Patent Grant
8225886
1. Field of the Technology
The present disclosure relates to earth-boring articles and other articles of manufacture comprising sintered cemented carbide and to their methods of manufacture. Examples of earth-boring articles encompassed by the present disclosure include, for example, earth-boring bits and earth-boring bit parts such as, for example, fixed-cutter earth-boring bit bodies and roller cones for rotary cone earth-boring bits. The present disclosure further relates to earth-boring bit bodies, roller cones, and other articles of manufacture made using the methods disclosed herein.
2. Description of the Background of the Technology
Cemented carbides are composites of a discontinuous hard metal carbide phase dispersed in a continuous relatively soft binder phase. The dispersed phase, typically, comprises grains of a carbide comprising one or more of the transition metals selected from, for example, titanium, vanadium, chromium, zirconium, hafnium, molybdenum, niobium, tantalum, and tungsten. The binder phase typically comprises at least one of cobalt, a cobalt alloy, nickel, a nickel alloy, iron, and an iron alloy. Alloying elements such as, for example, chromium, molybdenum, ruthenium, boron, tungsten, tantalum, titanium, and niobium may be added to the binder to enhance certain properties of the composite. The binder phase binds or “cements” the metal carbide regions together, and the composite exhibits an advantageous combination of the physical properties of the discontinuous and continuous phases.
Numerous cemented carbide types or “grades” are produced by varying parameters that may include the composition of the materials in the dispersed and/or continuous phases, the grain size of the dispersed phase, and the volume fractions of the phases. Cemented carbides including a dispersed tungsten carbide phase and a cobalt binder phase are the most commercially important of the commonly available cemented carbide grades. The various grades are available as powder blends (referred to herein as a “cemented carbide powder”) which may be processed using conventional press-and-sinter techniques to form the cemented carbide composites.
Cemented carbide grades including a discontinuous tungsten carbide phase and a continuous cobalt binder phase exhibit advantageous combinations of strength, fracture toughness, and wear resistance. As is known in the art, “strength” is the stress at which a material ruptures or fails. “Fracture toughness” refers to the ability of a material to absorb energy and deform plastically before fracturing. “Toughness” is proportional to the area under the stress-strain curve from the origin to the breaking point. See M
The strength, toughness, and wear resistance of a cemented carbide are related to the average grain size of the dispersed hard phase and the volume (or weight) fraction of the binder phase present in the composite. Generally, an increase in the average grain size of the carbide particles and/or an increase in the volume fraction of the binder in a conventional cemented carbide powder grade increases the fracture toughness of the formed composite. However, this increase in toughness is generally accompanied by decreased wear resistance. Metallurgists formulating cemented carbides, therefore, are continually challenged to develop grades exhibiting both high wear resistance and high fracture toughness and which are suitable for use in demanding applications.
In general, cemented carbide parts are produced as individual parts using conventional powder metallurgy press-and-sinter techniques. The manufacturing process typically involves consolidating or pressing a portion of a cemented carbide powder in a mold to provide an unsintered, or “green”, compact of defined shape and size. If additional shape features are required in the cemented carbide part that cannot be readily achieved by pressing or otherwise consolidating the powder, the consolidation or pressing operation is followed by machining the green compact, which is also referred to as “green shaping”. If additional compact strength is needed for the green shaping process, the green compact can be presintered before green shaping. Presintering occurs at a temperature lower than the final sintering temperature and provides a “brown” compact. The green shaping operation is followed by a high temperature treatment, commonly referred to as “sintering”. Sintering densifies the material to near theoretical full density to produce a cemented carbide composite and optimize the strength and hardness of the material.
A significant limitation of press-and-sinter fabrication techniques is that the range of compact shapes that can be formed is rather limited, and the techniques cannot effectively be used to produce complex part shapes. Pressing or consolidation of powders is usually accomplished using mechanical or hydraulic presses and rigid tooling or, alternatively, isostatic pressing. In the isostatic pressing technique shaping forces may be applied from different directions to a flexible mold. A “wet bag” isostatic pressing technique utilizes a portable mold disposed in a pressure medium. A “dry bag” isostatic pressing technique involves a mold having symmetry in the radial direction. Whether rigid tooling or flexible tooling is used, however, the consolidated compact must be extracted from the tool, and this limitation limits the compact shapes that can formed. In addition, compacts larger than about 4 to 6 inches in diameter and about 4 to 6 inches in length must be consolidated in isostatic presses. Since isostatic presses use flexible tooling, however, pressed compacts with precise shapes cannot be formed.
As indicated above, additional shape features can be incorporated into a compact for a cemented carbide part by green shaping a brown compact after presintering. However, the range of shapes that are possible from green shaping is limited. The possible shapes are limited by the availability and capabilities of the machine tools. Machine tools that may be used in green machining must be highly wear resistant and are generally expensive. Also, green machining of compacts used to form cemented carbide parts produces highly abrasive dust. In addition, consideration must be given to the design of the component in that the shape features to be formed on the compacts cannot intersect the path of the cutting tool.
Cemented carbide parts having complex shapes may be fabricated by attaching together two or more cemented carbide pieces using conventional metallurgical joining techniques such as, for example, brazing, welding, and diffusion bonding, or using mechanical attachment techniques such as, for example, shrink fitting, press fitting, or the use of mechanical fasteners. However, both metallurgical and mechanical joining techniques are deficient because of the inherent properties of cemented carbide and/or the mechanical properties of the joint. Because typical brazing or welding alloys have strength levels much lower than cemented carbides, brazed and welded joints are likely to be much weaker than the attached cemented carbide pieces. Also, since the brazing and welding deposits do not include carbides, nitrides, silicides, oxides, borides, or other hard phases, the braze or weld joint also is much less wear resistant than the cemented carbide materials. Mechanical attachment techniques generally require the presence of features such as keyways, slots, holes, or threads on the components being joined together. Providing such features on cemented carbide parts results in regions at which stress concentrates. Because cemented carbides are relatively brittle materials, they are extremely notch-sensitive, and the stress concentrations associated with mechanical joining features may readily result in premature fracture of the cemented carbide.
