a decoder which reconstructed pictures may be used as reference pictures, and hence should be stored in a picture storage area.
Generally, the encoder (440) includes multiple encoding modules that perform encoding tasks such as partitioning into tiles, intra-picture prediction estimation and prediction, motion estimation and compensation, frequency transforms, quantization and entropy coding. The exact operations performed by the encoder (440) can vary depending on compression format. The format of the output encoded data can be a variation or extension of H.26x format (e.g., H.261, H.262, H.263, H.264, H.265), Windows Media Video format, VC-1 format, MPEG-x format (e.g., MPEG-1, MPEG-2, or MPEG-4), VPx format (e.g., VP8, VP9), or another format. In general, the encoder (440) is adapted for encoding coded pictures in the coded picture format having the lower chroma sampling rate. If the pictures (416) have different coded picture formats, different encoders can be used for the different coded picture formats, or a single encoder supporting all of the coded picture formats can be used.
The encoder (440) can partition a picture into multiple tiles of the same size or different sizes. For example, the encoder (440) splits the picture along tile rows and tile columns that, with picture boundaries, define horizontal and vertical boundaries of tiles within the picture, where each tile is a rectangular region. Tiles are often used to provide options for parallel processing. A picture can also be organized as one or more slices, where a slice can be an entire picture or section of the picture. A slice can be decoded independently of other slices in a picture, which improves error resilience. The content of a slice or tile is further partitioned into blocks for purposes of encoding and decoding.
For syntax according to the H.264 standard, the encoder (440) can partition a picture into multiple slices of the same size or different sizes. The encoder (440) splits the content of a picture (or slice) into 16×16 macroblocks. A macroblock includes luma sample values organized as four 8×8 luma blocks and corresponding chroma sample values organized as 8×8 chroma blocks. Generally, a macroblock has a prediction mode such as inter or intra. A macroblock includes one or more prediction units (e.g., 8×8 blocks, 4×4 blocks, which may be called partitions for inter-picture prediction) for purposes of signaling of prediction information (such as prediction mode details, motion vector (“MV”) information, etc.) and/or prediction processing. A macroblock also has one or more residual data units for purposes of residual coding/decoding.
For syntax according to the H.265 standard, the encoder (440) splits the content of a picture (or slice or tile) into coding tree units. A coding tree unit (“CTU”) includes luma sample values organized as a luma coding tree block (“CTB”) and corresponding chroma sample values organized as two chroma CTBs. The size of a CTU (and its CTBs) is selected by the encoder. A luma CTB can contain, for example, 64×64, 32×32 or 16×16 luma sample values. A CTU includes one or more coding units. A coding unit (“CU”) has a luma coding block (“CB”) and two corresponding chroma CBs. Generally, a CU has a prediction mode such as inter or intra. A CU includes one or more prediction units for purposes of signaling of prediction information (such as prediction mode details, displacement values, etc.) and/or prediction processing. A prediction unit (“PU”) has a luma prediction block (“PB”) and two chroma PBs. A CU also has one or more transform units for purposes of residual coding/decoding, where a transform unit (“TU”) has a luma transform block (“TB”) and two chroma TBs. The encoder decides how to partition video into CTUs, CUs, PUs, TUs, etc.
As used herein, the term “block” can indicate a macroblock, residual data unit, CB, PB or TB, or some other set of sample values, depending on context. The term “unit” can indicate a macroblock, CTU, CU, PU, TU or some other set of blocks, or it can indicate a single block, depending on context, or it can indicate a slice, tile, picture, group of pictures, or other higher-level area.
Returning to
The encoder (440) represents an inter-picture coded, predicted block of a source picture (431) in terms of prediction from one or more reference pictures. A motion estimator estimates the motion of the block with respect to one or more reference pictures (469). When multiple reference pictures are used, the multiple reference pictures can be from different temporal directions or the same temporal direction. A motion-compensated prediction reference region is a region of sample values in the reference picture(s) that are used to generate motion-compensated prediction values for a block of sample values of a current picture. According to some innovations described herein, coded pictures including sample values for low chroma resolution versions of input pictures and coded pictures including sample values for high chroma resolution details for the input pictures are organized in different sub-sequences. Motion estimation and compensation for the coded pictures including the sample values for low chroma resolution versions are performed within a first sub-sequence of coded pictures. Motion estimation and compensation for the coded pictures including the sample values for high chroma resolution details are performed within a second, different sub-sequence of coded pictures. The motion estimator outputs motion information such as MV information and reference picture indices, which is entropy coded. A motion compensator applies MVs to reference pictures (469) to determine motion-compensated prediction values for inter-picture prediction.
The encoder (440) can determine the differences (if any) between a block's prediction values (intra or inter) and corresponding original values. These prediction residual values are further encoded using a frequency transform (if the frequency transform is not skipped) and quantization. For example, the encoder (440) sets values for quantization parameter (“QP”) for a picture, tile, slice, macroblock, CU and/or other portion of video, and quantizes transform coefficients accordingly. An entropy coder of the encoder (440) compresses quantized transform coefficient values as well as certain side information (e.g., MV information, reference picture indices, QP values, mode decisions, parameter choices). Typical entropy coding techniques include Exponential-Golomb coding, Golomb-Rice coding, arithmetic coding, differential coding, Huffman coding, run length coding, variable-length-to-variable-length (“V2V”) coding, variable-length-to-fixed-length (“V2F”) coding, Lempel-Ziv (“LZ”) coding, dictionary coding, probability interval partitioning entropy coding (“PIPE”), and combinations of the above. The entropy coder can use different coding techniques for different kinds of information, can apply multiple techniques in combination (e.g., by applying Golomb-Rice coding followed by arithmetic coding), and can choose from among multiple code tables within a particular coding technique. If the frequency transform is skipped, prediction residual values or input sample values can be quantized and entropy coded. If prediction is skipped for intra-picture coded content, transform coefficients computed from input sample values can be quantized and entropy coded.
An adaptive deblocking filter is included within the motion compensation loop (that is, “in-loop” filtering) in the encoder (440) to smooth discontinuities across block boundary rows and/or columns in a decoded picture. Other filtering (such as de-ringing filtering, adaptive loop filtering (“ALF”), or sample-adaptive offset (“SAO”) filtering; not shown) can alternatively or additionally be applied as in-loop filtering operations.
The encoder (440) produces encoded data in an elementary bitstream. The syntax of the elementary bitstream is typically defined in a codec standard or format, or extension or variation thereof. As the output of the encoder (440), the elementary bitstream is typically packetized or organized in a container format, as explained below. The encoded data in the elementary bitstream includes syntax elements organized as syntax structures. In general, a syntax element can be any element of data, and a syntax structure is zero or more syntax elements in the elementary bitstream in a specified order.
For syntax according to the H.264 standard or H.265 standard, a picture parameter set (“PPS”) is a syntax structure that contains syntax elements that may be associated with a picture. A PPS can be used for a single picture, or a PPS can be reused for multiple pictures in a sequence. A PPS typically includes a default or initial value of QP for the picture(s) associated with the PPS. A PPS is typically signaled separate from encoded data for a picture. Within the encoded data for a picture, a syntax element indicates which PPS to use for the picture. Similarly, for syntax according to the H.264 standard or H.265 standard, a sequence parameter set (“SPS”) is a syntax structure that contains syntax elements that may be associated with a sequence of pictures. A bitstream can include a single SPS or multiple SPSs. An SPS is typically signaled separate from other data for the sequence, and a syntax element in the other data indicates which SPS to use.
With reference to
The decoded picture temporary memory storage area (460) includes multiple picture buffer storage areas (461, 462, . . . , 46n). In a manner consistent with the MMCO/RPS information (442), the decoding process emulator (450) manages the contents of the storage area (460) in order to identify any picture buffers (461, 462, etc.) with pictures that are no longer needed by the encoder (440) for use as reference pictures. After modeling the decoding process, the decoding process emulator (450) stores a newly decoded picture (451) in a picture buffer (461, 462, etc.) that has been identified in this manner.
The coded pictures (441) and MMCO/RPS information (442) are buffered in a temporary coded data area (470) or other coded data buffer. The coded data that is aggregated in the coded data area (470) contains, as part of the syntax of the elementary bitstream, encoded data for one or more pictures. The coded data that is aggregated in the coded data area (470) can also include media metadata relating to the coded video data (e.g., as one or more parameters in one or more supplemental enhancement information (“SEI”) messages or video usability information (“VUI”) messages).
The aggregated data (471) from the temporary coded data area (470) is processed by a channel encoder (480). The channel encoder (480) can packetize and/or multiplex the aggregated data for transmission or storage as a media stream (e.g., according to a media program stream or transport stream format such as ITU-T H.222.0|ISO/IEC 13818-1 or an Internet real-time transport protocol format such as IETF RFC 3550), in which case the channel encoder (480) can add syntax elements as part of the syntax of the media transmission stream. Or, the channel encoder (480) can organize the aggregated data for storage as a file (e.g., according to a media container format such as ISO/IEC 14496-12), in which case the channel encoder (480) can add syntax elements as part of the syntax of the media storage file. Or, more generally, the channel encoder (480) can implement one or more media system multiplexing protocols or transport protocols, in which case the channel encoder (480) can add syntax elements as part of the syntax of the protocol(s). The channel encoder (480) provides output to a channel (490), which represents storage, a communications connection, or another channel for the output. The channel encoder (480) or channel (490) may also include other elements (not shown), e.g., for forward-error correction (“FEC”) encoding and analog signal modulation.
V. Example Decoder Systems.
The decoder system (500) includes a channel (510), which can represent storage, a communications connection, or another channel for coded data as input. The channel (510) produces coded data that has been channel coded. A channel decoder (520) can process the coded data. For example, the channel decoder (520) de-packetizes and/or demultiplexes data that has been aggregated for transmission or storage as a media stream (e.g., according to a media program stream or transport stream format such as ITU-T H.222.0|ISO/IEC 13818-1 or an internet real-time transport protocol format such as IETF RFC 3550), in which case the channel decoder (520) can parse syntax elements added as part of the syntax of the media transmission stream. Or, the channel decoder (520) separates coded video data that has been aggregated for storage as a file (e.g., according to a media container format such as ISO/IEC 14496-12), in which case the channel decoder (520) can parse syntax elements added as part of the syntax of the media storage file. Or, more generally, the channel decoder (520) can implement one or more media system demultiplexing protocols or transport protocols, in which case the channel decoder (520) can parse syntax elements added as part of the syntax of the protocol(s). Such syntax elements for a media transmission stream, media storage stream, multiplexing protocols or transport protocols can include metadata about regions that include high chroma resolution details. The channel (510) or channel decoder (520) may also include other elements (not shown), e.g., for FEC decoding and analog signal demodulation.
The coded data (521) that is output from the channel decoder (520) is stored in a temporary coded data area (530) until a sufficient quantity of such data has been received. The coded data (521) includes coded pictures (531) (in the coded picture format having the lower chroma sampling rate, or in multiple different coded picture formats) and MMCO/RPS information (432). The coded data (521) in the coded data area (530) contains, as part of the syntax of an elementary coded video bitstream, coded data for one or more coded pictures. The coded data (521) in the coded data area (530) can also include media metadata relating to the coded pictures (e.g., as one or more parameters in one or more SEI messages or VUI messages).
In general, the coded data area (530) temporarily stores coded data (521) until such coded data (521) is used by the decoder (550). At that point, coded data for a coded picture (531) and MMCO/RPS information (532) are transferred from the coded data area (530) to the decoder (550). As decoding continues, new coded data is added to the coded data area (530) and the oldest coded data remaining in the coded data area (530) is transferred to the decoder (550).
The decoder (550) decodes a coded picture (531) to produce a corresponding decoded picture (551) in the coded picture format having the lower chroma sampling rate (or one of multiple different coded picture formats). A picture can be partitioned into multiple tiles of the same size or different sizes. A picture can also be organized as one or more slices. The content of a slice or tile can be further partitioned into blocks or other sets of sample values.
As appropriate, when performing its decoding process, the decoder (550) may use one or more previously decoded pictures (569) as reference pictures for inter-picture prediction. The decoder (550) reads such previously decoded pictures (569) from a decoded picture temporary memory storage area (560). Generally, the decoder (550) includes multiple decoding modules that perform decoding tasks such as entropy decoding, intra-picture prediction, motion-compensated inter-picture prediction, inverse quantization, inverse frequency transforms (if not skipped), and merging of tiles. The exact operations performed by the decoder (550) can vary depending on compression format. In general, the decoder (550) is adapted for decoding pictures in the coded picture format having the lower chroma sampling rate. If the pictures (569) have different coded picture formats, different decoders can be used for the different coded picture formats, or a single decoder supporting all of the coded picture formats can be used.
For example, the decoder (550) receives encoded data for a coded picture or sequence of coded pictures and produces output including decoded picture (551). In the decoder (550), a buffer receives encoded data for a coded picture and, at an appropriate time, makes the received encoded data available to an entropy decoder. The entropy decoder entropy decodes entropy-coded quantized data as well as entropy-coded side information, typically applying the inverse of entropy encoding performed in the encoder.
