Patent Application
20190107638
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) may be the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves that may cause massive damage and loss of life. What is needed is a reliable mechanism to forecast future earthquake events days in advance of occurring.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form a part of the specification, illustrate an embodiment of the present invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.
Embodiments of the present invention relate to multi parameter monitoring of atmospheric and ionospheric physical precursors from remote sensing (e.g. earth observation satellites) and ground observations for automatic detection of pre-earthquake anomalies used for short-term forecasting of strong earthquakes. Embodiments may warn of potential earthquakes days in advance of occurring. Presently claimed embodiments may be configured to detect the process of atmosphere awakening prior to major earthquakes, as a direct result of Lithosphere Atmosphere Ionosphere Coupling process (LAIC) that occur prior to the occurrence of a major earthquake employing measurements observed by the analysis of remote (e.g. satellite) and in-situ atmospheric and space plasma data. A suite of multi-parameter observations may be employed as a synergy web of multi-instrument space-borne and ground observations to identify pre-earthquake atmospheric signals that originate from strong earthquakes. Patterns related to anomalies in the atmosphere and ionosphere may be detected through measurements characterizing the state of the atmosphere including gas discharge, thermal infrared radiation, ionospheric electron and ion density and temperature, atmospheric temperature and relative humidity, and the like. An adaptive framework utilizes targeted observations in order to achieve a short-term (e.g. 1-30 days) and mid-term (e.g. 1-2 months) alerts for the possible location of large earthquakes (e.g. earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 5.5 on the Richter scale).
Embodiments of the present invention employ modern technologies to advance developing earthquake warning systems to generate alerts from hours to days in advance of an actual earthquake.
LAIC processes determine the prognostic multi-parameter and multi-media concepts employed by aspects of embodiments of the present invention in forecasting the likelihood of a large earthquake event. Several phenomena serve as precursors to large earthquakes and may have a common air ionization 255 source. Air ionization 255 may be produced by Radon gas emanating from active tectonic faults 260. This then follows with air ionization, ion's hydration and aerosol formation 250 that migrate into the atmosphere. Chemical reactions may occur that generate new-formed ions that start a series of events that may be monitored and/or analyzed to forecast the likelihood of an earthquake. Ionization also occurs in clouds by the effects of galactic cosmic rays, so these effects are known. The process of ion-induced nucleation (IIN) may be observed in the boundary layer of the atmosphere. This process has two consequences leading to the generation of two main groups of precursors, namely atmospheric precursors and ionospheric precursors. Ions may be lifted by convection 245 and by drift in the vertical electric field 280 producing earthquake cloud formation from when produced the thermals approach condensation points. Those effects may be accompanied by relative humidity 225 drops and air conductivity changes 285 producing a chain reaction of ancillary effects characterized by latent heat release 220, air temperature growth 210, and OLR (Outgoing Long-wave Radiation) anomalies 205. Air conductivity changes 285 may produce atmospheric electric field growth 280 imparting ionospheric electric field event(s) 275. These fields may propagate to the magnetosphere causing a realignment of electric fields 270 and subsequent Very Low Frequency (VLF) noises trapping, and particle precipitation 265 due to particle diffusion in the loss cone.
Atmospheric precursors may be considered taking into account the thermodynamic and hydrodynamic processes of transformation of latent heat release 220 of water vapor molecules into thermal energy released into the atmosphere and registered by ground based measurements of, for example, air temperature growth 210 by satellite infrared sensors 150. A reverse cascade turbulence may lead to negative turbulent diffusivity and viscosity and merging of small-scale helical structures close to the ground level formed by thermal turbulence close to active tectonic faults into a large-scale thermal spot at the top of the cloud level. This may be registered by, for example, satellites as anomalous earth radiation flux—Outgoing Long-wave Radiation (OLR).
Ionospheric precursors may be generated through processes associated within a global electric circuit. Bursts of Ion Induced Nucleation (IIN) stimulated by air ionization processes may lead to abrupt changes of air conductivity 285 and consequent change of ionosphere potential relative to the ground 275. Local variations of ionosphere potential may lead to formation of irregularities of electron and ion concentration in the ionosphere 270, stimulation of plasma instabilities leading to variations of plasma temperature and ion composition as well as generation of EM emissions. Joule heating at altitudes of maximum ionosphere conductivity may lead to the generation of acoustic gravity waves. Due to high conductivity along geomagnetic field lines, plasma turbulence from ionospheric altitudes may be projected into the magnetosphere and magnetically conjugated region.