A method of making cemented carbide parts having complex shapes, for example, earth-boring bits and bit bodies, exhibiting suitable strength, wear resistance, and fracture toughness for demanding applications and which lack the drawbacks of parts made by the conventional methods discussed above would be highly desirable.
In addition, a method of making cemented carbide parts including regions of non-cemented carbide material, such as a readily machinable metal or metallic (i.e., metal-containing) alloy, without significantly compromising the strength, wear resistance, or fracture toughness of the bonding region or the part overall likewise would be highly desirable. A particular example of a part that would benefit from manufacture by such a method is a cemented carbide-based fixed-cutter earth-boring bit. Fixed-cutter earth-boring bits basically include several inserts secured to a bit body in predetermined positions to optimize cutting. The cutting inserts typically include a layer of synthetic diamond sintered on a cemented carbide substrate. Such inserts are often referred to as polycrystalline diamond compacts (PDC).
Conventional bit bodies for fixed-cutter earth-boring bits have been made by machining the complex features of the bits from steel, or by infiltrating a bed of hard carbide particles with a binder alloy, such as, for example a copper-base alloy. Recently, it has been disclosed that fixed-cutter bit bodies may be fabricated from cemented carbides employing standard powder metallurgy practices (powder consolidation, followed by shaping or machining the green or presintered powder compact, and high temperature sintering). Co-pending U.S. patent applications, Ser. Nos. 10/848,437 and 11/116,752, disclose the use of cemented carbide composites in bit bodies for earth-boring bits, and each such application is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Cemented carbide-based bit bodies provide substantial advantages over machined steel or infiltrated carbide bit bodies since cemented carbides exhibit particularly advantageous combinations of high strength, toughness, and abrasion and erosion resistance relative to machined steel or infiltrated carbides.
The overall durability and service life of fixed-cutter earth-boring bits depends not only on the durability of the cutting elements, but also on the durability of the bit bodies. Thus, earth-boring bits including solid cemented carbide bit bodies may exhibit significantly longer service lifetimes than bits including machined steel or infiltrated hard particle bit bodies. However, solid cemented carbide earth-boring bits still suffer from some limitations. For example, it can be difficult to accurately and precisely position the individual PDC cutters on solid cemented carbide bit bodies since the bit bodies experience some size and shape distortion during the high temperature sintering process. If the PDC cutters are not located precisely at predetermined positions on the bit body blades, the earth-boring bit may not perform satisfactorily due to, for example, premature breakage of the cutters and/or the blades, excessive vibration, and/or drilling holes that are not round (“out-of-round holes”).
Also, because solid, one-piece, cemented carbide bit bodies have complex shapes (see
Thus, there is a need for improved methods of making cemented carbide-based earth-boring bit bodies and other parts and that do not suffer from the limitations of known manufacturing methods, including those discussed above.
One aspect of the present disclosure is directed to an article of manufacture including at least one cemented carbide piece, wherein the total volume of cemented carbide pieces is at least 5% of a total volume of the article of manufacture, and a joining phase binding the at least one cemented carbide piece into the article of manufacture. The joining phase includes inorganic particles and a matrix material including at least one of a metal and a metallic alloy. The melting temperature of the inorganic particles is higher than a melting temperature of the matrix material.
Another aspect of the present disclosure is directed to an article of manufacture that is an earth-boring article. The earth-boring article includes at least one cemented carbide piece. The cemented carbide piece has a cemented carbide volume that is at least 5% of the total volume of the earth-boring article. A metal matrix composite binds the cemented carbide piece into the earth-boring article. The metal matrix composite comprises hard particles dispersed in a matrix comprising a metal or a metallic alloy.
Yet another aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a method of making an article of manufacture including a cemented carbide region, wherein the method includes positioning at least one cemented carbide piece and, optionally, a non-cemented carbide piece in a void of a mold in predetermined positions to partially fill the void and define an unoccupied space in the void. The volume of the at least one cemented carbide piece is at least 5% of a total volume of the article of manufacture. A plurality of inorganic particles are added to partially fill the unoccupied space. The space between the inorganic particles is a remainder space. The cemented carbide piece, the non-cemented carbide piece if present, and the plurality of hard particles are heated. A molten metal or a molten metal alloy is infiltrated into the remainder space. The melting temperature of the molten metal or the molten metal alloy is less than the melting temperature of the plurality of inorganic particles. The molten metal or the molten metal alloy in the remainder space is cooled, and the solidified molten metal or molten metal alloy binds the cemented carbide piece, the non-cemented carbide piece if present, and the inorganic particles to form the article of manufacture.
An additional aspect according to the present disclosure is directed to a method of making a fixed-cutter earth-boring bit, wherein the method includes positioning at least one sintered cemented carbide piece and, optionally, at least one non-cemented carbide piece in a void of a mold, thereby defining an unoccupied portion of the void. The total volume of the cemented carbide pieces positioned in the void of the mold is at least 5% of the total volume of the fixed-cutter earth-boring bit. Hard particles are disposed in the void to occupy a portion of the unoccupied portion of the void and define an unoccupied remainder portion in the void of the mold. The mold is heated to a casting temperature, and a molten metallic casting material is added to the mold. The melting temperature of the molten metallic casting material is less than the melting temperature of the inorganic particles. The molten metallic casting material infiltrates the remainder portion in the mold. The mold is cooled to solidify the molten metallic casting material and bind the at least one sintered cemented carbide and, if present, the at least one non-cemented carbide piece, and the hard particles into the fixed-cutter earth-boring bit. The cemented carbide piece is positioned within the void to form at least part of a blade region of the fixed-cutter earth-boring bit, and the non-cemented carbide piece, if present, forms at least a part of an attachment region of the fixed-cutter earth-boring bit.