A motion compensator applies motion information to one or more reference pictures to form motion-compensated prediction values for any inter-coded blocks of the picture being reconstructed. According to some innovations described herein, coded pictures including sample values for low chroma resolution versions of input pictures and coded pictures including sample values for high chroma resolution details for the input pictures are organized in different sub-sequences. Motion compensation for the coded pictures including the sample values for low chroma resolution versions is performed within a first sub-sequence of coded pictures. Motion compensation for the coded pictures including the sample values for high chroma resolution details is performed within a second, different sub-sequence of coded pictures. An intra-picture prediction module can spatially predict sample values of a current block from neighboring, previously reconstructed sample values.
The decoder (550) also reconstructs prediction residual values. An inverse quantizer inverse quantizes entropy-decoded data. For example, the decoder (550) sets values for QP for a picture, tile, slice and/or other portion of video based on syntax elements in the bitstream, and inverse quantizes transform coefficients accordingly. An inverse frequency transformer converts the quantized, frequency-domain data into spatial-domain data. In some implementations, the frequency transform can be skipped, in which case the inverse frequency transform is also skipped. If so, prediction residual values can be entropy decoded and inverse quantized. For an inter-picture predicted block, the decoder (550) combines reconstructed prediction residual values with motion-compensated prediction values. The decoder (550) can similarly combine prediction residual values with prediction values from intra-picture prediction.
An adaptive deblocking filter is included within the motion compensation loop in the video decoder (550) to smooth discontinuities across block boundary rows and/or columns in the decoded picture (551). Other filtering (such as de-ringing filtering, ALF, or SAO filtering; not shown) can alternatively or additionally be applied as in-loop filtering operations.
The decoded picture temporary memory storage area (560) includes multiple picture buffer storage areas (561, 562, . . . , 56n). The decoder (550) uses the MMCO/RPS information (532) to identify a picture buffer (561, 562, etc.) in which it can store a decoded picture (551). The decoder (550) stores the decoded picture (551) in that picture buffer.
An output sequencer (580) identifies when the next picture to be produced in output order is available in the decoded picture storage area (560). When the next picture (581) in a coded picture format to be produced in output order is available in the decoded picture storage area (560), it is read by the output sequencer (580) and output to either (a) the output destination (590) (e.g., display) for display of the picture in the coded picture format, or (b) the combiner (585). In general, the order in which pictures are output from the decoded picture storage area (560) by the output sequencer (580) may differ from the order in which the pictures are decoded by the decoder (550).
The combiner (585) rearranges the pictures (581) in the coded picture format (having the lower chroma sampling rate) or coded picture formats to produce output pictures (586) in the output picture format having the higher chroma sampling rate (such as a YUV 4:4:4 format). Example approaches to combining that use frame unpacking are described below. The combiner (585) can use metadata (not shown) that indicates whether and how splitting was performed, to guide combining operations. The combiner (585) can perform post-processing operations, for example, as described below. The decoder system (500) can also perform color space conversion on output pictures in the output picture format (such as a YUV 4:4:4 format) or coded picture format (such as a YUV 4:2:0 format), converting sample values to another format (such as an RGB 4:4:4 format) for display.
VI. Example Video Encoders.
The encoder (600) is block-based and uses a block format that depends on implementation. Blocks may be further sub-divided at different stages, e.g., at the prediction, frequency transform and/or entropy encoding stages. For example, a picture can be divided into 64×64 blocks, 32×32 blocks, or 16×16 blocks, which can in turn be divided into smaller blocks of sample values for coding and decoding. In implementations of encoding for the H.264 standard, for example, the encoder partitions a picture into macroblocks, blocks, partitions (for inter-picture prediction), and residual data units. In implementations of encoding for the H.265 standard, for example, the encoder partitions a picture into CTUs (CTBs), CUs (CBs), PUs (PBs) and TUs (TB s).
The encoder (600) compresses pictures using intra-picture coding and/or inter-picture coding. Many of the components of the encoder (600) are used for both intra-picture coding and inter-picture coding. The exact operations performed by those components can vary depending on the type of information being compressed.
A tiling module (610) optionally partitions a picture into multiple tiles of the same size or different sizes. For example, the tiling module (610) splits the picture along tile rows and tile columns that, with picture boundaries, define horizontal and vertical boundaries of tiles within the picture, where each tile is a rectangular region. The encoder (600) can also partition a picture into one or more slices, where each slice includes one or more slice segments.
The general encoding control (620) receives pictures for the input video signal (605) as well as feedback (not shown) from various modules of the encoder (600). Overall, the general encoding control (620) provides control signals (not shown) to other modules (such as the tiling module (610), transformer/scaler/quantizer (630), scaler/inverse transformer (635), intra-picture estimator (640), motion estimator (650) and intra/inter switch) to set and change coding parameters during encoding. In particular, the general encoding control (620) can control decisions about regions in which sample values for high chroma resolution details for input pictures are encoded, as described below. The general encoding control (620) can also control decisions about regions in which sample values for low chroma resolution versions of the input pictures are encoded, as described below. As another example, the general encoding control (620) can vary QP values to control quantization of regions of coded pictures including sample values of low chroma resolution versions of input pictures and/or control quantization of regions of coded pictures including sample values of high chroma resolution details. More generally, the general encoding control (620) can manage decisions about encoding modes during encoding. The general encoding control (620) produces general control data (622) that indicates decisions made during encoding, so that a corresponding decoder can make consistent decisions. The general control data (622) is provided to the header formatter/entropy coder (690).
If the current picture is predicted using inter-picture prediction, a motion estimator (650) estimates the motion of blocks of sample values of the current picture with respect to one or more reference pictures. The decoded picture buffer (670) buffers one or more reconstructed previously coded pictures for use as reference pictures. When multiple reference pictures are used, the multiple reference pictures can be from different temporal directions or the same temporal direction. The motion estimator (650) produces as side information motion data (652) such as MV data, merge mode index values, and reference picture selection data. The motion data (652) is provided to the header formatter/entropy coder (690) as well as the motion compensator (655). The motion compensator (655) applies MVs to the reconstructed reference picture(s) from the decoded picture buffer (670). The motion compensator (655) produces motion-compensated predictions for the current picture.
Coded pictures including sample values for low chroma resolution versions of input pictures and coded pictures including sample values for high chroma resolution details for the input pictures can be organized in different sub-sequences for purposes of motion estimation and compensation. For example, for the coded pictures including the sample values for low chroma resolution versions of the input pictures, motion estimation and compensation are performed within a first sub-sequence of coded pictures. Similarly, for the coded pictures including the sample values for high chroma resolution details, motion estimation and compensation are performed within a second, different sub-sequence of coded pictures. The encoder (600) can use reference picture reordering and/or different sets of reference picture indices to manage temporal dependencies within each of the different sub-sequences of coded pictures.
In a separate path within the encoder (600), an intra-picture estimator (640) determines how to perform intra-picture prediction for blocks of sample values of a current picture of the input video signal (605). The current picture can be entirely or partially coded using intra-picture coding. Using values of a reconstruction (638) of the current picture, for intra spatial prediction, the intra-picture estimator (640) determines how to spatially predict sample values of a current block of the current picture from neighboring, previously reconstructed sample values of the current picture (e.g., determine the direction of spatial prediction to use for a current block). The intra-picture estimator (640) produces as side information intra prediction data (642), such as information indicating whether intra prediction uses spatial prediction or another type of intra coding, and prediction mode/direction (for intra spatial prediction). The intra prediction data (642) is provided to the header formatter/entropy coder (690) as well as the intra-picture predictor (645). According to the intra prediction data (642), the intra-picture predictor (645) spatially predicts sample values of a current block of the current picture from neighboring, previously reconstructed sample values of the current picture.
The intra/inter switch selects whether the prediction (658) for a given block will be a motion-compensated prediction or intra-picture prediction.
The difference (if any) between a block of the prediction (658) and a corresponding part of the original current picture of the input video signal (605) provides values of the residual (618), for a non-skip-mode block. During reconstruction of the current picture, for a non-skip-mode block, reconstructed residual values are combined with the prediction (658) to produce an approximate or exact reconstruction (638) of the original content from the video signal (605). (In lossy compression, some information is lost from the video signal (605).)
In the transformer/scaler/quantizer (630), a frequency transformer converts spatial-domain video information into frequency-domain (i.e., spectral, transform) data. For block-based video coding, the frequency transformer applies a discrete cosine transform (“DCT”), an integer approximation thereof, or another type of forward block transform (e.g., a discrete sine transform or an integer approximation thereof) to blocks of prediction residual data (or sample value data if the prediction (658) is null), producing blocks of frequency transform coefficients. The transformer/scaler/quantizer (630) can apply a transform with variable block sizes. In this case, the transformer/scaler/quantizer (630) can determine which block sizes of transforms to use for the residual values for a current block. The encoder (600) can also skip the transform step in some cases.
The scaler/quantizer scales and quantizes the transform coefficients. For example, the quantizer applies dead-zone scalar quantization to the frequency-domain data with a quantization step size that varies on a picture-by-picture basis, tile-by-tile basis, slice-by-slice basis, macroblock-by-macroblock basis, CU-by-CU basis, block-by-block basis, or other basis. Transform coefficients can also be scaled or otherwise quantized using other scale factors (e.g., weights in a weight matrix). The quantized transform coefficient data (632) is provided to the header formatter/entropy coder (690).
In the scaler/inverse transformer (635), a scaler/inverse quantizer performs inverse scaling and inverse quantization on the quantized transform coefficients. When the transform stage has not been skipped, an inverse frequency transformer performs an inverse frequency transform, producing blocks of reconstructed prediction residual values or sample values. For a non-skip-mode block, the encoder (600) combines reconstructed residual values with values of the prediction (658) (e.g., motion-compensated prediction values, intra-picture prediction values) to form the reconstruction (638). For a skip-mode block, the encoder (600) uses the values of the prediction (658) as the reconstruction (638).
For intra-picture prediction, the values of the reconstruction (638) can be fed back to the intra-picture estimator (640) and intra-picture predictor (645). Also, the values of the reconstruction (638) can be used for motion-compensated prediction of subsequent pictures. The values of the reconstruction (638) can be further filtered. A filtering control (660) determines how to perform deblock filtering and SAO filtering on values of the reconstruction (638), for a given picture of the video signal (605). Filtering can be adaptively disabled for some types of coded pictures (e.g., coded pictures including sample values of high chroma resolution details). The filtering control (660) produces filter control data (662), which is provided to the header formatter/entropy coder (690) and merger/filter(s) (665).
In the merger/filter(s) (665), the encoder (600) merges content from different tiles into a reconstructed version of the picture. The encoder (600) selectively performs deblock filtering and SAO filtering according to the filter control data (662), so as to adaptively smooth discontinuities across boundaries in the pictures. Other filtering (such as de-ringing filtering or ALF; not shown) can alternatively or additionally be applied. Tile boundaries can be selectively filtered or not filtered at all, depending on settings of the encoder (600), and the encoder (600) may provide syntax within the coded bitstream to indicate whether or not such filtering was applied. The decoded picture buffer (670) buffers the reconstructed current picture for use in subsequent motion-compensated prediction.
The header formatter/entropy coder (690) formats and/or entropy codes the general control data (622), quantized transform coefficient data (632), intra prediction data (642), motion data (652) and filter control data (662). The header formatter/entropy coder (690) provides the encoded data in the coded video bitstream (695). The format of the coded video bitstream (695) can be a variation or extension of H.26x format (e.g., H.261, H.262, H.263, H.264, H.265), Windows Media Video format, VC-1 format, MPEG-x format (e.g., MPEG-1, MPEG-2, or MPEG-4), VPx format (e.g., VP8, VP9), or another format.
Depending on implementation and the type of compression desired, modules of an encoder (600) can be added, omitted, split into multiple modules, combined with other modules, and/or replaced with like modules. In alternative embodiments, encoders with different modules and/or other configurations of modules perform one or more of the described techniques. Specific embodiments of encoders typically use a variation or supplemented version of the encoder (600). The relationships shown between modules within the encoder (600) indicate general flows of information in the encoder; other relationships are not shown for the sake of simplicity.
VII. Example Video Decoders.
A picture can be organized as multiple tiles of the same size or different sizes. A picture can also be organized as one or more slices. The content of a slice or tile can be further organized as blocks. The decoder (700) is block-based and uses a block format that depends on implementation. Blocks may be further sub-divided at different stages. For example, a picture can be divided into 64×64 blocks, 32×32 blocks or 16×16 blocks, which can in turn be divided into smaller blocks of sample values. In implementations of decoding for the H.265/HEVC standard, a picture is partitioned into CTUs (CTBs), CUs (CBs), PUs (PBs) and TUs (TBs).
The decoder (700) decompresses pictures using intra-picture decoding and/or inter-picture decoding. Many of the components of the decoder (700) are used for both intra-picture decoding and inter-picture decoding. The exact operations performed by those components can vary depending on the type of information being decompressed.