Embodiments of the present invention may include multi-parameter observation. Rationale for using multi-parameter observations are two: (1) The complex nature of the lithosphere/atmosphere coupling processes and the synergy coupling between them; and (2) there may be insufficient spatial and temporal coverage of any one of precursory signals. For example, no single existing method (thermal infrared (TIR), Surface Latent Heat Flux (SLHF), or GPS/TEC) may provide a successful solution for alerting in advance the earthquake events on a global scale. However, simultaneous use of different types of measurements as an integrated web may provide necessary information by combining the information provided by multiple sensing sources, for example, from ground based sensors and space based sensors. Embodiments may enable multiple physical measurements to be fused into the LAIC model framework of pre-earthquake generation and propagation, and provide feedback on data gaps which may then be acquired from other sources.
Some of the various embodiments may employ a methodology of detection and/or analysis of the chain of physical processes formed in the atmosphere and ionosphere in the time occurring before a major earthquake. This cascade type of processes may lead to measurable events in the atmosphere that function as an awakening of pre-earthquake anomalies in such order. These events may be broken down into discrete but inter-related phases as set forth below.
Phase 1 may be correlated with gas migration 520 (Radon) in the crust and exhalation into the atmosphere. This effect may be characterized by natural ground radioactivity from the decay of radon and other gases in the vicinity of active tectonic faults and may be a source of atmospheric and ionospheric anomalies that may be observed, for example, weeks up to a few days before strong earthquakes within (or over) an earthquake preparation area. These types of pre-earthquake anomalies may include an increasing radon concentration rate in the days (week(s)) before a main shock.
Phase 2 may be correlated with air ionization by Radon and other gasses as well as ion clusters formation. Air ionization produced by alpha-particles resulting from 222Rn isotope decay may start a chain of processes involving all layers of the atmosphere and ionosphere and may lead to a large amount of thermal energy exhalation due to latent heat release 540 by water molecules during their attachment to the ions produced by ionization. These types of pre-earthquake anomalies may include a latent heat energy release rate in the atmosphere that abnormally increases in the middle atmosphere over an earthquake preparation region.
Phase 3 may be correlated with atmospheric thermodynamic change 560. Latent heat released due to water vapor condensation of ions may lead to formation of fluxes forming anomalous spots of Outgoing Long wave Radiation (OLR) at the top of the atmosphere. OLR may be detected by sensing equipment such as remote sensing satellites and/or the like. Changes in atmospheric parameters such as surface air temperature, relative humidity, and air pressure may be observed in the temporal chain with some delay from the lower levels to the upper levels. For example, ground surface temperature elevation and ground air temperature elevation. These types of pre-earthquake anomalies may include transient OLR anomalies that appear as rapid increases in radiation (e.g. hot spots) on the top of atmosphere over earthquake preparation zones days up to a month before a major event. OLR anomalies may be detectable, for example, from various observation platforms such as satellites. These perceptible effects may be detected as rapid increases in daily/hourly variations of air temperate together with a sudden drop of relative humidity close the epicentral area. Detection of these perceptible effects may be accomplished by, for example, weather monitoring stations.
Phase 4 may be associated with variations of air conductivity. Changes in atmospheric electricity may be caused through conductivity changes due to ion clusters formation and interaction with aerosols producing local modifications of the parameters of a global electric circuit. A vertical electric field over an active tectonic fault may confine ions fluxes to be planar. This, in part, may form the linear shape of earthquake clouds along main fault lines. These types of pre-earthquake anomalies may include convective air motion due to latent heat release that raises additional number of ion clusters/condensation nuclei to an altitude of, for example, several kilometers leading to the formation (or dispersion) of clouds. Lifting of ions may also be possible with the increase of the vertical atmospheric electric field.
Phase 5 may include ionospheric anomalies 580 and effects. Variations in atmosphere electricity may induce variations in the ionosphere including anomalous variations of plasma concentration and temperature, ion composition changes, optical emissions, ELF-VLF noises, coupling with magnetosphere and particle precipitation. These effects may be associated with effects from previous phases and taken together may serve to form a detection and/or analysis methodology employable by various embodiments of the present invention.