According to one non-limiting aspect of the present disclosure, an article of manufacture disclosure includes at least one cemented carbide piece, and a joining phase binding the at least one cemented carbide piece into the article of manufacture, wherein the joining phase is composed of a eutectic alloy material.
A further non-limiting aspect according to the present disclosure is directed to a method of making an article of manufacture comprising a cemented carbide portion, wherein the method includes placing a sintered cemented carbide piece next to at least one adjacent piece. The sintered cemented carbide piece and the adjacent piece define a filler space. A blended powder composed of a metal alloy eutectic composition is added to the filler space. The cemented carbide piece, the adjacent piece, and the powder are heated to at least a eutectic melting point of the metal alloy eutectic composition. The cemented carbide piece, the adjacent piece, and the metal alloy eutectic composition are cooled, and the solidified metal alloy eutectic material joins the cemented carbide component and the adjacent component.
The features and advantages of methods and articles of manufacture described herein may be better understood by reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
The reader will appreciate the foregoing details, as well as others, upon considering the following detailed description of certain non-limiting embodiments according to the present disclosure.
In the present description of non-limiting embodiments, other than in the operating examples or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities or characteristics are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about”. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, any numerical parameters set forth in the following description are approximations that may vary depending on the desired properties one seeks to obtain by the methods and in the articles according to the present disclosure. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each such numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.
Any patent, publication, or other disclosure material, in whole or in part, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein is incorporated herein only to the extent that the incorporated material does not conflict with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forth in this disclosure. As such, and to the extent necessary, the disclosure as set forth herein supersedes any conflicting material incorporated herein by reference. Any material, or portion thereof, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein, but which conflicts with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forth herein is only incorporated to the extent that no conflict arises between that incorporated material and the existing disclosure material.
According to an aspect of the present disclosure, an article of manufacture such as, for example, but not limited to, an earth-boring bit body, includes at least one cemented carbide piece and a joining phase that binds the cemented carbide piece into the article. The cemented carbide piece is a sintered material and forms a portion of the final article. The joining phase may include inorganic particles and a continuous metallic matrix including at least one of a metal and a metallic alloy. It is recognized in this disclosure that unless specified otherwise hereinbelow, the terms “cemented carbide”, “cemented carbide material”, and “cemented carbide composite” refer to a sintered cemented carbide. Also, unless specified otherwise hereinbelow, the term “non-cemented carbide” as used herein refers to a material that either does not include cemented carbide material or, in other embodiments, includes less than 2% by volume cemented carbide material.
While not meant to be limiting, in certain embodiments the one or more cemented carbide pieces included in articles according to the present disclosure may be prepared by conventional techniques used to make cemented carbide. One such conventional technique involves pressing precursor powders to form compacts, followed by sintering to densify the compacts and metallurgically bind the powder components together, as generally discussed above. The details of pressing-and-sinter techniques applied to the fabrication of cemented carbides are well known to persons having ordinary skill in the art, and further description of such details need not be provided herein.
In certain non-limiting embodiments of articles including cemented carbide according to the present disclosure, the one or more cemented carbide pieces bonded into the article by the joining phase include a discontinuous, dispersed phase of at least one carbide of a metal selected from Groups IVB, a Group VB, or a Group VIB of the Periodic Table, and a continuous binder phase comprising one or more of cobalt, a cobalt alloy, nickel, a nickel alloy, iron, and an iron alloy. In still other non-limiting embodiments, the binder phase of a cemented carbide piece includes at least one additive selected from chromium, silicon, boron, aluminum, copper, ruthenium, and manganese. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the binder phase of a cemented carbide piece may include up to 20 weight percent of the additive. In other non-limiting embodiments, the binder phase of a cemented carbide piece may include up to 15 weight percent, up to 10 weight percent, or up to 5 weight percent of the additives.
All or some of the cemented carbide pieces in certain non-limiting embodiments of articles according to the present disclosure may have the same composition or are of the same cemented carbide grade. Such grades include, for example, cemented carbide grades including a tungsten carbide discontinuous phase and a cobalt-containing continuous binder phase. The various commercially available powder blends used to produce various cemented carbide grades are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The various cemented carbide grades typically differ in one or more of carbide particle composition, carbide particle grain size, binder phase volume fraction, and binder phase composition, and these variations influence the final properties of the composite material. In certain embodiments, the grade of cemented carbide from which two or more of the carbide pieces included in the article varies. The grades of cemented carbide in the cemented carbide pieces included in articles according to the present disclosure may be varied throughout the article to provide desired combinations of properties such as, for example, toughness, hardness, and wear resistance, at different regions of the article. Also, the size and shape of cemented carbide pieces and, if present, non-cemented carbide pieces included in articles of the present disclosure may be varied as desired depending on the properties desired at different regions of the article. In addition, the total volume of cemented carbide pieces and, if present, non-cemented carbide pieces may be varied to provide properties required of the article, although the total volume of cemented carbide pieces is at least 5%, or in other cases is at least 10%, of the article's total volume.
In non-limiting embodiments of the article, one or more cemented carbide pieces included in the article are composed of hybrid cemented carbide. As known to those having ordinary skill, cemented carbide is a composite material that typically includes a discontinuous phase of hard metal carbide particles dispersed throughout and embedded in a continuous metallic binder phase. As also known to those having ordinary skill, a hybrid cemented carbide comprises a discontinuous phase of hard particles of a first cemented carbide dispersed throughout and embedded in a continuous binder phase of a second cemented carbide grade. As such, a hybrid cemented carbide may be thought of as a composite of different cemented carbides.