A buffer receives encoded data in the coded video bitstream (705) and makes the received encoded data available to the parser/entropy decoder (710). The parser/entropy decoder (710) entropy decodes entropy-coded data, typically applying the inverse of entropy coding performed in the encoder (600) (e.g., context-adaptive binary arithmetic decoding). As a result of parsing and entropy decoding, the parser/entropy decoder (710) produces general control data (722), quantized transform coefficient data (732), intra prediction data (742), motion data (752) and filter control data (762).
The general decoding control (720) receives the general control data (722) and provides control signals (not shown) to other modules (such as the scaler/inverse transformer (735), intra-picture predictor (745), motion compensator (755) and intra/inter switch) to set and change decoding parameters during decoding. In particular, the general decoding control (720) can determine regions in which sample values for high chroma resolution details for output pictures are decoded, as described below. The general decoding control (720) can also determine regions in which sample values for low chroma resolution versions of the output pictures are decoded, as described below. As another example, the general decoding control (720) can vary QP values to control inverse quantization of regions of coded pictures including sample values of low chroma resolution versions of input pictures and/or control inverse quantization of regions of coded pictures including sample values of high chroma resolution details. More generally, the general decoding control (720) can manage decisions about decoding modes during decoding.
If the current picture is predicted using inter-picture prediction, a motion compensator (755) receives the motion data (752), such as MV data, reference picture selection data and merge mode index values. The motion compensator (755) applies MVs to the reconstructed reference picture(s) from the decoded picture buffer (770). The motion compensator (755) produces motion-compensated predictions for inter-coded blocks of the current picture. The decoded picture buffer (770) stores one or more previously reconstructed pictures for use as reference pictures.
Coded pictures including sample values for low chroma resolution versions of input pictures and coded pictures including sample values for high chroma resolution details for the input pictures can be organized in different sub-sequences for purposes of motion compensation. For example, for the coded pictures including the sample values for low chroma resolution versions of the input pictures, motion compensation is performed within a first sub-sequence of coded pictures. Similarly, for the coded pictures including the sample values for high chroma resolution details, motion compensation is performed within a second, different sub-sequence of coded pictures. The decoder (700) can use reference picture reordering and/or different sets of reference picture indices to manage temporal dependencies within each of the different sub-sequences of coded pictures.
In a separate path within the decoder (700), the intra-picture predictor (745) receives the intra prediction data (742), such as information indicating whether intra-picture prediction uses spatial prediction, as well as prediction mode direction (for intra spatial prediction). For intra spatial prediction, using values of a reconstruction (738) of the current picture, according to prediction mode data, the intra-picture predictor (745) spatially predicts sample values of a current block of the current picture from neighboring, previously reconstructed sample values of the current picture.
The intra/inter switch selects values of a motion-compensated prediction or intra-picture prediction for use as the prediction (758) for a given block. For example, when H.265/HEVC syntax is followed, the intra/inter switch can be controlled based on a syntax element encoded for a CU of a picture that can contain intra-predicted CUs and inter-predicted CUs. When residual values have been encoded/signaled, the decoder (700) combines the prediction (758) with reconstructed residual values to produce the reconstruction (738) of the content from the video signal. When residual values have not been encoded/signaled, the decoder (700) uses the values of the prediction (758) as the reconstruction (738).
To reconstruct the residual when residual values have been encoded/signaled, the scaler/inverse transformer (735) receives and processes the quantized transform coefficient data (732). In the scaler/inverse transformer (735), a scaler/inverse quantizer performs inverse scaling and inverse quantization on the quantized transform coefficients. An inverse frequency transformer performs an inverse frequency transform, producing blocks of reconstructed prediction residual values or sample values. For example, the inverse frequency transformer applies an inverse block transform to frequency transform coefficients, producing sample value data or prediction residual data. The inverse frequency transform can be an inverse DCT, an integer approximation thereof, or another type of inverse frequency transform (e.g., an inverse discrete sine transform or an integer approximation thereof). If the frequency transform was skipped during encoding, the inverse frequency transform is also skipped. In this case, the scaler/inverse quantizer can perform inverse scaling and inverse quantization on blocks of prediction residual data (or sample value data), producing reconstructed values.
For intra-picture prediction, the values of the reconstruction (738) can be fed back to the intra-picture predictor (745). For inter-picture prediction, the values of the reconstruction (738) can be further filtered. In the merger/filter(s) (765), the decoder (700) merges content from different tiles into a reconstructed version of the picture. The decoder (700) selectively performs deblock filtering and SAO filtering according to the filter control data (762) and rules for filter adaptation, so as to adaptively smooth discontinuities across boundaries in the pictures. Other filtering (such as de-ringing filtering or ALF; not shown) can alternatively or additionally be applied. Filtering can be adaptively disabled for some types of coded pictures (e.g., coded pictures including sample values of high chroma resolution details). Tile boundaries can be selectively filtered or not filtered at all, depending on settings of the decoder (700) or a syntax element within the encoded bitstream data. The decoded picture buffer (770) buffers the reconstructed current picture for use in subsequent motion-compensated prediction.
The decoder (700) can also include a post-processing filter. The post-processing filter (708) can include deblock filtering, de-ringing filtering, adaptive Wiener filtering, film-grain reproduction filtering, SAO filtering or another kind of filtering. Whereas “in-loop” filtering is performed on reconstructed sample values of pictures in a motion compensation loop, and hence affects sample values of reference pictures, the post-processing filter (708) is applied to reconstructed sample values outside of the motion compensation loop, before output for display.
Depending on implementation and the type of decompression desired, modules of the decoder (700) can be added, omitted, split into multiple modules, combined with other modules, and/or replaced with like modules. In alternative embodiments, decoders with different modules and/or other configurations of modules perform one or more of the described techniques. Specific embodiments of decoders typically use a variation or supplemented version of the decoder (700). The relationships shown between modules within the decoder (700) indicate general flows of information in the decoder; other relationships are not shown for the sake of simplicity.
VIII. Rearranging Sample Values Between Input/Output Picture Format and Coded Picture Format.
A video source such as a camera or screen capture module typically provides video that is converted to a format such as a YUV 4:4:4 chroma sampling format. For example, some video sources provide uncompressed video pictures in an RGB format and, before encoding, the pictures are converted to a YUV format expected by a video encoder. A YUV format includes a luma (or Y) component with sample values representing approximate brightness values as well as multiple chroma (or U and V) components with sample values representing color difference values. The precise definitions of the color difference values (and conversion operations to/from a YUV color space to another color space such as RGB) depend on implementation. In general, as used herein, the term YUV indicates any color space with a luma (or luminance) component and one or more chroma (or chrominance) components, including Y′UV, YIQ, Y′IQ and YDbDr as well as variations such as YCbCr and YCoCg. The component signal measures that are used may be adjusted through the application of a non-linear transfer characteristics function (generally known as “gamma pre-compensation” and often denoted by the use of a prime symbol, although the prime symbol is often omitted for typographical convenience). Or, the component signal measures may be in a domain that has a linear relationship with light amplitude. The luma and chroma component signals may be well aligned with the perception of brightness and color for the human visual system, or the luma and chroma component signals may somewhat deviate from such measures (e.g., as in the YCoCg variation, in which formulas are applied that simplify the computation of the color component values). Examples of YUV formats as described herein include those described in the international standards known as ITU-R BT.601, ITU-R BT.709, and ITU-R BT.2020. Examples of chroma sample types are shown in Figure E-1 of the H.264/AVC standard. A 4:4:4 format can be a YUV 4:4:4 format or format for another color space, such as RGB or GBR.
Many commercially available video encoders and decoders support only a YUV 4:2:0 chroma sampling format. YUV 4:2:0 is a format that sub-samples chroma information compared to a YUV 4:4:4 format, which preserves full-resolution chroma information (that is, chroma information is represented at the same resolution as luma information). There are some use cases, however, for which visual deficiencies of video in YUV 4:2:0 format are more easily perceived by viewers. For example, for encoding/decoding of computer screen text content (especially text rendered using ClearType technology), animated video content with artificial hard-edged boundaries, color text, or certain features of video content more generally (such as scrolling titles and hard-edged graphics, or video with information concentrated in chroma channels), a 4:4:4 format may be preferable to a 4:2:0 format.
This section describes various approaches to rearranging sample values between an input picture format having a first, higher chroma sampling rate and a coded picture format having a second, lower chroma sampling rate. The pictures in the coded picture format can then be encoded using an encoder adapted for the coded picture format. After decoding (using a decoder adapted for the coded picture format), the pictures in the coded picture format can be output for further processing and display. Or, after such decoding, pictures in an output picture format having the higher chroma sampling rate can be recovered for output and display by rearranging sample values from pictures in the coded picture format into an output picture in the output picture format. Alternatively, instead of using a single coded picture format, different coded pictures can have different coded picture formats, including at least one having a lower chroma sampling rate than the input picture format.
Various approaches described herein can be used to preserve chroma information for frames of a YUV 4:4:4 format when encoding/decoding uses a YUV 4:2:0 format, as one specific example. In these approaches, for example, a YUV 4:4:4 frame is packed into two YUV 4:2:0 frames. A typical 4:4:4 frame contains 12 sample values for every 4 pixel positions, while a 4:2:0 frame contains only 6 sample values for every 4 pixel positions. So, all the sample values contained in a 4:4:4 frame can be packed into two 4:2:0 frames.
The sample values of the single YUV 4:4:4 picture (801) are split into two pictures in a YUV 4:2:0 format, which are labeled YUV 4:2:0 picture (802) and the UUV 4:2:0 picture (803). The YUV 4:2:0 picture (802) includes sample values in a Y420 channel, U420 channel, and V420 channel. The Y420 channel includes sample values from the Y444 channel of the single YUV 4:4:4 picture (801). The U420 channel includes some sample values from the U444 channel of the single YUV 4:4:4 picture (801), and the V420 channel includes some sample values from the V444 channel of the single YUV 4:4:4 picture (801). The UUV 4:2:0 picture (803) includes other chroma sample values from the U444 channel and the V444 channel of the single YUV 4:4:4 picture (801), which are arranged in the Y420 channel, U420 channel, and V420 channel of the UUV 4:2:0 picture (803).
Example approaches to rearranging chroma sample values of the single YUV 4:4:4 picture (801) are described with reference to
In
For the UUV 4:2:0 picture (813), the sample values from the odd columns of the U444 channel and V444 channel of the YUV 4:4:4 picture (801) are assigned to area A4 in the UUV 4:2:0 picture (813). The columns of U sample values and V sample values can alternate on a column-by-column basis, e.g., U444 column 1, V444 column 1, U444 column 3, V444 column 3, and so on. The sample values of the even columns of the odd rows of the U444 channel of the YUV 4:4:4 picture (801) are assigned to area A5 in the UUV 4:2:0 picture (813), and the sample values of the even columns of the odd rows of the V444 channel of the YUV 4:4:4 picture (801) are assigned to area A6 in the UUV 4:2:0 picture (813). The approach illustrated in
Thus, for the example approach shown in
and Y420UUV(2x+1,y)=V444(2x+1,y), in the (x,y) range of
In
Thus, for the example approach shown in
and Y420UUV(x, 2y+1)=V444(x,2y+1), in the (x,y) range of
In
in the (x,y) range of
in the (x,y) range of
in the (x,y) range of
The sample values in the Y444 channel, U444 channel, and V444 channel of the YUV 4:4:4 picture (801) can instead be assigned to areas C1 . . . C9 in a different way. For example, the sample values of even columns of the U444 channel and V444 channel of the YUV 4:4:4 picture (801) are assigned to areas C4 and C5, and the sample values of odd columns of the U444 channel and V444 channel of the YUV 4:4:4 picture (801) are distributed between areas C2, C3 and C6 . . . C9.
In
in the (x,y) range of
in the (x,y) range of
in the (x,y) range of
The sample values in the Y444 channel, U444 channel, and V444 channel of the YUV 4:4:4 picture (801) can instead be assigned to areas D1 . . . D9 in a different way. For example, the sample values of even rows of the U444 channel and V444 channel of the YUV 4:4:4 picture (801) are assigned to areas D4 and D5, and the sample values of odd rows of the U444 channel and V444 channel of the YUV 4:4:4 picture (801) are distributed between areas D2, D3 and D6 . . . D9.
Alternatively, the sample values of the single YUV 4:4:4 picture (801) can be rearranged into a YUV 4:2:0 picture and UUV 4:2:0 picture in some other way.
The process of rearranging sample values of coded pictures in a coded picture format (such as a YUV 4:2:0 format) into an output picture in an output picture format (such as a YUV 4:4:4 format) can simply mirror one of the approaches described with reference to
In previous approaches to rearranging sample values from pictures in a YUV 4:4:4 format to pictures in a YUV 4:2:0 format for encoding and decoding, all sample values of the pictures in the YUV 4:2:0 format are encoded and decoded. Such approaches can increase the bit rate of encoded video significantly when high chroma resolution details are complex or otherwise difficult to compress, even doubling bit rate in some instances, compared to encoding only the low chroma resolution versions of the pictures in the YUV 4:2:0 format. High chroma resolution details may improve quality in ways that a viewer is unlikely to notice, especially in areas in which coding quality is low or motion is significant. In some implementations, however, the prior approaches do not scale gracefully in terms of quality and bit rate, which makes the approaches unsuitable for adaptive streaming, and do not permit simply discarding coded pictures of high chroma resolution details. Prior approaches can also significantly increase the computational complexity of encoding and decoding, compared to encoding only the low chroma resolution versions of the pictures.
