Patent Application
20180261201
The present invention, are some embodiments thereof, relates to active noise cancellation/control and, more specifically, but not exclusively to active noise cancellation/control for headphones based on a combination of aural and nonaural noise signals.
In active noise reduction systems, also known as active noise cancellation/control (ANC) systems, the same loud speakers, in particular loud speakers arranged in the two earphones of headphones, are often used for both noise reduction and reproduction of desirable sound such as music or speech. ANC may be referred to herein as active noise reduction.
Modern ANC is generally achieved through the use of analog circuits or digital signal processing. Adaptive algorithms are designed to analyze the waveform of the background aural or nonaural noise, then based on the specific algorithm generate a signal that will either phase shift or invert the polarity of the original signal. This inverted signal, in anti-phase, is amplified and a transducer creates a sound wave directly proportional to the amplitude of the original waveform, creating destructive interference. This effectively reduces the volume of the perceivable noise.
According to some embodiments of the present invention, there are provided a method of active noise reduction. The method comprises instructing a microphone electronically coupled by a client terminal to record a nonaural noise signal, instructing a circuit of the client terminal to record an aural noise signal using at least one electroacoustic transducer of at least one earphone, calculating a noise reduction signal based on a function combining the a nonaural noise signal and the aural noise signal, calculating a noise reduced signal based on a combination of a content signal prepared to be played by the at least one electroacoustic transducer and the noise reduction signal, and instructing the circuit to play the noise reduced signal via the at least one electroacoustic transducer. The nonaural noise signal and the aural noise signal are recorded at least partly simultaneously.
Optionally, the at least one electroacoustic transducer is at least one loudspeaker used for playing audio signals of the at least one earphone.
Optionally, the microphone is an integral microphone located in a housing of the client terminal.
Optionally, the aural noise signal includes a plurality of fragments which are recorded intermittently.
More optionally, the instructing a circuit comprises instructing the circuit to record the aural noise signal via the at least one electroacoustic transducer in a plurality of recording iterations and intermittently playing the noise reduced signal in a plurality of playing iterations via the at least one electroacoustic transducer so that the plurality of playing iterations are temporarily intertwined with the plurality of recording iterations.
More optionally, each fragment of the plurality of fragments lasts less than 3 milliseconds.
More optionally, the circuit instructs the at least one electroacoustic transducer to play intermittently the noise reduced signal between each two consecutive fragments of the plurality of fragments.
More optionally, the noise reduced signal is played in at least 5 iterations per second.
Optionally, the calculating a noise reduction signal comprises estimating a current noise at an aural space according to a phase difference between a fragment of the aural noise signal and a respective fragment of the nonaural noise signal.
More optionally, the calculating a noise reduction signal comprises calculating a noise prediction signal based on the current noise and calculating a sound wave with the same amplitude but with an inverted phase of the noise prediction signal.
Optionally, the noise reduced signal includes the noise reduction signal and the content signal as different channels which are set to be played simultaneously.
Optionally, the noise reduced signal is a mix of the noise reduction signal and the content signal.
According to some embodiments of the present invention, there are provided a client terminal having a noise reducing functionality. The client terminal comprises a housing, an earphone interface which connects to at least one earphone having at least one electroacoustic transducer, a computerized processor, a microphone which records a nonaural noise signal, and a recording module that instructs a circuit electronically connected to the earphone jack to record an aural noise signal using the at least one electroacoustic transducer. The computerized processor calculates a noise reduced signal based on a combination of a content signal prepared to be played by the at least one electroacoustic transducer and the noise reduction signal and instructs the circuit to play the noise reduced signal via the at least one electroacoustic transducer.
Optionally, the microphone is located in the housing.
More optionally, the microphone is electronically connected to the recording module via the earphone interface.
More optionally, the microphone is part of a headphone which includes the at least one earphone.
Optionally, the earphone interface is an earphone jack.
Optionally, the at least one electroacoustic transducer is arranged in at least one earphone of a headphone.
Optionally, the nonaural and aural noise signals are recorded at least partly simultaneously.