The hard discontinuous phase of each cemented carbide included in a hybrid cemented carbide typically comprises a carbide of at least one of the transition metals, which are the elements found in Groups IVB, VB, and VIB of the Periodic Table. Transition metal carbides commonly included in hybrid cemented carbides include carbides of titanium, vanadium, chromium, zirconium, hafnium, molybdenum, niobium, tantalum, and tungsten. The continuous binder phase, which binds or “cements” together the metal carbide grains, typically is selected from cobalt, a cobalt alloy, nickel, a nickel alloy, iron, and an iron alloy. Additionally, one or more alloying elements such as, for example, tungsten, titanium, tantalum, niobium, aluminum, chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, boron, carbon, silicon, and ruthenium, may included in the continuous phase to enhance certain properties of the composites. In one non-limiting embodiment of an article according to the present disclosure, the article includes one or more pieces of a hybrid cemented carbide in which the binder concentration of the dispersed phase of the hybrid cemented carbide is 2 to 15 weight percent of the dispersed phase, and the binder concentration of the continuous binder phase of the hybrid cemented carbide is 6 to 30 weight percent of the continuous binder phase. Such an article optionally also includes one or more pieces of conventional cemented carbide material and one or more pieces of non-cemented carbide material. The one or more hybrid cemented carbide pieces, along with any conventional cemented carbide pieces and non-cemented carbide pieces are contacted by and bound within the article by a continuous joining phase that includes at least one of a metal and a metallic alloy. Each particular piece of cemented carbide or non-cemented carbide material may have a size and shape and is positioned at a desired predetermined position to provide various regions of the final article with desired properties.
The hybrid cemented carbides of certain non-limiting embodiments of articles according to the present disclosure may have relatively low contiguity ratios, thereby improving certain properties of the hybrid cemented carbides relative to other cemented carbides. Non-limiting examples of hybrid cemented carbides that may be used in embodiments of articles according to the present disclosure are found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,384,443, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Certain embodiments of hybrid cemented carbide composites that may be included in articles herein have a contiguity ratio of the dispersed phase that is no greater than 0.48. In some embodiments, the contiguity ratio of the dispersed phase of the hybrid cemented carbide may be less than 0.4, or less than 0.2. Methods of forming hybrid cemented carbides having relatively low contiguity ratios and a metallographic technique for measuring contiguity ratios are detailed in the incorporated U.S. Pat. No. 7,384,443.
According to another aspect of the present disclosure, the article made according to the present disclosure includes one or more non-cemented carbide pieces bound in the article by the joining phase of the article. In certain embodiments, a non-cemented carbide piece included in the article is a solid metallic component consisting of a metallic material selected from iron, iron alloys, nickel, nickel alloys, cobalt, cobalt alloys, copper, copper alloys, aluminum, aluminum alloys, titanium, titanium alloys, tungsten, and tungsten alloys. In other non-limiting embodiments, a non-cemented carbide piece included in the article is a composite material including metal or metallic alloy grains, particles, and/or powder dispersed in a continuous metal or metal alloy matrix. In an embodiment, the continuous metal or metallic alloy matrix of the composite material of the non-cemented carbide piece is the matrix material of the joining phase. In certain non-limiting embodiments, a non-cemented carbide piece is a composite material including particles or grains of a metallic material selected from tungsten, a tungsten alloy, tantalum, a tantalum alloy, molybdenum, a molybdenum alloy, niobium, and a niobium alloy. In one particular embodiment, a non-cemented carbide piece included in an article according to the present disclosure comprises tungsten grains dispersed in a matrix of a metal or a metallic alloy. In certain embodiments, a non-cemented carbide piece included in an article herein may be machined to include threads or other features so that the article may be mechanically attached to another article.
According to one specific non-limiting embodiment of an article according to the present disclosure, the article is one of a fixed-cutter earth-boring bit and a roller cone earth-boring bit including a machinable non-cemented carbide piece bonded to the article by the joining phase, and wherein the non-cemented carbide piece is or may be machined to include threads or other features adapted to connect the bit to an earth-boring drill string. In certain specific embodiments, the machinable non-cemented carbide piece is made of a composite material including a discontinuous phase of tungsten particles dispersed and embedded within a matrix of bronze.
According to a non-limiting embodiment, the joining phase of an article according to the present disclosure, which binds the one or more cemented carbide pieces and, if present, the one or more non-cemented carbide pieces in the article, includes inorganic particles. The inorganic particles of the joining phase include, but are not limited to, hard particles that are at least one of a carbide, a boride, an oxide, a nitride, a silicide, a sintered cemented carbide, a synthetic diamond, and a natural diamond. In another non-limiting embodiment, the hard particles include at least one carbide of a metal selected from Groups IVB, VB, and VIB of the Periodic Table. In yet other non-limiting embodiments, the hard particles of the joining phase are tungsten carbide particles and/or cast tungsten carbide particles. As known to those having ordinary skill in the art, cast tungsten carbide particles are particles composed of a mixture of WC and W2C, which may be a eutectic composition.