IX. Separating Low Chroma Resolution Versions and High Chroma Resolution Details into Different Sub-Sequences of Coded Pictures.
This section presents a first set of innovations in the area of encoding and decoding of high chroma resolution details for pictures. Specifically, this section describes approaches to encoding and decoding of coded pictures with sample values for low chroma resolution versions of input pictures in a separate sub-sequence than coded pictures with sample values for high chroma resolution details of the input pictures. In some example implementations, coded pictures in the different sub-sequences (alternatively called sub-streams) are interleaved in a single sequence of coded pictures (alternatively called a stream of coded pictures), which enables efficient encoding and decoding with conventional codec tools using conformant syntax according to a given standard or format for those codec tools.
A. Examples of Different Sub-Sequences of Coded Pictures for Low Chroma Resolution Versions and High Chroma Resolution Details.
For a given input picture in an input picture format, a video encoding tool splits the input picture into multiple coded pictures in a coded picture format (or coded picture formats). For example, the video encoding tool can rearrange sample value of the input picture into two coded pictures using any of the approaches described with reference to
The video encoding tool assigns the two coded pictures to two different sub-sequences of coded pictures within a given sequence of coded pictures. One sub-sequence of coded pictures includes coded pictures with sample values for low chroma resolution versions of input pictures. The other sub-sequence includes coded pictures with sample values for high chroma resolution details of the input pictures.
The video encoding tool encodes the coded pictures in the coded picture format (or coded picture formats). As part of the encoding, the video encoding tool manages motion compensation dependencies. In particular, when performing motion estimation and/or motion compensation for a block of a coded picture with sample values for a low chroma resolution version of an input picture, the video encoding tool limits the set of available reference pictures to coded pictures with sample values for low chroma resolution versions of other input pictures. Similarly, when performing motion estimation and/or motion compensation for a block of a coded picture with sample values for high chroma resolution details of an input picture, the video encoding tool limits the set of available reference pictures to coded pictures with sample values for high chroma resolution details of other input pictures.
The video encoding tool can manage motion compensation dependencies for the different sub-sequences of coded pictures using multiple reference pictures, reference picture reordering, and/or long-term reference pictures. For example, the H.264 standard and H.265 standard include coding tools that support multiple reference pictures, reference picture reordering, and long-term reference pictures. A decoded picture buffer can store multiple reference pictures (e.g., one or more YUV 4:2:0 pictures and one or more UUV 4:2:0 pictures). A long-term reference picture can be buffered for an arbitrary period in the decoded picture buffer, for use as a reference picture. The video encoding tool can reorder reference pictures so that the most commonly referenced pictures have a lower reference picture index, which can make entropy coding of reference picture indices more efficient. Also, the video encoding tool can use one set of reference picture indices for reference pictures in one sub-sequence of coded pictures, and use a different set of reference picture indices for reference pictures in the other sub-sequence of coded pictures.
To illustrate,
As explained in the next section, a coded picture can be dropped from a sub-sequence. For example, for a coded picture with sample values for high chroma resolution details, if no region includes sample values that are encoded, the coded picture is dropped from its sub-sequence. Also, a coded picture (or region thereof) in either sub-sequence may be skipped with zero motion, such that no encoded data for the coded picture (or region) is output, and the coded picture (or region) is repeated from the previous coded picture in the sub-sequence.
During corresponding decoding, a video decoding tool decodes the coded pictures in the coded picture format (or coded picture formats). When a coded picture (or region thereof) in either sub-sequence is skipped with zero motion, such that no encoded data for the coded picture (or region) is received, the coded picture (or region) can be decoded by repeating from the previous coded picture in the sub-sequence. As part of the decoding, the video decoding tool performs motion compensation consistent with the motion compensation dependencies enforced by the encoder. In particular, when performing motion compensation for a block of a coded picture with sample values for a low chroma resolution version of an output picture, the set of available reference pictures is limited to coded pictures with sample values for low chroma resolution versions of other output pictures. Similarly, when performing motion compensation for a block of a coded picture with sample values for high chroma resolution details of an output picture, the set of available reference pictures is limited to coded pictures with sample values for high chroma resolution details of other output pictures.
In the video decoding tool, motion compensation dependencies for the different sub-sequences of coded pictures can be managed using multiple reference pictures, reference picture reordering, and/or long-term reference pictures. For example, the H.264 standard and H.265 standard include coding tools that support multiple reference pictures, reference picture reordering, and long-term reference pictures.
For a given output picture in an output picture format, the video decoding tool can combine multiple coded pictures in the coded picture format (or coded picture formats). For example, the video decoding tool can rearrange sample value of two coded pictures into an output picture by reversing any of the approaches described with reference to
B. Techniques for Encoding/Decoding of Different Sub-Sequences for Low Chroma Resolution Versions and High Chroma Resolution Details.
The encoding tool packs (1110) sample values of an input picture organized according to an input picture format into first and second coded pictures organized according to first and second coded picture formats, respectively. The first and second coded picture formats can be the same coded picture format or different coded picture formats (e.g., different chroma sampling rates). In general, the input picture format has a first chroma sampling rate, and at least one of the first and second coded picture formats has a second chroma sampling rate lower than the first chroma sampling rate. For example, the first chroma sampling rate is 4:4:4, and the second chroma sampling rate is 4:2:0. The first coded picture contains sample values for a low chroma resolution version of the input picture. The second coded picture contains sample values for high chroma resolution details of the input picture. For example, the encoding tool uses any of the approaches described with reference to
The encoding tool encodes (1120) the first and second coded pictures as separate coded pictures in a sequence of coded pictures, thereby producing encoded data. As part of the encoding, the first coded picture is encoded as part of a first sub-sequence of the sequence, and the second coded picture is encoded as part of a second sub-sequence of the sequence. The first sub-sequence is different than the second sub-sequence. For purposes of motion compensation (and, by extension, motion estimation), no coded picture in the first sub-sequence is allowed to reference any coded picture in the second sub-sequence, and no coded picture in the second sub-sequence is allowed to reference any coded picture in the first sub-sequence.
For example, the encoding tool manages motion compensation dependencies within the first sub-sequence by using a first set of long-term reference picture indices that identify coded pictures in the first sub-sequence. Similarly, the encoding tool manages motion compensation dependencies within the second sub-sequence by using a second set of long-term reference picture indices that identify coded pictures in the second sub-sequence. The encoding tool can also reorder reference pictures such that no coded picture in the first sub-sequence references any coded picture in the second sub-sequence, and such that no coded picture in the second sub-sequence references any coded picture in the first sub-sequence. Encoded data for the first sub-sequence and encoded data for the second sub-sequence can later be separated by a bitstream editing tool such as a demultiplexer or router, as described in section III. This allows the bitstream editing tool to send only the encoded data for the first sub-sequence to a playback device (for decoding and playback at low chroma resolution) or send encoded data for both sub-sequences to the playback device (for potential decoding and playback at high chroma resolution). For additional details, see section III.
Returning to
The decoding tool receives (1210) encoded data and decodes (1220) first and second coded pictures in first and second coded picture formats (which can be the same coded picture format or different coded picture formats). The first coded picture contains sample values for a low chroma resolution version of an output picture in an output picture format. The second coded picture contains sample values for high chroma resolution details of the output picture. In general, the output picture format has a first chroma sampling rate, and at least one of the first and second coded picture formats has a second chroma sampling rate lower than the first chroma sampling rate. For example, the first chroma sampling rate is 4:4:4, and the second chroma sampling rate is 4:2:0.
The decoding tool decodes (1220) the first and second coded pictures as separate coded pictures in a sequence of coded pictures. As part of the decoding (1220), the first coded picture is decoded as part of a first sub-sequence of the sequence, and the second coded picture is decoded as part of a second sub-sequence of the sequence. The first sub-sequence is different than the second sub-sequence. When a coded picture (or region thereof) in either sub-sequence is skipped with zero motion, such that no encoded data for the coded picture (or region) is received, the coded picture (or region) can be decoded by repeating from the previous coded picture in the sub-sequence. For purposes of motion compensation, no coded picture in the first sub-sequence references any coded picture in the second sub-sequence, and no coded picture in the second sub-sequence references any coded picture in the first sub-sequence.
For example, motion compensation dependencies within the first sub-sequence are managed using a first set of long-term reference picture indices that identify coded pictures in the first sub-sequence. Similarly, motion compensation dependencies within the second sub-sequence are managed using a second set of long-term reference picture indices that identify coded pictures in the second sub-sequence. Reference pictures can also be reordered such that no coded picture in the first sub-sequence references any coded picture in the second sub-sequence, and such that no coded picture in the second sub-sequence references any coded picture in the first sub-sequence.
The decoding tool unpacks (1230) sample values for the first and second coded pictures into the output picture. For example, the decoding tool reverses any of the approaches described with reference to
The decoding tool can repeat the technique (1200) for each of one or more other output pictures. In some cases, the second coded picture may have been dropped (and hence not encoded), such that no encoded data for the second coded picture is received or decoded. Also, the first coded picture or second coded picture (or a region thereof) may have been skipped with zero motion, such that no encoded data for the coded picture (or region) is received, and the coded picture (or region) is instead repeated from the previous coded picture in the sub-sequence. Thus, when first and second coded pictures for an output picture are decoded, the decoding tool may use encoded data for none of the first coded picture, some regions of the first coded picture, or all of the first coded picture, and the decoding tool may use encoded data for none of the second coded picture, some regions of the second coded picture, or all of the second coded picture.
X. Selectively Encoding/Decoding Regions of High Chroma Resolution Details.
This section presents a second set of innovations in the area of encoding and decoding of high chroma resolution details for pictures. Specifically, this section describes approaches to selectively encoding/decoding regions of high chroma resolution details, such that sample values for high chroma resolution details are encoded/decoded for some regions but not for other regions. The regions in which sample values for high chroma resolution details are encoded can change, which facilitates adaptation of bit rate and quality.
A. Examples of Different Regions of Coded Pictures for Low Chroma Resolution Versions and High Chroma Resolution Details.
For a given input picture in an input picture format, a video encoding tool splits the input picture into multiple coded pictures in a coded picture format (or coded picture formats). For example, the video encoding tool can rearrange sample value of the input picture into two coded pictures using any of the approaches described with reference to
The video encoding tool splits the first and/or second coded pictures into regions (alternatively called sub-areas). The size of regions depends on implementation. For example, the size of a region is a multiple of 16×16 (e.g., 16×16, 32×32, or 64×64) to facilitate implementation with conventional codec tools. Alternatively, the regions have some other size. Regions in a given coded picture can have the same size or different sizes.
For the first coded picture, the video encoding tool decides the regions, if any, in which sample values for the low chroma resolution version of the input picture are to be encoded. For the second coded picture, the video encoding tool decides the regions, if any, in which sample values for the high chroma resolution details of the input picture are to be encoded. Section XI presents example approaches to deciding the regions in which sample values are to be encoded. For a given coded picture, the video encoding tool may encode no regions, some regions, or all regions of the coded picture. When sample values are not coded in a region, the region may be skipped or dropped, depending on context, as explained below.
For a coded picture, the video encoding tool generates and outputs data that identifies the regions in which sample values of the coded picture are encoded. Examples of such region data are presented below. The region data can be entropy coded by a video encoding tool and entropy decoded by a video decoding tool. The region data can be signaled as metadata, as described with reference to
During corresponding decoding, a video decoding tool receives and processes the region data that identifies the regions in which sample values of the coded pictures have been encoded. The video decoding tool decodes the coded pictures, including decoding of encoded data at least for regions in which sample values have been encoded. When a coded picture (or region thereof) is skipped with zero motion, such that no encoded data for the coded picture (or region) is received, the coded picture (or region) can be decoded by repeating from the previous coded picture. For a given output picture in an output picture format, the video decoding tool can combine multiple coded pictures in the coded picture format (or coded picture formats). For example, the video decoding tool can rearrange sample value of two coded pictures (for a low chroma resolution version and high chroma resolution details, respectively) into an output picture by reversing any of the approaches described with reference to
To illustrate,
The coded pictures (1320, 1330) are encoded by the video encoding tool, transmitted over a network, and decoded by a video decoding tool. The video decoding tool also combines sample values from the reconstructed coded pictures (1320, 1330) into an output picture (1340) in an output picture format (e.g., a YUV 4:4:4 format). The output picture (1340) includes a region with low chroma resolution, which incorporates sample values from the first coded picture (1320). For that region, high chroma resolution details were missing from the second coded picture (1330). The output picture (1340) also includes regions with high chroma resolution, which incorporate sample values from the first coded picture (1320) and sample values from the second coded picture (1330).