According to some embodiments of the present invention, there are provided an adapter device having a noise reducing functionality. The adapter device comprises a housing, an earphone interface which connects to at least one earphone having at least one electroacoustic transducer, a player device interface, a computerized processor, and a recording module that instructs a circuit electronically connected to the earphone jack to record an aural noise signal using the at least one electroacoustic transducer. The computerized processor calculates a noise reduced signal based on a combination of a content signal prepared to be played by the at least one electroacoustic transducer and the noise reduction signal and instructs the circuit to play the noise reduced signal via the at least one electroacoustic transducer.
According to some embodiments of the present invention, an adapter device is placed between the at least one electroacoustic transducer of the at least one earphone and the player device and used for processing the recorded aural noise signal and calculating the noise reduction signal based on the function that combines the recorded nonaural noise signal and the aural noise signal.
Optionally, the adapter device further comprises a microphone which records a nonaural noise signal.
Optionally, the adapter device further calculates a noise reduced signal based on a combination of the content signal prepared to be played by the at least one electroacoustic transducer and the noise reduction signal.
Optionally, the adapter device provides the noise reduced signal for the playing thereof via the at least one electroacoustic transducer.
Optionally, the adaptor device is integrated into the earphones, producing a noise reducing earphone.
According to some embodiments of the present invention, there are provided a method of active noise reduction. The method comprises instructing a microphone electronically coupled by a adaptor device to record a nonaural noise signal, instructing a circuit of the adaptor device to record an aural noise signal using at least one electroacoustic transducer of at least one earphone, calculating a noise reduction signal based on a function combining the nonaural noise signal and the aural noise signal, calculating a noise reduced signal based on a combination of a content signal prepared to be played by the at least one electroacoustic transducer and the noise reduction signal, and instructing the circuit to play the noise reduced signal via the at least one electroacoustic transducer. The nonaural noise signal and the aural noise signal are recorded at least partly simultaneously.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and/or scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of embodiments of the invention, exemplary methods and/or materials are described below. In case of conflict, the patent specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and are not intended to be necessarily limiting.
Some embodiments of the invention are herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. With specific reference now to the drawings in detail, it is stressed that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of embodiments of the invention. In this regard, the description taken with the drawings makes apparent to those skilled in the art how embodiments of the invention may be practiced.
In the drawings:
The present invention, in some embodiments thereof, relates to active noise cancellation/control and, more specifically, but not exclusively, to active noise cancellation/control for headphones based on a combination of aural and nonaural noise signals.
According to some embodiments of the present invention, there are provided methods and systems of reducing and/or cancelling noise in one or more earphone(s) connected a client terminal, for example regular unenhanced earphone(s) which are connected to a handheld and/or a wearable computing device. For brevity, reducing and cancelling are used interchangeably.
The noise reduction is actively calculated based on a current noise analysis of an aural noise signal recorded, optionally intermittently, by electroacoustic transducer(s), such as loudspeakers of the earphone(s), and a nonaural noise signal recorded, optionally continuously, by a microphone of the client terminal, for example an integrated microphone. The aural noise signal is optionally recorded in fragments, intermittently in a plurality of recording iterations, where during the interlude between each pair of consecutive recording iterations a fragment of a noise reduced signal that includes content is played.
The noise reduction signal is optionally mixed and/or synchronized with content to create a noise reduced signal. The nonaural noise signal is optionally recorded at a known distance from the earphone(s), for example by a headset microphone.
In some embodiments, the methods and systems allow using an existing hardware of a mobile audio device, such as a Smartphone, a tablet, a wearable computing device, and/or a music player to reduce and/or cancel noise at the aural space without using additional microphone and/or loudspeakers, In such embodiments, a noise reduction application may be installed on existing hardware for performing the noise reduction. For instance, a Smartphone may execute a noise reduction application which instructs an integrated microphone of the Smartphone to receive a nonaural noise signal and a sound card of the Smartphone to intermittently (i) receive fragments of an aural noise signal via an earphone interface(s) of the Smartphone and (ii) play a noise reduced signal calculated using a local processor based on the recorded signals. Similarly, the noise reduction application may be installed on any audio producing computing device.
Before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not necessarily limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of the components and/or methods set forth in the following description and/or illustrated in the drawings and/or the Examples. The invention is capable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out in various ways.