According to another non-limiting embodiment, the joining phase of an article according to the present disclosure, which binds the one or more cemented carbide pieces and, if present, the one or more non-cemented carbide pieces in the article includes inorganic particles that are one or more of metallic particles, metallic grains, and/or metallic powder. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the inorganic particles of the joining phase include particles or grains of a metallic material selected from tungsten, a tungsten alloy, tantalum, a tantalum alloy, molybdenum, a molybdenum alloy, niobium, and a niobium alloy. In one particular embodiment, inorganic particles in a joining phase according to the present disclosure comprise one or more of tungsten grains, particles, and/or powders dispersed in a matrix of a metal or a metallic alloy. In certain embodiments, the inorganic particles of the joining phase of an article herein are metallic particles, and the joining phase of an article is machinable and may be machined to include threads, bolt or screw holes, or other features so that the article may be mechanically attached to another article. In one embodiment according to the present disclosure, the article is an earth boring bit body and is machined or machinable to include threads, bolt and/or screw holes, or other attachment features so as to be attachable to an earth-boring drill string or other article of manufacture.
In another non-limiting embodiment, the joining phase of an article according to the present disclosure, which binds the one or more cemented carbide pieces and, if present, the one or more non-cemented carbide pieces in the article, includes inorganic particles that are a mixture of metallic particles and ceramic or other hard inorganic particles.
According to an aspect of this disclosure, in certain embodiments, the melting temperature of the inorganic particles of the joining phase is higher than the melting temperature of a matrix material of the joining phase, which binds together the inorganic particles in the joining phase. In a non-limiting embodiment, the inorganic hard particles of the joining phase have a higher melting temperature than the matrix material of the joining phase. In still another non-limiting embodiment, the inorganic metallic particles of the joining phase have a higher melting temperature than the matrix material of the joining phase.
The metallic matrix of the joining phase in some non-limiting embodiments of an article according to the present disclosure includes at least one of nickel, a nickel alloy, cobalt, a cobalt alloy, iron, an iron alloy, copper, a copper alloy, aluminum, an aluminum alloy, titanium, and a titanium alloy. In one embodiment, the metallic matrix is brass. In another embodiment, the metallic matrix is bronze. In one embodiment, the metallic matrix is a bronze comprising about 78 weight percent copper, about 10 weight percent nickel, about 6 weight percent manganese, about 6 weight percent tin, and incidental impurities.
According to certain non-limiting embodiments encompassed by the present disclosure, the article is one of a fixed-cutter earth-boring bit, a fixed-cutter earth-boring bit body, a roller cone for a rotary cone bit, or another part for an earth-boring bit.
One non-limiting aspect of the present disclosure is embodied in a fixed-cutter earth-boring bit 50 shown in
It is known that some regions of an earth-boring bit are subjected to a greater degree of stress and/or abrasion than other regions on the earth-boring bit. For example, the blade regions of certain fixed-cutter earth-boring bit onto which polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) inserts are attached are typically subject to high shear forces, and shear fracture of the blade regions is a common mode of failure in PDC-based fixed-cutter earth-boring bits. Forming the bit bodies of solid cemented carbide provides strength to the blade regions, but the blade regions may distort during sintering. Distortions of this type can result in incorrect positioning of the PDC cutting inserts on the blade regions, which can cause premature failure of the earth-boring bit. Certain embodiments of earth-boring bit bodies embodied within the present disclosure do not suffer from the risks for distortion suffered by certain cemented carbide bit bodies. Certain embodiments of bit bodies according to the present disclosure also do not suffer from the difficulties presented by the need to machine solid cemented carbide compacts to form bits of complex shapes from the compacts. In addition, in certain known solid cemented carbide bit bodies, expensive cemented carbide material is included in regions of the bit body that do not require the strength and abrasion resistance of the blade regions.
In fixed-cutter earth-boring bit 50 of
In non-limiting embodiments of an earth-boring bit or bit part according to the present disclosure, the at least one cemented carbide piece or region comprises at least one carbide of a metal selected from Groups IVB, VB, and VIB of the Periodic Table, and a binder comprising one or more of cobalt, a cobalt alloy, nickel, a nickel alloy, iron, and an iron alloy. In other embodiments, the binder of the cemented carbide region includes at least one additive selected from chromium, silicon, boron, aluminum, copper, ruthenium, and manganese.
The cemented carbide portions of an earth-boring bit according to the present disclosure may include hybrid cemented carbide. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the hybrid cemented carbide composite has a contiguity ratio of a dispersed phase that is less than or equal to 0.48, less than 0.4, or less than 0.2.
In an additional embodiment, an earth-boring bit may include at least one non-cemented carbide region. The non-cemented carbide region may be a solid metallic region composed of at least one of iron, an iron alloy, nickel, a nickel alloy, cobalt, a cobalt alloy, copper, a copper alloy, aluminum, an aluminum alloy, titanium, a titanium alloy, tungsten, and a tungsten alloy. In other embodiments of an earth-boring bit according to the present disclosure, the at least one metallic region includes metallic grains dispersed in a metallic matrix, thereby providing a metal matrix composite. In a non-limiting embodiment, the metal grains may be selected from tungsten, a tungsten alloy, tantalum, a tantalum alloy, molybdenum, a molybdenum alloy, niobium, and a niobium alloy. In another non-limiting embodiment of a fixed-cutter earth-boring bit having a non-cemented carbide region that is a metal matrix composite including metallic grains embedded in a metal or a metallic alloy, the metal or metallic alloy of the metallic matrix region also is the is the same as that of the matrix material of the joining phase binding the at least one cemented carbide piece into the article.
According to certain embodiments, an earth-boring bit includes a machinable metallic region, which is machined to include threads or other features to thereby provide an attachment region for attaching the bit to a drill string or other structure.
In another non-limiting embodiment, the hard particles in the metallic matrix composite from which the non-cemented carbide region is formed includes hard particles of at least one of a carbide, a boride, an oxide, a nitride, a silicide, a sintered cemented carbide, a synthetic diamond, and a natural diamond. For examples, the hard particles include at least one carbide of a metal selected from Groups IVB, VB, and VIB of the Periodic Table. In certain embodiments, the hard particles are tungsten carbide and/or cast tungsten carbide.