Although
For the various coded pictures, the video encoding tool selects regions in which sample values are encoded. Regions can be selected independently for the low chroma resolution version of an input picture and high chroma resolution details. For example, for the first input picture (1410), all regions of the low chroma resolution version of the input picture are coded, but no regions of the high chroma resolution details are coded. For the second input picture (1420), all regions of the low chroma resolution version of the input picture are coded, and two different regions of the high chroma resolution details are coded. For the third input picture (1430), no regions of the low chroma resolution version of the input picture or high chroma resolution details are coded. For the fourth input picture (1440), one region of the low chroma resolution version of the input picture is coded (and one is not coded), but no regions of the high chroma resolution details are coded. Finally, for the fifth input picture (1450), no regions of the low chroma resolution version of the input picture are coded, but one region of the high chroma resolution details is coded (and one is not coded). Thus, for the low chroma resolution version of an input picture, sample values can be encoded for no regions, some regions, or all regions. Separately, for the high chroma resolution details of the input picture, sample values can be encoded for no regions, some regions, or all regions.
Thus, a coded picture can be dropped from a sub-sequence. For example, for the first input picture (1410), the coded picture with sample values for high chroma resolution details, in which no region includes sample values that are encoded, is dropped from its sub-sequence. Also, a coded picture (or region thereof) in either sub-sequence may be skipped with zero motion, such that no encoded data for the coded picture (or region) is output, and the coded picture (or region) is repeated from the previous coded picture in the sub-sequence. For example, for the third input picture (1430), the coded picture with sample values for the low chroma resolution version of the input picture might be skipped with zero motion, such that no encoded data for the coded picture is output, and the coded picture is repeated from the previous coded picture in the sub-sequence. Or, for the third input picture (1430), two regions of the coded picture with sample values for high chroma resolution details might be skipped with zero motion, such that no encoded data for the coded picture is output, and the two regions are repeated from the previous coded picture in the sub-sequence in which the two regions were coded.
B. Examples of Region Data.
Region data for a coded picture indicates regions of the coded picture in which sample values are encoded. Regions can be pre-defined partitions in the coded picture (e.g., having pre-defined sizes and locations, such as MBs in H.264 implementations or CTUs in H.265 implementations). Alternatively, the sizes and/or locations of regions can be specified in the region data. For example, for each of one or more regions, the region data includes (a) one or more parameters that specify a corner of the region as well as parameters that specify width and height of the region, (b) parameters that specify multiple corners of the region, or (c) parameters that specify a list of macroblocks or coding units in the region.
Aside from parameters (if any) of region data that define the sizes and locations of regions, the region data includes a map of index values indicating any regions in which sample values are encoded as part of a coded picture. For example, the map includes an index value per region. A map can indicate any regions for which the encoded data for the second coded picture includes encoded sample values for the high chroma resolution details of the input (or output) picture. When regions are also selected for the first coded picture, another map can indicate any regions for which the encoded data for the first coded picture includes encoded sample values for the low chroma resolution version of the input (or output) picture. When sample values are encoded in a region of a coded picture, the encoded data for the coded picture directly represents the sample values of the region. On the other hand, when sample values are not coded in the region, the region may be skipped or dropped, depending on context.
For a given region of a coded picture, an index value indicates information about the region.
Each of the coded pictures (1510, 1520) is partitioned into 12 regions. For the first coded picture (1510), a first map (1512) of index values indicates regions in which sample values are changed (“dirty”) compared to the co-located region of the most recent preceding YUV 4:2:0 picture for which sample values in the co-located region were encoded. Sample values in regions 0-4 and 8 of the first coded picture (1510) are dirty, but sample values in regions 5-7 and 9-11 are not dirty. For the second coded picture (1520), another map (1522) of index values indicates regions in which sample values are changed (“dirty”) compared to the co-located region of the most recent preceding UUV 4:2:0 picture for which sample values in the co-located region were encoded. Sample values in regions 1-8 of the second coded picture (1520) are dirty, but sample values in regions 9-11 are not dirty. In each of the maps (1512, 1522), for a given region, the index value 0×00 (or one-bit value 0) indicates the region is dirty, and the index value 0×01 (or one-bit value 1) indicates the region is not dirty.
From the index values in the maps (1512, 1522), the video encoding tool and video decoding tool infer the regions of coded pictures in which sample values are encoded. For example, according to one approach to interpreting region data defined as shown in
According to another approach to interpreting region data defined as shown in
Each of the coded pictures (1610, 1620) is partitioned into 12 regions and has a corresponding map (1612, 1622) of index values. An index value for a region is a two-bit value in which the first bit indicates whether or not sample values in the region are changed (“dirty”) compared to the co-located region in the most recent preceding coded picture for which sample values in the co-located region were encoded, and the second bit indicates (at least for a non-dirty region) whether or not sample values in the region have already been encoded with high quality (that is, in the co-located region in a preceding coded picture). Thus, the value 0×00 (or two-bit value 00) indicates a non-dirty region not previously encoded with high quality, and the value 0×01 (or two-bit value 01) indicates a non-dirty region previously encoded with high quality. The value 0×02 (or two-bit value 10) indicates a dirty region. From such index values, the video encoding tool and video decoding tool can infer whether a given region is coded or not coded using rules as described in section XI.A.3.
Index values in a map can be entropy coded by the video encoding tool (e.g., using run length coding or context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding). In this case, the video decoding tool performs corresponding entropy decoding. The region data can be signaled, for example, as part of a new type of SEI message for the H.264 standard or H.265 standard, as a field of a container structure, as a field of a transport protocol message, or as some other type of metadata.
In
C. Techniques for Encoding/Decoding Selected Regions of Coded Pictures for Low Chroma Resolution Versions and High Chroma Resolution Details.
The encoding tool packs (1710) sample values of an input picture organized according to an input picture format into first and second coded pictures organized according to first and second coded picture formats. The first and second coded picture formats can be the same coded picture format or different coded picture formats (e.g., different chroma sampling rates). In general, the input picture format has a first chroma sampling rate, and at least one of the first and second coded picture formats has a second chroma sampling rate lower than the first chroma sampling rate. For example, the first chroma sampling rate is 4:4:4, and the second chroma sampling rate is 4:2:0. The first coded picture contains sample values for a low chroma resolution version of the input picture. The second coded picture contains sample values for high chroma resolution details of the input picture. For example, the encoding tool uses any of the approaches described with reference to
The encoding tool encodes (1720) the first and second coded pictures, thereby producing encoded data. As part of the encoding, the encoding tool selects one or more regions in which corresponding sample values for high chroma resolution details of the input picture are encoded as part of the second coded picture. As part of the encoding, the encoding tool can also select one or more regions in which corresponding sample values for the low chroma resolution version of the input picture are encoded as part of the first coded picture. The first and second coded pictures can be encoded as part of different sub-sequences of coded pictures, as described in section IX.
The encoding tool outputs (1730) the encoded data, which includes encoded data for one or both of the first and second coded pictures. In some cases, the encoded data, for the first coded picture and/or the second coded picture, includes encoded data for only part of that coded picture (e.g., for one or more regions of the coded picture, but not all regions of the coded picture). The encoded data can be output as part of one bitstream. Syntax for the bitstream permits the first coded picture and/or the second coded picture to lack encoded sample values for at least part of the input picture.
The encoding tool also outputs (1740) region data that identifies the region(s) in which corresponding sample values for high chroma resolution details of the input picture are encoded as part of the second coded picture. When the encoding tool also selects region(s) in which corresponding sample values for the low chroma resolution version of the input picture are encoded as part of the first coded picture, the region data also identifies such region(s). For example, the region data is formatted as described in section X.B. Alternatively, the region data is formatted in some other way.
The encoding tool can repeat the technique (1700) for each of one or more other input pictures. In some cases, the second coded picture may be dropped (and hence not encoded), such that no encoded data for the second coded picture is output. Also, the first coded picture or second coded picture (or a region thereof) may be skipped with zero motion, such that no encoded data for the coded picture (or region) is output, and the coded picture (or region) is repeated from the previous coded picture in the sub-sequence. Thus, when first and second coded pictures from an input picture are encoded, the encoding tool may produce encoded data for none of the first coded picture, some regions of the first coded picture, or all of the first coded picture, and the encoding tool may produce encoded data for none of the second coded picture, some regions of the second coded picture, or all of the second coded picture.
The decoding tool receives (1810) encoded data and decodes (1820) first and second coded pictures in first and second coded picture formats (which can be the same coded picture format or different coded picture formats). The first coded picture contains sample values for a low chroma resolution version of an output picture in an output picture format. The second coded picture contains sample values for high chroma resolution details of the output picture. In general, the output picture format has a first chroma sampling rate, and at least one of the first and second coded picture formats has a second chroma sampling rate lower than the first chroma sampling rate. For example, the first chroma sampling rate is 4:4:4, and the second chroma sampling rate is 4:2:0. The encoded data can be received as part of one bitstream. Syntax for the bitstream permits the first coded picture and/or the second coded picture to lack encoded sample values for at least part of the output picture. The first and second coded pictures can be decoded as part of different sub-sequences of coded pictures, as described in section IX. When a coded picture (or region thereof) is skipped with zero motion, such that no encoded data for the coded picture (or region) is received, the coded picture (or region) can be decoded by repeating from the previous coded picture.
The decoding tool also receives (1830) region data that identifies one or more regions in which corresponding sample values for high chroma resolution details of the output picture have been encoded as part of the second coded picture. In some example implementations, the region data also identifies one or more regions in which corresponding sample values for the low chroma resolution version of the output picture have been encoded as part of the first coded picture. For example, the region data is formatted as described in section X.B. Alternatively, the region data is formatted in some other way.
Based at least in part on the region data, the decoding tool unpacks (1840) sample values for the first and second coded pictures into the output picture. For example, the decoding tool reverses any of the approaches described with reference to
The decoding tool can repeat the technique (1800) for each of one or more other output pictures. In some cases, the second coded picture may have been dropped (and hence not encoded), such that no encoded data for the second coded picture is received or decoded. Also, as explained in this section, the first coded picture or second coded picture (or a region thereof) may have been skipped with zero motion, such that no encoded data for the coded picture (or region) is received, and the coded picture (or region) is instead repeated from the previous coded picture in the sub-sequence. Thus, when first and second coded pictures for an output picture are decoded, the decoding tool may use encoded data for none of the first coded picture, some regions of the first coded picture, or all of the first coded picture, and the decoding tool may use encoded data for none of the second coded picture, some regions of the second coded picture, or all of the second coded picture.
XI. Decision Rules for Selectively Encoding Regions.
This section presents innovations in the area of encoding regions of low chroma resolution versions and high chroma resolution details for pictures. Specifically, this section describes decision rules used when selectively encoding regions of high chroma resolution details, such that sample values for high chroma resolution details are encoded for some regions but not for other regions. For example, according to a set of decision rules, high chroma resolution details are selectively encoded on a region-by-region basis. The decision rules can also control selection of regions to encode for low chroma resolution versions of pictures. In this way, available encoders operating on coded pictures in a low-resolution chroma sampling format can be effectively used to provide low chroma resolution versions of pictures as well as high chroma resolution details.
With region-by-region decisions about which regions of high chroma resolution details to encode, increases in bit rate (due to encoding of sample values for the high chroma resolution details) happen when and where corresponding increases in chroma resolution are likely to improve quality in noticeable ways. For example, a region of high chroma resolution details is not encoded when motion is heavy or coding quality is low, since the added chroma resolution details are unlikely to be noticed by a viewer. On the other hand, when a region is stationary and coding quality is high, a region of chroma resolution details is encoded since the added chroma resolution details are more likely to improve quality in noticeable ways.
In addition to judiciously allocating bitrate to increase chroma resolution, region-by-region decisions as described herein can save computational resources during encoding and decoding. For regions in which high chroma resolutions details are unlikely to improve quality in noticeable ways, resources are not consumed encoding or decoding the details.
A. Example Decision Rules for Region Selection for Low Chroma Resolution Versions of Input Pictures and High Chroma Resolution Details.
The current YUV 4:2:0 picture (1920) is a low chroma resolution version of a current input picture, and the current UUV 4:2:0 picture (1925) includes high chroma resolution details of the current input picture. The previous YUV 4:2:0 picture (1910) is a low chroma resolution version of a previous input picture. The current YUV 4:2:0 picture (1920) includes a region (1922). The previous YUV 4:2:0 picture (1910) is the most recent previous coded picture in the YUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence in which the corresponding, co-located region (1912) was encoded. The previous UUV 4:2:0 picture (1935) includes high chroma resolution details of a previous input picture. The current UUV 4:2:0 picture (1925) also includes a region (1926). The previous UUV 4:2:0 picture (1935) is the most recent previous coded picture in the UUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence in which the corresponding, co-located region (1936) was encoded. The previous YUV 4:2:0 picture (1910) and previous UUV 4:2:0 picture (1935) may include sample values from the same input picture, or they may include sample values from different input pictures. Also, for different regions of the current YUV 4:2:0 picture (1920), the previous YUV 4:2:0 picture (1910) may be different (e.g., if the regions change at different times). Similarly, for different regions of the current UUV 4:2:0 picture (1925), the previous YUV 4:2:0 picture (1935) may be different (e.g., if the regions change at different times).