As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the present invention may be embodied as a system, method or computer program product. Accordingly, aspects of the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.” Furthermore, aspects of the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable medium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon.
Any combination of one or more computer readable medium(s) may be utilized. The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readable storage medium would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In the context of this document, a computer readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.
A computer readable signal medium may include a propagated data signal with computer readable program code embodied therein, for example, in baseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such a propagated signal may take any of a variety of forms, including, but not limited to, electro-magnetic, optical, or any suitable combination thereof. A computer readable signal medium may be any computer readable medium that is not a computer readable storage medium and that can communicate, propagate, or transport a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.
Program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of the present invention may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The program code may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).
Aspects of the present invention are described below with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable medium that can direct a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instructions which implement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other devices to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
Reference is now made to
As used herein, an aural noise signal is a signal recorded in an ear close surrounding, for example in the space between an ear and an earphone, for instance less than 1, 2, and 3 centimeters (cm) from the ear, for instance less than 0.5 cm from the ear. As used herein, a nonaural noise signal is a signal recorded from a nonaural location, for instance from the close surrounding of a client terminal that is manually held by a wearer of the earphone(s), for example in a range of between 1-2 meters (m) and 10 cm from the ear of the wearer, for instance about 0.8 m from the ear.
The method 100 is optionally executed on a client terminal, for example managed by one or more software and/or hardware modules of the client terminal, for instance an application installed in the memory of a client terminal such as a laptop, a desktop, a cellular phone, an audio player, a Smartphone, a tablet, a wearable computing device, such as Google goggles™ and/or the like.
Optionally, the aural noise signal includes a plurality of fragments which are recorded intermittently. In such embodiments, the circuit is instructed to record the aural noise signal in a plurality of recording iterations and intermittently playing a noise reduced signal in a plurality of playing iterations via the electroacoustic transducer. In such a manner, the playing iterations are temporarily intertwined with the plurality of recording iterations. A fragment may last between about 0.1 and about 30 milliseconds (ms), for example 0.1 ms, 3 ms, and 25 ms for instance. Between each pair of recording intervals during which the electroacoustic transducer(s) of the earphone(s) record fragments there is a playing interval during which these electroacoustic transducer(s) play the reduced noise signal. The playing interval, performed during a recording interlude, may last between about 100 and about 10,000 milliseconds (ms), for example 100 ms, 750 ms and 8500 ms for instance.
Reference is also made to
The exemplary client terminal 200 includes a housing 205 that contains the earphone interface 203 and optionally the microphone(s) 204. The housing 205 further contains a local computerized processor 206 and a recording module 207 that instructs a sound circuit 208 electronically connected to the earphone interface 203 to record an aural noise signal using the electroacoustic transducer(s) 201, for example a sound card, a sound controller, a sound circuit, a sound integrated circuit and/or another audio component.
According to some embodiments of the present invention, there is provided an adaptor device which is set to perform recording of an aural noise signal and calculating of a noise reduction signal. The adaptor device may be connected between the earphone jack of a player device and the plug of the earphone. Such an adaptor device may comprise components that perform one or more functions of the player device, and may be connected to a player device. An adaptor device may comprise a computerized processor, a sound circuit, a microphone, a recording module, a player device interface, an earphone interface, and housing. For example, the adaptor device assists in the recording of an aural and/or nonaural noise signal. For example, the adaptor device assists in calculation of a noise reduced signal. For example, an adaptor device comprises an adaptor sound circuit, a universal serial bus (USB) interface to the player device, and a Bluetooth interface to the earphones, and the player device contains software and drivers to instruct the adaptor sound circuit to record an aural signal form the earphone electroacoustic transducer. For example, an adaptor device comprises a computerized processor, an adaptor sound circuit, a TRRS plug interface to the player device, and a TRRS socket interface to the earphones, and the adaptor sound circuit performs all of the functions of the player device described herein. Optionally, the adaptor device is integrated into the earphones to produce noise reducing earphones.
Reference is also made to
As used herein, the phrase player device means a device that produces analog and/or digital audio content signal to be played on the earphones, such as a client terminal, personal computer, laptop, smartphone, tablet, television, portable compact disk player, portable music player, stereo system, and the like.