The metallic matrix of the metal matrix composite may include, for example, at least one of nickel, a nickel alloy, cobalt, a cobalt alloy, iron, an iron alloy, copper, a copper alloy, aluminum, an aluminum alloy, titanium, and a titanium alloy. In embodiments, the matrix is a brass alloy or a bronze alloy. In one embodiment, the matrix is a bronze alloy that consists essentially of about 78 weight percent copper, about 10 weight percent nickel, about 6 weight percent manganese, about 6 weight percent tin, and incidental impurities.
Referring now to the flow diagram of
According to one non-limiting aspect of this disclosure, the remainder space is filled by infiltrating the remainder space with a molten metal or metal alloy. Upon cooling and solidification, the metal or metal alloy binds the cemented carbide piece, the non-cemented carbide piece, if present, and the inorganic particles to form the article of manufacture. In a non-limiting embodiment, a mold containing the pieces and the inorganic particles is heated to or above the melting temperature of the metal or metal alloy infiltrant. In a non-limiting embodiment, infiltration occurs by pouring or casting the molten metal or metal alloy into the heated mold until at least a portion of the remainder space is filled with the molten metal or metal alloy.
An aspect of a method of this disclosure is to use a mold to manufacture the article. The mold may consist of graphite or any other chemically inert and temperature resistant material known to a person having ordinary skill in the art. In a non-limiting embodiment, at least two cemented carbide pieces are positioned in the void at predetermined positions. Spacers may be placed in the mold to position at least one of the cemented carbide pieces and, if present, the non-cemented carbide pieces in the predetermined positions. The cemented carbide pieces may be positioned in a critical area, such as, but not limited to, a blade portion of an earth-boring bit requiring high strength, wear resistance, hardness, or the like.
In a non-limiting embodiment, the cemented carbide piece is composed of at least one carbide of a Group IVB, a Group VB, or a Group VIB metal of the Periodic Table; and a binder composed of one or more of cobalt, cobalt alloys, nickel, nickel alloys, iron, and iron alloys. In some embodiments, the binder of the cemented carbide piece contains an additive selected from the group consisting of chromium, silicon, boron, aluminum, copper ruthenium, manganese, and mixtures thereof. The additive may include up to 20 weight percent of the binder.
In other non-limiting embodiments, the cemented carbide piece comprises a hybrid cemented carbide composite. In some embodiments, a dispersed phase of the hybrid cemented carbide composite has a contiguity ratio of 0.48 or less, less than 0.4, or less than 0.2.
Without limitation, a non-cemented carbide piece may be positioned in the mold at a predetermined position. In non-limiting embodiments, the non-cemented carbide piece is a metallic material composed of at least one of a metal and a metallic alloy. In further non-limiting embodiments, the metal includes at least one of iron, an iron alloy, nickel, a nickel alloy, cobalt, a cobalt alloy, copper, a copper alloy, aluminum, an aluminum alloy, titanium, a titanium alloy, tungsten and a tungsten alloy.
In another non-limiting embodiment, a plurality of metal grains, particles, and/or powders are added to a portion of the mold. The plurality of metal grains contribute, together with the plurality of inorganic particles, to define the remainder space, which is subsequently infiltrated by the molten metal or metal alloy. In some non-limiting embodiments, the metal grains include at least one of tungsten, a tungsten alloy, tantalum, a tantalum alloy, molybdenum, a molybdenum alloy, niobium, and a niobium alloy. In a specific embodiment, the metal grains are composed of tungsten.
In a non-limiting embodiment, the inorganic particles partially filling the unoccupied space are hard particles. In embodiments, hard particles include one or more of a carbide, a boride, an oxide, a nitride, a silicide, a sintered cemented carbide, a synthetic diamond, or a natural diamond. In another non-limiting embodiment, the hard particles comprise at least one carbide of a metal selected from Groups IVB, VB, and VIB of the Periodic Table. In other specific embodiments, the hard particles are selected to be composed of tungsten carbide and/or cast tungsten carbide.
In another non-limiting embodiment, the inorganic particles partially filling the unoccupied space are metallic grains, particles and/or powders. The metal grains define the remainder space, which is subsequently infiltrated by the molten metal or metal alloy. In some non-limiting embodiments, the metal grains include at least one of tungsten, a tungsten alloy, tantalum, a tantalum alloy, molybdenum, a molybdenum alloy, niobium, and a niobium alloy. In a specific embodiment, the metal grains are composed of tungsten.
The molten metal or metal alloy used to infiltrate the remainder space include, but are not limited to, one or more of nickel, a nickel alloy, cobalt, a cobalt alloy, iron, an iron alloy, copper, a copper alloy, aluminum, an aluminum alloy, titanium, a titanium alloy, a bronze, and a brass. It is often useful from a process standpoint to use an infiltrating molten metal or metal alloy that has a relatively low melting temperature. Thus, alloys of brass or bronze are employed in non-limiting embodiments of the molten metal or metal alloy used to infiltrate the remainder space. In a specific embodiment, a bronze alloy composed of 78 weight percent copper, 10 weight percent nickel, 6 weight percent manganese, 6 weight percent tin, and incidental impurities is selected as the infiltrating molten metal or metal alloy.
According to aspects of embodiments of methods for manufacturing an article of manufacture containing cemented carbides, disclosed herein, an article of manufacture may include, but is not limited to, a fixed-cutter earth-boring bit body and a roller cone of a rotary cone bit.