The YUV 4:2:0 pictures (1910, 1920) and UUV 4:2:0 pictures (1925, 1935) are partitioned into regions (also called sub-areas). The size of regions depends on implementation. For example, the size of a region is a multiple of 16×16 (e.g., 16×16, 32×32, or 64×64) to facilitate implementation with conventional codec tools (e.g., using MBs or CTUs). Alternatively, regions have some other size.
1. First Example Decision Rules—Checking for Changes.
The encoding tool can check whether a region is stationary using any of several approaches. For example, the encoding tool computes differences between sample values in the region (1922) of the current YUV 4:2:0 picture (1920) and sample values in the region (1912) of the previous YUV 4:2:0 picture (1910), and evaluates the magnitude of the differences (e.g., checking if any of the differences is non-zero). Similarly, the encoding tool can compute differences between sample values in the region (1926) of the current UUV 4:2:0 picture (1925) and sample values in the region (1936) of the previous UUV 4:2:0 picture (1935), and evaluate the magnitude of the differences (e.g., checking if any of the differences is non-zero). Or, as another example, the encoding tool compares one or more motion vector (“MV”) values in the region (1922) of the current YUV 4:2:0 picture (1920) to a MV threshold (e.g., checking if any of the MV values is non-zero). Similarly, the encoding tool can compare one or more MV values in the region (1926) of the current UUV 4:2:0 picture (1925) to a MV threshold (e.g., checking if any of the MV values is non-zero).
With reference to
If the region has not changed in the YUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence, the encoding tool checks (2060) whether the region has changed in the UUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence of coded pictures. If so, the encoding tool encodes (2061) sample values in the region for the high chroma resolution details of the current input picture (that is, for the current UUV 4:2:0 picture). Thus, after the region is stationary in the YUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence, the high chroma resolution details for the region are encoded. After the high chroma resolution details have been encoded, however, they are not re-encoded so long as the region is unchanged for the high chroma resolution details.
After the encoding (2061), or if the region has not changed in the UUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence, the encoding tool checks (2090) whether it is done. If not, the encoding tool continues by getting (2010) the next region.
Referring back to the region data (1500) shown in
For the first example decision rules (2000), the encoding tool can encode regions of coded pictures in a manner consistent with the index values in the maps (1512, 1522), as described with reference to
2. Second Example Decision Rules—Checking Quality for YUV 4:2:0 Pictures.
According to the second example decision rules (2001), the encoding tool gets (2010) the next region. The encoding tool checks (2020) whether the region has changed in the YUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence (see section XI.A.1). If so, the encoding tool encodes (2022) sample values in the region for the low chroma resolution version of the current input picture (that is, for the current YUV 4:2:0 picture) at an initial quality level (e.g., QP=30 for H.264 encoding or H.265 encoding). Thus, as long as the region is non-stationary in the YUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence, the low chroma resolution version for the region is encoded at an initial quality level. The encoding tool checks (2090) whether it is done and, if not, continues with the next region.
If the region has not changed in the YUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence of coded pictures, the encoding tool checks (2030) whether the coding quality for the region is high in the YUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence. For example, the encoding tool compares one or more QP values for the region in the previous YUV 4:2:0 picture to a QP threshold. The QP threshold depends on implementation (e.g., 16 for H.264 encoding or H.265 encoding). If the coding quality for the region is not high in the YUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence, the encoding tool encodes (2032) sample values in the region for the low chroma resolution version of the current input picture (that is, for the current YUV 4:2:0 picture) at a high quality level (e.g., QP=16 for H.264 encoding or H.265 encoding). Thus, if the region is stationary in the YUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence but not yet encoded at a high quality level, the encoding tool increases the coding quality of the region for the low chroma resolution version of the current input picture. The encoding tool checks (2090) whether it is done and, if not, continues with the next region.
On the other hand, if the coding quality of the (stationary) region for the YUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence is high, the encoding tool checks (2060) whether the region has changed in the UUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence (see section XI.A.1). If so, the encoding tool encodes (2061) sample values in the region for the high chroma resolution details of the current input picture (that is, for the current UUV 4:2:0 picture). Thus, after the region is stationary and encoded at a high quality level in the YUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence, the high chroma resolution details for the region are encoded. After the high chroma resolution details have been encoded, however, they are not re-encoded so long as the region is unchanged for the high chroma resolution details.
After the encoding (2061), or if the region has not changed in the UUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence, the encoding tool checks (2090) whether it is done. If not, the encoding tool continues by getting (2010) the next region.
According to the second example decision rules (2001), sample values in the region for the high chroma resolution details of the current input picture (that is, for the current UUV 4:2:0 picture) are encoded at a default, fixed quality level. For example, the default quality level is a high quality level. Alternatively, as described below for the third example decision rules (2002), sample values in the region for high chroma resolution details can be encoded at different quality gradations.
According to the second example decision rules (2001), sample values in the region for the low chroma resolution versions of the input pictures can be encoded at two different quality gradations—initial quality and high quality. Alternatively, sample values in the region for the low chroma resolution versions of the input pictures can be encoded at more quality gradations, with additional checkpoints progressively increasing quality until full quality is reached, at which point high chroma resolution details for the region are encoded.
3. Third Example Decision Rules—Checking Quality for YUV 4:2:0 Pictures and for UUV 4:2:0 Pictures.
The initial stages (2010, 2020, 2022, 2030, 2032) of the third example decision rules (2002) operate as in the second example decision rules (2001). If the coding quality of the (stationary) region for the YUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence is high, the encoding tool checks (2060) whether the region has changed in the UUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence (see section XI.A.1). If so, the encoding tool encodes (2062) sample values in the region for the high chroma resolution details of the current input picture (that is, for the current UUV 4:2:0 picture) at an initial quality level (e.g., QP=30 for H.264 encoding or H.265 encoding). Thus, after the region is stationary and encoded at a high quality level in the YUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence, the high chroma resolution details for the region are first encoded at an initial quality level.
If the region has not changed in the UUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence, the encoding tool checks (2070) whether the coding quality for the region is high in the UUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence. For example, the encoding tool compares one or more QP values for the region in the previous UUV 4:2:0 picture to a QP threshold. The QP threshold depends on implementation (e.g., 16 for H.264 encoding or H.265 encoding). If the coding quality for the region is not high in the UUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence, the encoding tool encodes (2072) sample values in the region for the high chroma resolution details (that is, for the current UUV 4:2:0 picture) at a high quality level (e.g., QP=16 for H.264 encoding or H.265 encoding). Thus, if the region is stationary in the UUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence but not yet encoded at a high quality level, the encoding tool increases the coding quality of the region for the high chroma resolution details. The encoding tool checks (2090) whether it is done and, if not, continues with the next region.
On the other hand, if the coding quality of the (stationary) region for the UUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence is high, the encoding tool skips further encoding for the region. After the high chroma resolution details have been encoded at a high quality level, they are not re-encoded so long as the region is unchanged for the high chroma resolution details. The encoding tool checks (2090) whether it is done. If not, the encoding tool continues by getting (2010) the next region.
For example, in the progression embodied in the third example decision rules (2002), a changed region is first encoded at an initial quality level in a YUV 4:2:0 picture. If the region becomes stationary, the coding quality of the region is increased in the YUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence. After the stationary region has been encoded at a high quality level in the YUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence, the region is encoded at an initial quality level in a UUV 4:2:0 picture. So long as the region is stationary, the coding quality of the region is further increased in the UUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence, until a high quality level is reached in the UUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence.
According to the third example decision rules (2002), sample values in the region for high chroma resolution details can be encoded at two different quality gradations—initial quality and high quality. Alternatively, sample values in the region for high chroma resolution details can be encoded at more quality gradations, with additional checkpoints progressively increasing quality until full quality is reached.
Referring back to the region data (1600) shown in
For the third example decision rules (2002), the encoding tool can encode regions of coded pictures in a manner consistent with the index values in the maps (1612, 1622), as described with reference to
4. Fourth Example Decision Rules—Checking Content Classification.
Some stages (2010, 2020, 2021, 2060, 2061) of the fourth example decision rules (2003) operate as in the first example decision rules (2000). A new condition is checked, however, to make encoding of high chroma resolution details even more selective. By further limiting increases in chroma resolution to regions with certain types of content, the encoding tool can further reduce the bit rate associated with encoding high chroma resolution details and further increase overall encoding/decoding speed.
In the fourth example decision rules (2003), if the region has not changed in the YUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence, the encoding tool checks (2040) whether the region includes text content or high chroma content. If so, the encoding tool proceeds to the next stage (2060). Otherwise, the encoding tool checks (2090) whether it is done and, if not, continues by getting (2010) the next region. Thus, high chroma resolution details for the region are encoded only if classification for the region indicates the region includes text content or other high chroma content.
To assess whether the region includes text content, the encoding tool can use any available approach for text classification. For example, the encoding tool uses an approach that classifies the region as including text content or image content. Encoding high chroma resolution details for text content (but not for image content) exploits the observation that higher chroma resolution is typically beneficial for text content, but less likely to be noticeable for image content.
To assess whether the region otherwise includes high chroma content, the encoding tool can evaluate whether chroma sample values are significant compared to a significance threshold (e.g., comparing mean absolute value of the chroma sample values to a threshold). In this way, the encoding tool can consider the blend of colors in the region. If the region includes mostly black and white values, chroma sample values will have low magnitude. On the other hand, if the region includes mostly red and green values, chroma sample values will typically have higher magnitude. Encoding high chroma resolution details for high chroma content (but not for low chroma content) exploits the observation that higher chroma resolution is typically beneficial for high chroma content, but less likely to be helpful for low chroma content.
In
5. Fifth Example Decision Rules—Checking Period of Stability.
Some stages (2010, 2020, 2021, 2060, 2061) of the fifth example decision rules (2004) operate as in the first example decision rules (2000). A new condition is checked, however, to make encoding of high chroma resolution details even more selective. By further limiting increases in chroma resolution to regions that are stationary over a threshold count of pictures, the encoding tool can further reduce the bit rate associated with encoding high chroma resolution details and further increase overall encoding/decoding speed.
In the fifth example decision rules (2004), if the region has not changed in the YUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence, the encoding tool checks (2050) whether the region has been unchanged for at least n YUV 4:2:0 pictures, where n indicates a threshold count of pictures. If so, the encoding tool proceeds to the next stage (2060). Otherwise, the encoding tool checks (2090) whether it is done and, if not, continues by getting (2010) the next region. Thus, high chroma resolution details for the region are encoded only if the region is stationary for the threshold count of pictures in the YUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence.
The threshold count of pictures depends on implementation. For example, the threshold count of pictures is 1 picture, 3 pictures, 5 pictures, 10 pictures, or some other number of pictures. Waiting for the threshold count to be satisfied imposes a lag time between encoding of sample values for low chroma resolution versions of input pictures and encoding of sample values for high chroma resolution details. The lag time can smooth demands for available bit rate and smooth demands for computational resources during encoding and decoding. Also, encoding high chroma resolution details after a region is stationary for a threshold duration exploits the observation that higher chroma resolution is typically beneficial for stationary content, but less likely to be noticeable for moving content.
In
B. Example Techniques for Region Selection.
The encoding tool packs (2110) sample values of an input picture organized according to an input picture format into first and second coded pictures organized according to first and second coded picture formats, respectively. The first and second coded picture formats can be the same coded picture format or different coded picture formats (e.g., different chroma sampling rates). In general, the input picture format has a first chroma sampling rate, and at least one of the first and second coded picture formats has a second chroma sampling rate lower than the first chroma sampling rate. For example, the first chroma sampling rate is 4:4:4, and the second chroma sampling rate is 4:2:0. The first coded picture contains sample values for a low chroma resolution version of the input picture. The second coded picture contains sample values for high chroma resolution details of the input picture. For example, the encoding tool uses any of the approaches described with reference to
The encoding tool encodes (2120) the first and second coded pictures, thereby producing encoded data. For the encoding, for each of one or more regions, the encoding tool evaluates one or more attributes of the region. For example, the encoding tool evaluates the extent of change in the region, quality of encoded data for the region, and/or content classification for the region. Alternatively, the encoding tool evaluates other and/or additional attributes of the region. Based at least in part on results of the evaluation, the encoding tool determines whether to encode, as part of the second coded picture, sample values in the region for the high chroma resolution details of the input picture. The encoding tool can also, based at least in part on results of the evaluation, determine whether to encode, as part of the first coded picture, sample values in the region for the low chroma resolution version of the input picture. The first and second coded pictures can be encoded as part of different sub-sequences of coded pictures, as described in section IX. In an extreme case, each of the first and second coded pictures is handled as a single region. The encoding tool outputs (2130) the encoded data, which includes encoded data for one or both of the first and second coded pictures.