The processor instructions described herein may execute on the adaptor device and/or client terminal processors, or may be divided between them.
Optionally, the input and/or output interfaces between the adaptor, the player device, and the earphones are analog and/or digital earphone interfaces, such as a TRRS sockets and/or plugs, USB interfaces, Bluetooth™ interfaces, wireless USB interfaces, and the like.
Optionally, the client terminal and the adaptor device combine resources for producing a noise reduced signal, such as the processor computations of both, the microphones of both for recording nonaural noise signals, the sound card of both for recording and/or mixing, and the like.
As indicated below, the computerized processor 206 may be used to calculate a noise reduced signal based on a combination of a content signal prepared to be played by the electroacoustic transducer(s) 201 and the noise reduction signal and instructs the sound circuit 208 to play the noise reduced signal via the electroacoustic transducer(s) 201. The content signal is optionally an audio signal set to be played to the wearer of the earphone(s) 202, for example an audio track with content such as music, a talk, a recorded sound, a recorded message, a voice of a caller and/or a callee, and/or the like.
Optionally, as depicted in
Reference is now made, once again, to
This allows the computerized processor 206, as shown at 103, to calculate a noise reduction signal based on a function combining the nonaural noise signal and the aural noise signal, for example a function for calculating an anti noise signal based on a noise prediction made according to a combination of the nonaural noise signal and the aural noise signal.
For example, reference is now made to an exemplary function for calculating a noise reduction signal. For brevity, the following is defined:
i denotes a microphone;
Si denotes a nonaural noise signal sampled by microphone i;
A denotes a position of electroacoustic transducer(s) of an earphone headphone at the aural space of the wearer;
Bi denotes a position of microphone (which is different from position A);
H denotes an aural noise signal sampled by an electroacoustic transducer of an earphone headphone in a plurality of fragments;
H denotes a fragment of H captured between time tr and time pr where r denotes the number of fragments (fragments denoted by H, . . . H);
Out denotes an estimated noise at position A, namely about the location of the ear of a wearer;
cm denotes a constant vector of the electroacoustic transducer(s) 201 when recording H;
ch denotes a constant vector of the electroacoustic transducer(s) 201 when playing Out;
ci denotes a constant vector of microphone i;
ei denotes an echo vector for the nonaural noise signal of microphone i;
em denotes an echo vector for the aural noise signal;
x denotes an estimate of a pure noise signal originated by a noise source;
v denotes sets of vectors embodying sparseness conditions on the echo vectors—ei.
The following is used as an input:
S1, . . . Sk;
and
where a fragment of H denoted by h (one of the fragments H, . . . , H) and the following is used as an output:
Out.
In this example, the nonaural noise signal Si is recorded in position Bi where the noise is ei*x and hence Si=ci*ei*x. Similarly, the estimated noise in position A is em*x, and hence the vector H comprises fragments of cm*em*x. The vector Out is the vector w s.t em*x=ch*w. Out, under mild continuity and sparseness assumptions on (ei) and (em), may be calculated by solving an optimization problem by various optimization algorithms, for example as described below. As described above, Out is set to be played by the earphone(s), to cancel the noise reaching the ears of the wearer.
The following is a pseudo code of an exemplary function for calculating Out:
for every i, find Ti=argmin(∥ci*Ti−Si∥2) where each Ti is an estimate of ei*x;
find F=argmin(∥cm*F−h∥2) with h the current fragment of H where F denotes an estimate of the fragments of em*x;
for every i, find a phase difference between Ti and F, which is the offset oi such that
o
i=argmax<Ti,F>;
for every i, set Ti=T so that the above signals are aligned;
find the vectors Qis.t. F=Qi*Ti as follows:
Q
i=argmin(∥Qi*Ti−F∥2+∥Qi−Qiold∥2+∥vQi∥2+ . . . +∥vQi∥2);
find and estimate of an aural noise signal in the ear of a wearer:
R=argmin(∥QI*Ti−R∥2+ . . . +∥QI*Ti−R∥2);
find Out as follows: Out=argmin(∥ch*Out−R∥2);
where x=argmin(∥Ax−b∥2) (i.e. Out=argmin(∥ch*Out−R∥2)) may be calculated by solving the linear system of equations ATAx=ATb, namely x=(ATA)−1 ATb.