According to another aspect of this disclosure, a method of manufacturing a fixed-cutter earth-boring bit is disclosed. A method for manufacturing a fixed-cutter earth-boring bit includes positioning at least one sintered cemented carbide piece and, optionally, at least one non-cemented carbide piece into a mold, thereby defining an unoccupied portion of a void in the mold. In non-limiting embodiments, the total volume of the cemented carbide pieces placed in the mold is 5% or greater, or 10% or greater, than the total volume of the fixed-cutter earth-boring bit. Hard particles are disposed in the unoccupied portion of the mold to occupy a portion of the unoccupied portion of the void, and to define an unoccupied remainder portion of the void of the mold. The unoccupied remainder portion of the void is, generally the space between the hard particles, and the space between the hard particles and the individual pieces in the mold. The mold is heated to a casting temperature. A molten metallic casting material is added to the mold. The casting temperature is a temperature at or above the melting temperature of the metallic casting material. Typically, the metallic casting temperature is at or near the melting temperature of the metallic casting material. The molten metallic casting material infiltrates the unoccupied remainder portion. The mold is cooled to solidify the metallic casting material and bind the at least one sintered cemented carbide piece, the non-cemented carbide piece, if present, and the hard particles, thus forming a fixed-cutter earth-boring bit. In a non-limiting embodiment, the cemented carbide piece is positioned within the void of the mold to form at least a part of a blade region of the fixed-cutter earth-boring bit. In another non-limiting embodiment, the non-cemented carbide piece, when present, forms at least a part of an attachment region of the fixed-cutter earth-boring bit.
In an embodiment, at least one graphite spacer, or a spacer made from another inert material, is positioned in the void of the mold. The void of the mold and the at least one graphite spacer, if present, define an overall shape of the fixed-cutter earth-boring bit.
In some embodiments, when a non-cemented carbide piece composed of a metallic material is disposed in the void, the non-cemented carbide metallic piece forms a machinable region of the fixed-cutter earth-boring bit. The machinable region typically is threaded to facilitate attaching the fixed-cutter earth-boring bit to the distal end of a drill string. In other embodiments, other types of mechanical fasteners, such as but not limited to grooves, tongues, hooks and the like, may be machined into the machinable region to facilitate fastening of the earth-boring bit to a tool, tool holder, drill string or the like. In non-limiting embodiments, the machinable region includes at least one of iron, an iron alloy, nickel, a nickel alloy, cobalt, a cobalt alloy, copper, a copper alloy, aluminum, an aluminum alloy, titanium, a titanium alloy, tungsten and a tungsten alloy.
Another process for incorporating a machinable region into the earth-boring bit is by disposing hard inorganic particles into the void in the form of metallic grains. In a non-limiting embodiment, the metallic grains are added only to a portion of the void of the mold. The metallic grains define an empty space in between the metallic grains. When the molten metallic casting material is added to the mold, the molten metallic casting material infiltrates the empty space between the metal grains to form metal grains in a matrix of solidified metallic casting material, thus forming a machinable region on the earth-boring bit. In non-limiting embodiments, the metal grains include at least one or more of tungsten, a tungsten alloy, tantalum, a tantalum alloy, molybdenum, a molybdenum alloy, niobium, and a niobium alloy. In a specific embodiment, the metal grains are tungsten. Another non-limiting embodiment includes threading the machinable region.
Typically, but not necessarily, the at least one sintered cemented carbide piece is composed of at least one carbide of a metal selected from Groups IVB, VB, and VIB of the Periodic Table, and a binder that includes at least one of cobalt, a cobalt alloy, nickel, a nickel alloy, iron, and an iron alloys. The binder can include up to 20 weight percent of an additive selected from the group consisting of chromium, silicon, boron, aluminum, copper ruthenium, manganese, and mixtures thereof. In another non-limiting embodiment, the at least one sintered cemented carbide makes up a minimum of 10 percent by volume of the earth-boring bit. In yet another embodiment, the at least one sintered cemented carbide includes a sintered hybrid cemented carbide composite. In embodiments, the hybrid cemented carbide composite has a contiguity ratio of a dispersed phase that is less than or equal to 0.48, or less than 0.4, or less than 0.2.
It may be desirable to have other areas of increased strength and wear resistance on an earth-boring bit, for example, but not limited to, in areas of a gage plate or a nozzle or an area around a nozzle. A non-limiting embodiment includes positioning at least one cemented carbide gage plate into the mold. Another non-limiting embodiment includes positioning at least one cemented carbide nozzle or nozzle region into the mold.
According to embodiments, hard inorganic particles typically include at least one of a carbide, a boride, and oxide, a nitride, a silicide, a sintered cemented carbide, a synthetic diamond, and a natural diamond. In other non-limiting embodiments, the hard inorganic particles include at least one of a carbide of a metal selected from Groups IVB, VB, and VIB of the Periodic Table; tungsten carbide; and cast tungsten carbide.
The metallic casting material may include at least one of nickel, a nickel alloy, cobalt, a cobalt alloy, iron, an iron alloy, copper, a copper alloy, aluminum, an aluminum alloy, titanium, a titanium alloy, a bass and a bronze. In other embodiments the metallic casting material comprises a bronze. In a specific embodiment, the bronze consists essentially of 78 weight percent copper, 10 weight percent nickel, 6 weight percent manganese, 6 weight percent tin, and incidental impurities.
After all of the sintered cemented carbide pieces, the non-cemented carbide pieces, if present, metallic hard inorganic particles, if present, and spacers are added to the mold, hard inorganic particles are added into the mold to a predetermined level. The predetermined level is determined by the particular engineering design of the earth-boring bit. The predetermined level for a particular engineering design is known to a person having ordinary skill in the art. In a non-limiting embodiment, the hard particles are added to just below the height of the cemented carbide pieces positioned in the area of a blade in the mold. In other non-limiting embodiments, the hard particles are added to be level with, or to be above, the height of the cemented carbide pieces in the mold.