For example, for one attribute of a region, the encoding tool evaluates the extent of change in the region between one of the first and second coded pictures and a most recent previous picture for which the region was encoded. To evaluate the extent of change in the region, the encoding tool can, for example: (a) compute differences between sample values in the region for the coded picture and sample values in the region for the most recent previous picture for which the region was encoded (e.g., for YUV 4:2:0 pictures, or for UUV 4:2:0 pictures), and evaluate the magnitude of the differences; and/or (b) compare one or more MV values in the region (e.g., for a YUV 4:2:0 picture) to a MV threshold. Alternatively, in some other way, the encoding tool can evaluate the extent of change in the region.
When it evaluates the extent of change in the region, the encoding tool can compare, to a threshold count, a count of pictures over which the region is unchanged for low chroma resolution versions. Thus, the encoder can determine whether the region has been unchanged for the last 3 pictures, 5 pictures, 10 pictures, or some other number of pictures.
As another example, for another attribute of the region, the encoding tool evaluates whether quality of encoded data for the region satisfies a threshold level of quality. To evaluate the quality of encoded data in the region, the encoding tool can compare one or more QP values in the region (e.g., for a low chroma resolution version of a most recent previous picture for which the region was encoded) to a QP threshold. If the QP value(s) are at or below the QP threshold, the encoded data for the region satisfies the threshold level of quality. Otherwise, the encoded data for the region does not satisfy the threshold level of quality. Alternatively, in some other way, the encoding tool can evaluate whether quality of encoded data for the region satisfies a threshold level of quality.
As still another example, for another attribute of the region, the encoding tool classifies content in the region. For example, the encoding tool classifies the content in the region as text content or non-text content. Or, the encoding tool classifies the content in the region as high chroma content (in which chroma sample values are significant compared to a significance threshold, which depends on implementation) or low chroma content (in which chroma sample values are insignificant compared to the significance threshold). Alternatively, in some other way, the encoding tool can classify the content in the region.
The various attributes of the region can be considered in combination, for the YUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence and/or the UUV 4:2:0 sub-sequence. For example, the encoding tool applies one of the sets of decision rules described in section XI.A.
Returning to
XII. Filtering of Chroma Sample Values.
This section presents innovations in the area of filtering in and around high chroma resolution regions of output pictures. For example, this section describes approaches to applying a recovery filter to a high chroma resolution region of an output picture, which compensates for anti-aliasing filtering previously performed during chroma sub-sampling, but skipping application of the recovery filter to a low chroma resolution region of the output picture. This section also describes approaches to applying a deblocking filter to chroma sample values of the output picture, which can improve visual quality by mitigating perceptible artifacts at a boundary between a low chroma resolution region and high chroma resolution region. Finally, this section describes approaches to applying a deringing filter to chroma sample values of the output picture, which can improve visual quality by mitigating perceptible artifacts due to low quality coding of high chroma resolution details.
A. Anti-Aliasing Filter and Corresponding Recovery Filter.
Simple sub-sampling of the chroma sample values of frames of a higher-resolution chroma sampling format can introduce aliasing artifacts in the downsampled chroma sample values. To mitigate aliasing, packing (see section VIII) can include operations to filter chroma sample values. Such filtering can be termed anti-alias filtering. Corresponding unpacking can then include recovery operations to compensate for the anti-aliasing filtering of the chroma sample values. This section describes examples of anti-aliasing filtering and recovery filtering operations.
When a YUV 4:4:4 picture is split into two pictures in YUV 4:2:0 format (that is, split into a YUV 4:2:0 picture and UUV 4:2:0 picture, as explained in section VIII), anti-aliasing filtering can help improve quality when only the YUV 4:2:0 picture is used for display. This can permit a decoder to ignore the UUV 4:2:0 picture without running the risk of aliasing artifacts caused by simple sub-sampling of chroma information. Without anti-aliasing filtering (that is, when the chroma sample values for the YUV 4:2:0 picture are obtained by direct sub-sampling of the chroma sample values from the YUV 4:4:4 picture), aliasing artifacts can be seen on some content (e.g., distortions in thickness of ClearType text content) when only the YUV 4:2:0 picture is used to generate output. On the other hand, when a decoder combines the UUV 4:2:0 picture and YUV 4:2:0 picture, the decoder can perform recovery filtering operations as part of unpacking to recover original chroma sample values for the YUV 4:4:4 picture (within limits of approximation due to lossy compression) from the filtered chroma sample values (of the YUV 4:2:0 picture) and other chroma sample values (of the UUV 4:2:0 picture).
In some example implementations, the anti-aliasing filtering operations and recovery filtering operations are limited such that they affect only the chroma sample values that are part of the YUV 4:2:0 picture. That is, the filtered sample values are part of the chroma components of the YUV 4:2:0 picture, and sample values that are part of the UUV 4:2:0 picture are not filtered.
Details of filtering operations can depend on chroma sample location type (indicating chroma sample grid alignment with luma sample grid). Many different types of filters can be used during chroma sub-sampling. For a given chroma sample location type, if the chroma sample value aligns with the luma sample values for a particular direction (horizontal or vertical), then an odd-tap symmetric filter (such as [1 2 1]/4, or [0.25 0.5 0.25], along with a rounding operation) is used to filter chroma in that direction. On the other hand, if the chroma sample value does not align with the luma sample values for a particular direction (horizontal or vertical), and the chroma sample grid positions are centered between the luma sample positions for a particular direction (horizontal/vertical), then an even-tap symmetric filter (typically [1 1]/2, or [0.5 0.5], along with a rounding operation) is used to filter chroma in that direction. Another possible filter choice for the latter case is [1 3 3 1]/8, or [0.125 0.375 0.375 0.125], along with a rounding operation. The examples presented later in this section use an even tap symmetric filter, but alternatively, an odd-tap symmetric filter or other filter can be used.
The choice of recovery filtering operation is usually made such that the recovery filtering operation compensates for the anti-aliasing filtering operation. In some cases recovery filtering directly inverts anti-aliasing filtering, while in other cases recovery filtering only approximately inverts anti-aliasing filtering, as explained below.
In
In general, for the anti-aliasing filtering operation, different weights can be assigned for different sample positions. The filtered sample value UF for position U444(2x,2y) of the YUV 4:4:4 picture can be generated as follows:
UF444(2x,2y)=(α*U444(2x,2y)+β*U444(2x+1,2y)+γ*U444(2x,2y+1)+δ*U444(2x+1,2y+1))/(α+β+γ+δ),
where the range of (x,y) is
for the width W and height H of the YUV 4:4:4 picture, and where α, β, γ, and δ are weighting factors that depend on implementation. If the weighting factors are all equal to 1, the filtered sample value UF is simply UF444(2x,2y)=(U444(2x,2y)+U444(2x+1,2y)+U444(2x,2y+1)+U444(2x+1,2y+1))/4, or the average of U0, U1, U2 and U3. Otherwise, if any of the factors α, β, γ, and δ have the same value, certain multiplication operations can be eliminated.
In the absence of quantization error, rounding error, etc., the original sample value U0 can be perfectly reconstructed by directly inverting the operations performed in the anti-aliasing filtering. When considering quantization error, however, using values of β, γ, and δ smaller than 1 may be advisable in order to reduce perceptible artifacts. In general, β, γ, and δ should be in the range from 0.0 to 1.0, and β, γ, and δ should be smaller when the quantization step size is larger. Using high values of β, γ, and δ may exacerbate artifacts introduced due to lossy compression. The values of α, β, γ, and δ can be designed for conditional optimality using cross-correlation analysis.
Returning to
As part of the unpacking process, a reconstructed version U0′ of the chroma sample value U0 can be recovered from the reconstructed filtered sample value UF′ and other reconstructed chroma sample values U1′, U2′, and U3′. The reconstructed sample value U0′ for position U444(2x,2y) of the YUV 4:4:4 picture can be recovered as follows:
U′444(2x,2y)=((α+β+γ+δ)*UF′444(2x,2y)−β*U′444(2x+1,2y)−γ*U′444(2x,2y+1)−δ*U′444(2x+1,2y+1))/α,
where the range of (x,y) is
and where α, β, γ, and δ are weighting factors that depend on implementation. If the weighting factors are all equal to 1, the reconstructed sample value U0′ is simply U′444(2x,2y)=4*UF′444(2x,2y)−U′444(2x+1,2y)−U′444(2x,2y+1)−U′444(2x+1,2y+1).
For example, for anti-aliasing filtering, the chroma sample values 29, 23, 27, and 10 for locations (2x,2y), (2x+1, 2y), (2x, 2y+1) and (2x+1, 2y+1) are filtered with weight values α=β=γ=δ=1, to produce a chroma sample value 22.25, which is rounded to 22. The filtered chroma sample value of 22 is used in place of the original chroma sample value of 29. During recovery filtering, the sample value for the position (2x, 2y) is reconstructed to be 88−23−27−10=28. The difference between the original sample value (29) and reconstructed sample value (28) shows loss of precision due to the anti-aliasing filtering.
As part of packing operations, in the approach shown in
UF444(2x,2y)=(α*U444(2x,2y)+β*U444(2x+1,2y)+γ*U444(2x,2y+1))/(α+β+γ),
where the range of (x, y) is
for the width W and height H of the YUV 4:4:4 picture, and where α, β, and γ are weighting factors that depend on implementation. If the weighting factors are all equal to 1, the filtered sample value UF is simply UF444(2x, 2y)=(U444(2x, 2y)+U444(2x+1,2y)+U444(2x, 2y+1))/3, or the average of U0, U1, and U2. Options for values of the weighting factors α, β, and γ are described with reference to
As part of the unpacking process, a reconstructed version U0′ of the chroma sample value U0 can be recovered from the reconstructed filtered sample value UF′ and other reconstructed chroma sample values U1′ and U2′. The reconstructed sample value U0′ for position U444(2x, 2y) of the YUV 4:4:4 picture can be recovered as follows:
U′444(2x,2y)=((α+β+γ)*UF′444(2x,2y)−α*U′444(2x+1,2y)−γ*U′444(2x,2y+1))/α,
where the range of (x, y) is
and where α, β, and γ are weighting factors that depend on implementation. If the weighting factors are all equal to 1, the reconstructed sample value U0′ is simply U′444(2x, 2y)=3*UF′444(2x, 2y)−U′444(2x+1,2y)−U′444(2x, 2y+1).
For example, for anti-aliasing filtering, the chroma sample values 29, 23, and 27 for locations (2x, 2y), (2x+1, 2y), and (2x, 2y+1) are filtered with weight values α=β=γ=1, to produce a chroma sample value 26.33, which is rounded to 26. The filtered chroma sample value of 26 is used in place of the original chroma sample value of 29. During recovery filtering, the sample value for the position (2x, 2y) is reconstructed to be 78−23−27=28. The difference between the original sample value (29) and reconstructed sample value (28) shows loss of precision due to the filtering for the anti-aliasing filtering. Note, however, that the filtered value (26) with the three-position filter of
The three-position filters shown in
As shown in
Although
Alternatively, filtering operations during packing and unpacking are not limited to the chroma sample values of the YUV 4:4:4 picture that are part of the YUV 4:2:0 picture. Instead, filtering operations are also performed for the chroma sample values of the YUV 4:4:4 picture that are part of the UUV 4:2:0 picture. Such additional filtering operations can use different operations than the anti-aliasing and recovery filtering for the chroma sample values of the YUV 4:4:4 picture that are made part of the YUV 4:2:0 picture.
In the foregoing examples of anti-aliasing filtering operations and recovery filtering operations, an averaging filtering is used during anti-aliasing filtering and corresponding filtering is used during recovery. Alternatively, the anti-aliasing filtering operations and recovery filtering operations can implement a transform/inverse transform pair. For example, the transform/inverse transform pair can be one of the class of wavelet transformations, lifting transformations and other transformations. Specific transforms can also be designed depending on use case scenarios. Or, the anti-aliasing filtering and recovery filtering can use other filter structures, with other filter regions of support or other filter taps, or use filtering that is adaptive with respect to content and/or fidelity (e.g., adaptive with respect to the quantization step sizes used for the encoding). Thus, for the examples presented in this application, the sample values of the first coded picture and second coded picture may be wavelet coefficients or values at pixel positions. Dyadic multiplication and division operations can be implemented with bit shift operations. Normalization can be skipped (e.g., when coded pictures have a higher sample bit depth, as described in the next paragraph) or deferred until a final stage. For additional details about these options and other options for filtering, see U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2014/0112394 A1.
In some example implementations, the representation and/or compression of coded pictures can use a higher sample bit depth than the input picture. For example, the sample bit depth of the input pictures is 8 bits per sample, and the sample bit depth of the coded pictures is 10 bits per sample. This can help reduce precision loss during the application of anti-aliasing filtering operations and recovery filtering operations. Or, this can help achieve higher level of fidelity when coded pictures are encoded using lossy compression. For example, if the input pictures have a sample bit depth of 8 bits per sample, and the coded pictures have a sample bit depth of 10 bits per sample, the bit depth of 10 bits per sample can be maintained in all or most internal modules of the encoder and decoder. The sample bit depth can be reduced to 8 bits per sample, if necessary, after unpacking the content to output pictures at the receiving end. More generally, the sample values of input pictures of the input picture format can have a first bit depth (such as 8, 10, 12 or 16 bits per sample) while the sample values of coded pictures of the coded picture format(s) (following packing operations) have a second bit depth higher than the first bit depth. Thus, for the examples presented in this application, the sample values of the first coded picture and second coded picture may have different bit depths.