The noise reduction signal may be calculated as a sound wave with the same amplitude but with an inverted phase, also referred to as an anti phase, of a noise prediction signal, also referred to herein as a prediction, of the estimate of the current noise at the aural space (i.e. Out).
For example, reference is now made to an exemplary function for calculating a prediction of the noise. For brevity, the following is defined:
Ai for (i=f, . . . ,100f) denotes a matrix of discrete Fourier transform (DFT) over Zi;
Pred denotes a prediction of Out in the following f samples.
Pred may be calculated by solving a prediction problem using a prediction algorithm, such as a linear prediction algorithm. For example, the following pseudo-code may be used for finding Pred
Find Pred=argmin(∥AI(O−O,Pred)∥2+ . . . +∥A100(O−O,Pred)∥2)
where the minimization problem is solved as described above. The noise reduction signal is calculated based on Pred, for instance creating an anti noise signal (sound wave) based on the signal of Pred.
Optionally, as shown at 104, a noise reduced signal is calculated based on a combination of a content signal prepared to be played by the electroacoustic transducer(s) 201, such as a music track, and the noise reduction signal. As shown at 105, the noise reduced signal is played by the electroacoustic transducer(s) 201 instead of the content signal. For example, the circuit 208 is instructed to play the noise reduced signal via the electroacoustic transducer(s) 201. The noise reduced signal may combine different channels, one includes the noise reduction signal and other the content signal or originated from a mix of the noise reduction signal and the content signal. Alternatively, the noise reduction signal is played in a synchronized manner with the content signal. In such embodiments, the noise reduction signal has to be played from a supporting electroacoustic transducer that is located in the aural space.
Optionally, before the process depicted in
Optionally, distance between the position at which the nonaural noise signal is recorded and the position at which the aural noise signal is recorded is known. For example, the nonaural noise signal is recorded from a microphone 304 of a headphone that includes the earphones used for recording the aural noise signal, for example as depicted in
The methods as described above are used in the fabrication of integrated circuit chips.
The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be noted that, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.
The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein.
It is expected that during the life of a patent maturing from this application many relevant methods and systems will be developed and the scope of the term an earphone, a headphone, a client terminal and a processor is intended to include all such new technologies a priori.
As used herein the term “about” refers to ±10%.
The terms “comprises”, “comprising”, “includes”, “including”, “having” and their conjugates mean “including but not limited to”. This term encompasses the terms “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of”.
The phrase “consisting essentially of” means that the composition or method may include additional ingredients and/or steps, but only if the additional ingredients and/or steps do not materially alter the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed composition or method.
As used herein, the singular form “a”, “an” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, the term “a compound” or “at least one compound” may include a plurality of compounds, including mixtures thereof.
The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance or illustration”. Any embodiment described as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments and/or to exclude the incorporation of features from other embodiments.
The word “optionally” is used herein to mean “is provided in some embodiments and not provided in other embodiments”. Any particular embodiment of the invention may include a plurality of “optional” features unless such features conflict.
Throughout this application, various embodiments of this invention may be presented in a range format. It should be understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible subranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.
Whenever a numerical range is indicated herein, it is meant to include any cited numeral (fractional or integral) within the indicated range. The phrases “ranging/ranges between” a first indicate number and a second indicate number and “ranging/ranges from” a first indicate number “to” a second indicate number are used herein interchangeably and are meant to include the first and second indicated numbers and all the fractional and integral numerals therebetween.
It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination or as suitable in any other described embodiment of the invention. Certain features described in the context of various embodiments are not to be considered essential features of those embodiments, unless the embodiment is inoperative without those elements.
Although the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims.
All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference into the specification, to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. In addition, citation or identification of any reference in this application shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the present invention. To the extent that section headings are used, they should not be construed as necessarily limiting.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61818489 | May 2013 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14888601 | Nov 2015 | US |
| Child | 15978250 | US |