As defined above, a casting temperature is typically a temperature at or above the melting temperature of the metallic casting material that is added to the mold. In a specific embodiment where the metallic casting material is a bronze alloy composed of 78 weight percent copper, 10 weight percent nickel, 6 weight percent manganese, 6 weight percent tin, and incidental impurities, the casting temperature is 1180° C.
The mold and the contents of the mold are cooled. Upon cooling, the metallic casting material solidifies and bonds together the sintered cemented carbide pieces; any non-cemented carbide pieces; and the hard particles into a composite fixed-cutter earth-boring bit. After removal from the mold, the fixed-cutter earth-boring bit can be finished by adding PDC inserts, machining the surfaces to remove excess metal matrix joining material, and any other finishing practice known to one having ordinary skill in the art to finish the molded product into a finished earth-boring bit.
According to another aspect of this disclosure, an article of manufacture includes at least one cemented carbide piece, and a joining phase composed of a eutectic alloy material binding the at least one cemented carbide piece into the article of manufacture. In some embodiments, the at least one cemented carbide piece has a cemented carbide volume that is at least 5%, or at least 10%, of a total volume of the article of manufacture. In non-limiting embodiments, at least one non-cemented carbide piece is bound into the article of manufacture by the joining phase.
According to certain embodiments, the at least one cemented carbide piece joined with the eutectic alloy material may comprise hard inorganic particles of at least one carbide of a metal selected from Groups IVB, VB, and VIB of the Periodic Table, dispersed in a binder comprising at least one of cobalt, a cobalt alloy, nickel, a nickel alloy, iron, and an iron alloy. In non-limiting embodiments, the binder of the cemented carbide piece includes at least one additive selected from chromium, silicon, boron, aluminum, copper, ruthenium, and manganese.
In an embodiment, the at least one cemented carbide piece includes a hybrid cemented carbide, and in another embodiment, the dispersed phase of the hybrid cemented carbide has a contiguity ratio no greater than 0.48.
In certain embodiments, the at least one cemented carbide piece is joined within the article by a eutectic alloy material, and the article includes at least one non-cemented carbide piece that is a metallic component. The metallic component may comprise, for example, at least one of iron, an iron alloy, nickel, a nickel alloy, cobalt, a cobalt alloy, copper, a copper alloy, aluminum, an aluminum alloy, titanium, a titanium alloy, tungsten, and a tungsten alloy.
In a specific embodiment, the eutectic alloy material is composed of 55 weight percent nickel and 45 weight percent tungsten carbide. In another specific embodiment, the eutectic alloy material is composed of 55 weight percent cobalt and 45 weight percent tungsten carbide. In other embodiments, the eutectic alloy component may be any eutectic composition, known now or hereafter to one having ordinary skill in the art, which upon solidification phase separates into a solid material composed of metallic grains interspersed with hard phase grains.
In non-limiting embodiments, the article of manufacture is one of a fixed-cutter earth-boring bit body, a roller cone, and a part for an earth-boring bit.
Another method of making an article of manufacture that includes cemented carbide pieces consists of placing a cemented carbide piece next to at least one adjacent piece. A space between the cemented carbide piece and the adjacent piece defines a filler space. In a non-limiting embodiment, the cemented carbide piece and the adjacent piece are chamfered and the chamfers define the filler space. A powder that consists of a metal alloy eutectic composition is added to the filler space. The cemented carbide piece, the adjacent piece, and the powder are heated to at least the eutectic melting point of the metal alloy eutectic composition where the powder melts. After cooling the solidified metal alloy eutectic composition joins the cemented carbide component and the adjacent component.
In a non-limiting embodiment, placing the cemented carbide piece next to at least one adjacent piece includes placing the sintered cemented carbide piece next to another sintered cemented carbide piece.
In another non-limiting embodiment, placing the cemented carbide piece next to at least one adjacent piece includes placing the sintered cemented carbide piece next to a non-cemented carbide piece. The non-cemented carbide piece may include, but is not limited to, a metallic piece.
In a specific embodiment, adding a blended powder includes adding a blended powder comprising about 55 weight percent nickel and about 45 weight percent tungsten carbide. In another specific embodiment, adding a blended powder includes adding a blended powder comprising about 55 weight percent cobalt and about 45 weight percent tungsten carbide. In other embodiments, adding a blended powder includes adding any eutectic composition, known now or hereafter to one having ordinary skill in the art, which upon solidification forms a material comprising metallic grains interspersed with hard phase grains.
In embodiments wherein the blended powder comprises about 55 weight percent nickel and about 45 weight percent tungsten carbide, heating the cemented carbide piece, the adjacent piece, and the powder to at least a eutectic melting point of the metal alloy eutectic composition includes heating to a temperature of 1350° C. or greater. In non-limiting embodiments, heating the cemented carbide piece, the adjacent piece, and the powder to at least a eutectic melting point of the metallic alloy eutectic composition includes heating in an inert atmosphere or a vacuum.
Photomicrographs of the interfacial region between a cemented carbide piece 72 and the metal matrix composite 74, comprising the cast tungsten carbide particles 75 in the bronze matrix 76, of the article 60 are shown in
Referring now to
The graphite mold and mold components 100 used to fabricate the earth-boring bit 84 of
It will be understood that the present description illustrates those aspects of the invention relevant to a clear understanding of the invention. Certain aspects that would be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art and that, therefore, would not facilitate a better understanding of the invention have not been presented in order to simplify the present description. Although only a limited number of embodiments of the present invention are necessarily described herein, one of ordinary skill in the art will, upon considering the foregoing description, recognize that many modifications and variations of the invention may be employed. All such variations and modifications of the invention are intended to be covered by the foregoing description and the following claims.
This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §120 as a continuation of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/196,815, filed Aug. 22, 2008.
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