B. Selectively Applying Recovery Filter to High Chroma Resolution Regions.
According to approaches described in this section, a video processing tool applies a recovery filter in a high chroma resolution region of an output picture, but skips application of the recovery filter in a low chroma resolution region of the output picture. In this way, the video processing tool can selectively compensate for anti-aliasing filtering previously performed during chroma sub-sampling. This allows the video processing tool to apply the recovery filter in a high chroma resolution region, before or while performing 4:4:4 color conversion, to recover the original chroma sample values from an input picture (within quantization error, rounding error, etc.). On the other hand, for a low chroma resolution region, the video processing tool can, for conventional 4:2:0 color conversion, not apply the recovery filter.
The decoding tool receives (2310) encoded data and decodes (2320) first and second coded pictures organized according to first and second coded picture formats (which can be the same coded picture format or different coded picture formats). The first coded picture contains sample values for a low chroma resolution version of an output picture. The second coded picture contains sample values for high chroma resolution details of the output picture.
The decoding tool unpacks (2330) sample values for the first and second coded pictures into the output picture, which is organized according to an output picture format. For example, the decoding tool reverses any of the approaches described with reference to
As part of the unpacking (2330), the decoding tool applies a recovery filter to multiple chroma sample values for the high chroma resolution region. For example, for a given chroma sample value (among the chroma sample values for the high chroma resolution region), for a given position in the output picture, the decoding tool recovers a reconstruction of an original chroma sample value at the given position based on the given chroma sample value and other chroma sample values at adjacent positions in the output picture. The other chroma sample values can be three chroma sample values (e.g., for the four-position recovery filter described with reference to
As part of the unpacking (2330), the decoding tool skips application of the recovery filter to multiple chroma sample values for the low chroma resolution region. Instead of applying the recovery filter, the decoding tool can apply a lowpass filter to chroma sample values for the low chroma resolution region. For example, using a lowpass filter, the decoding tool generates chroma sample values for positions in the output picture (in place of the missing high chroma resolution details) by interpolating between reconstructed chroma sample values from the first coded picture.
The decoding tool can repeat the technique (2300) for each of one or more other output pictures. In some cases, the second coded picture may have been dropped (and hence not encoded), such that no encoded data for the second coded picture is received or decoded, in which case the recovery filter is not applied.
Alternatively, the decoding tool can selectively skip recovery filtering operations for high chroma resolution regions, even when anti-aliasing filtering was performed. For example, the decoding tool can skip recovery filtering to reduce the computational load of decoding and playback.
C. Applying Deblocking Filter to Boundary Between Low and High Chroma Resolution Regions.
When an output picture includes a high chroma resolution region and a low chroma resolution region, there may be a noticeable discontinuity between the two regions. The discontinuity can be a sharp edge or seam between the two regions, which may be especially noticeable in a smooth area or gradually changing area of the output picture. A deblocking filter can use lowpass filtering to smooth the discontinuity.
According to approaches described in this section, a video processing tool applies a deblocking filter to chroma sample values at a boundary between a low chroma resolution region and high chroma resolution region in an output picture. Applying the deblocking filter can improve visual quality by mitigating compression artifacts at the boundary. For example, the deblocking filter blends sample values on different sides of the boundary to smooth over a perceptible, artificial discontinuity at the boundary.
For a given vertical boundary (2422, 2432), a video processing tool applies a deblocking filtering to one or more (horizontal) lines of chroma sample values that cross the vertical boundary (2422, 2432). For a given horizontal boundary (2421, 2431), the video processing tool applies the deblocking filtering to one or more (vertical) lines of chroma sample values that cross the horizontal boundary (2421, 2431). The deblocking filter can be a deblocking filter specified in a standard (such as H.264, H.265, or VC-1) or proprietary format (such as VP8 or VP9) for use in-loop filtering or post-processing, or it can be another deblocking filter.
A deblocking filter can introduce noticeable blurriness when used inappropriately. An adaptive deblocking filter can change how and when the deblocking filter is applied so as to balance tendency to remove artificial discontinuities against tendency to introduce unwanted blurriness. Typically, a deblocking filter is content-adaptive. Depending on values of certain sample values in a given line that crosses a boundary (and/or other local information around the site of filtering), the deblocking filter may be applied or not applied to chroma sample values in the given line. For example, the video processing tool may perform deblocking filtering to smooth what appears to be (based on sample values) an artificial discontinuity in an otherwise smooth or relatively smooth line of chroma sample values. The video processing tool may skip deblock filtering, however, for a discontinuity that appears to be (based on sample values) an actual edge in the content of the picture. Also, depending on values of certain sample values in a given line that crosses a boundary (and/or other local information around the site of filtering), the strength of the deblocking filter as applied to chroma sample values in the given line may change (e.g., by changing filter coefficients for the filter or changing how many chroma sample values are filtered).
A video processing tool can automatically use deblock filtering on boundaries between low and high chroma resolution regions in output pictures. Or, the use (or strength) of the deblock filtering can be controlled through a setting (e.g., a user setting or application setting). Or, the use (or strength) of the deblock filtering can be specified with one or more syntax elements (so-called “filtering hints”) signaled as metadata in a bitstream.
The decoding tool receives (2510) encoded data and decodes (2520) first and second coded pictures organized according to first and second coded picture formats (which can be the same coded picture format or different coded picture formats). The first coded picture contains sample values for a low chroma resolution version of an output picture. The second coded picture contains sample values for high chroma resolution details of the output picture.
The decoding tool unpacks (2530) sample values for the first and second coded pictures into the output picture, which is organized according to an output picture format. For example, the decoding tool reverses any of the approaches described with reference to
The decoding tool applies (2540) a deblocking filter to at least some sample values along a boundary between the high chroma resolution region and the low chroma resolution region of the output picture. For example, the decoding tool applies one of the deblocking filters listed above. Alternatively, the decoding tool applies another deblocking filter. For a non-adaptive filter, in each of multiple lines of multiple chroma sample values that cross the boundary, on each side of the boundary, the decoding tool adjusts one or more of the multiple chroma sample values in the line. Or, for an adaptive deblocking filter, in each of multiple lines of multiple chroma sample values that cross the boundary, the decoding tool (1) evaluates a condition that depends on at least some sample values in the line (e.g., luma sample values and/or chroma sample values), and (2) depending on results of the evaluating, on each side of the boundary, adjusts one or more of the multiple chroma sample values in the line.
The decoding tool can repeat the technique (2500) for each of one or more other output pictures. In some cases, the second coded picture may have been dropped (and hence not encoded), such that no encoded data for the second coded picture is received or decoded, in which case the deblocking filter is not applied in any boundary of a high chroma resolution region.
Alternatively, the decoding tool can selectively skip deblocking filtering operations during post-processing. For example, the decoding tool can skip deblocking filtering during post-processing to reduce the computational load of decoding and playback, or as specified by filtering hints in the bitstream.
D. Applying a Deringing Filter to High Chroma Resolution Regions.
When an output picture includes a high chroma resolution region, high chroma resolution details for the region may have been encoded at lower quality (e.g., a higher value of quantization parameter) than low chroma resolution details for the region. In this case, the high chroma resolution region may include ringing artifacts, high-frequency noise, or other noticeable distortion due to the low coding quality for the high chroma resolution details. For example, when sample values from a high-quality YUV 4:2:0 picture are composed with sample values from a low-quality UUV 4:2:0 picture, ringing artifacts may appear in the high chroma resolution region. The ringing artifacts may be observed as faint, repeated edges around an actual edge in reconstructed content. Such ringing artifacts may be due to quantization of high-frequency coefficients. In extreme cases, the distortion may even be worse than a region constructed using the YUV 4:2:0 picture alone.
A deringing filter can be used preserve actual edges in content, and remove ringing artifacts around the edges, but may blur edges when used inappropriately. A deringing filter can be an adaptive, edge-preserving filter that changes filter mode and filter strength based on the detection of edges in reconstructed content. For example, a deringing filter can based on edge-preserving maximum a posteriori (“MAP”) estimation, with a Markov random field, but such deringing filters tend to have high computational cost. Other examples of deringing filters are described below.
According to approaches described in this section, a video processing tool selectively applies a deringing filter to chroma sample values in a high chroma resolution region of an output picture. Applying the deringing filter can improve visual quality by mitigating compression artifacts due to low quality coding of high chroma resolution details.
For a given region of an output picture, the decoding tool checks (2610) whether the region is a high chroma resolution region. If so, the decoding tool continues by checking (2620) whether the region is composed from a high-quality low chroma resolution version for the region and low-quality high chroma resolution details for the region. Alternatively, the decoding tool checks some other condition. If the condition is satisfied, the decoding tool applies (2630) a deringing filter in the region. The deringing filter can be based on a deringing filter specified in a standard (such as VC-1) or proprietary format for use in post-processing, or it can be another deringing filter. Typically, the deringing filter is content-adaptive.
For the condition checked (2620) in
A video processing tool can automatically use deringing filtering in high chroma resolution regions in output pictures. Or, the use (or strength) of the deringing filtering can be controlled through a setting (e.g., a user setting or application setting). Or, the use (or strength) of the deringing filtering can be specified with one or more syntax elements (so-called “filtering hints”) signaled as metadata in a bitstream.
The decoding tool receives (2810) encoded data and decodes (2820) first and second coded pictures organized according to first and second coded picture formats (which can be the same coded picture format or different coded picture formats). The first coded picture contains sample values for a low chroma resolution version of an output picture. The second coded picture contains sample values for high chroma resolution details of the output picture.
The decoding tool unpacks (2830) sample values for the first and second coded pictures into the output picture, which is organized according to an output picture format. For example, the decoding tool reverses any of the approaches described with reference to
The decoding tool applies (2840) a deringing filter to at least some sample values of the high chroma resolution region of the output picture. For example, the decoding tool applies one of the deringing filters listed above. Alternatively, the decoding tool applies another deringing filter. The deringing filter can emphasize those of the sample values of the high chroma resolution region that depend on the first coded picture, relative to those of the sample values of the high chroma resolution region from the second coded picture. When determining whether to apply the deringing filter, the decoding tool can evaluate a condition that depends on coding quality of the first coded picture for the high chroma resolution region and coding quality of the second coded picture for the high chroma resolution region, where the decision about whether to apply the deringing filter depends on results of the evaluating. Alternatively, when determining whether to apply the deringing filter, the decoding tool can evaluate some other condition.
The decoding tool can repeat the technique (2800) for each of one or more other output pictures. In some cases, the second coded picture may have been dropped (and hence not encoded), such that no encoded data for the second coded picture is received or decoded, in which case the deringing filter is not applied in any high chroma resolution region.
Alternatively, the decoding tool can selectively skip deringing filtering operations during post-processing. For example, the decoding tool can skip deringing filtering during post-processing to reduce the computational load of decoding and playback, or as specified by filtering hints in the bitstream.
E. Alternatives and Variations.
For the approaches describes in sections XII.B, XII.C, and XII.D, encoded data can be received as part of one bitstream. Syntax for the bitstream permits the first coded picture and/or the second coded picture to lack encoded sample values for at least part of the output picture. The first and second coded pictures can be decoded as part of different sub-sequences of coded pictures, as described in section IX. When a coded picture (or region thereof) is skipped with zero motion, such that no encoded data for the coded picture (or region) is received, the coded picture (or region) can be decoded by repeating from the previous coded picture. Thus, when first and second coded pictures for an output picture are decoded, the decoding tool may use encoded data for none of the first coded picture, some regions of the first coded picture, or all of the first coded picture, and the decoding tool may use encoded data for none of the second coded picture, some regions of the second coded picture, or all of the second coded picture. Also, if either of the coded pictures (or a region therein) has been skipped with zero motion, a previous coded picture (or co-located region) in the same sub-sequence can provide sample values (for the current coded picture or its region) used when composing the output picture.
For the approaches describes in sections XII.B, XII.C, and XII.D, in general, the output picture format has a first chroma sampling rate, and at least one of the first and second coded picture formats has a second chroma sampling rate lower than the first chroma sampling rate. For example, the first chroma sampling rate is 4:4:4, and the second chroma sampling rate is 4:2:0. Alternatively, one or more of the picture formats has some other chroma sampling rate.
In addition to applying a deblocking filter and/deringing filter as part of post-processing operations, a video processing tool can apply one or more other types of filters (e.g., a denoising filter).
In view of the many possible embodiments to which the principles of the disclosed invention may be applied, it should be recognized that the illustrated embodiments are only preferred examples of the invention and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention. Rather, the scope of the invention is defined by the following claims. We therefore claim as our invention all that comes within the scope and spirit of these claims.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/599,412, filed Jan. 16, 2015, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20180091764 A1 | Mar 2018 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14599412 | Jan 2015 | US |
| Child | 15822590 | US |