The events discussed in phases 1-5 noted above may be taken together as measurable precursors that form a signature indicative of pre-earthquake anomalies: Variations in the ionosphere may include electron and ion concentration, electron and ion temperature, ion composition, and height scale. Ionospheric anomalies may modify the magnetospheric tube loaned onto the modified area leading to the VLF noises scattering into the modified tube and stimulated precipitation of energetic electrons. Precipitating electrons may modify the D-region of the ionosphere (lowering) leading to the anomalous propagation of VLF waves within the waveguide Earth-ionosphere.
Most of the observed effects in phases 4 and 5 may be bipolar in nature. That is, they may occur as positive or negative, increasing or decreasing, and/or dependent upon electric charge signs and phases of the ionization process such as and increase or decrease of air conductivity depending of the ion's cluster size, as well as polarization of the formed large scale space charges over the ground surface.
An example embodiment is illustrated that analyzes historical data by measuring various physical precursors and anomalous effects discussed above prior to the occurrence of actual strong earthquakes. One set of examples is set forth in tabular form in
Embodiment of the present invention that are configured to forecast the likelihood of an earthquake may be performed as a method. The method may include a series of actions including collecting multiple measurements over a predetermined geographic area and making determinations using data and parameters associated with these measurements. The method may also be implemented by a computer program, or by collecting the measurement data and performing the determinations manually.
Gas migration measurement devices are available commercially from several vendors and may be tailored for use in the atmosphere or other environments. Additionally, customized sensors may be fabricated and mounted on sensing platforms with, for example communications equipment to transfer measurements to a data processing facility. According to some of the various embodiments, a series of gas migration measurement devices may be used at different altitudes in the atmosphere. These measurement devices may be hosted on aircraft or the like. Some examples of Radon gas migration measurement devices are from Gas Measurement Instruments Ltd. of Renfrew, Scotland and United Nuclear Supplies and Equipment of East Lansing, Mich.
The latent heat energy release rate may be measured using one of the following techniques, for example: (1) air ionization measurements collected from at least one remote sensing air ionization measurement device, (2) meteorological measurements from at least one air temperature sensor and at least one relative humidity sensor, (3) a numerical assimilation model, and/or like methods of measuring latent heat energy. Radon activity may be associated with formation of particles of between, for example, 500 and 1150 nm in size and may generate a thermal energy output of, for example, approximately 16 watts per meter squared.
Numerical assimilation models may be employed to process measurement data associated with aspects of embodiments of the present invention. Example numerical assimilation models include the Goddard Earth ObServation (GEOS) and the Modern Era Restrospective Analysis (MERRA) models. Both of these example models were implemented under the direction of the NASA Global Model and Assimilation Office. Measurement data may be sourced from various types of data such as, for example, satellite, ground, or theoretical estimates may be used in the numerical assimilation modes.
According to further aspects of an embodiment, if the latent heat energy release rate increases at greater than a second rate 540, at least one transient OLR anomaly 550 may be looked for using measurements collected from at least one remote sensing atmospheric thermodynamic measurement. For example, one manner of making this measurement may be using atmospheric thermodynamic measurements collected from at least one remote sensing measurement device over a third period of time ranging from, for example, one to two days.
According to some of the various embodiments, if OLR anomaly has been observed (560), determining, at least one ionospheric anomaly using ionosphere measurements collected from a plurality of ionosphere measurement devices (570) over a fourth period of time of between, for example, between one to four days. Additionally, after an OLR anomaly has been observed (580), convective air motion values may be determined using air conductivity measurements collected from at least one air conductivity measurement device over a period of, for example 1 to 5 days. Air conductivity measurement devices are available commercially from several vendors. One such device is the CON 110 handheld conductivity/TDS meter by Oakton Instruments of Vernon, Ill. Ionospheric anomalies may occur in nature over variable time periods. However, a temporal length of between, for example, one to ten hours may correlate with pre-earthquake events. The trend may be determined against a normal that defined by, for example, a multiyear average of ongoing long wave radiation.
Ionosphere measurements may come from a variety of sources and devices, for example: (1) a GPS/GLONASS receiver, (2) vertical ionosondes, (3) oblique ionospheric sounders, (4) ionospheric in-situ measurement satellites; (5) topside-sounder satellites, and/or the like remote ionospheric measurement equipment. These anomalies may be one of the following types, for example: (1) an ionospheric electron and ion concentration anomaly, (2) an ionospheric electron and ion temperature anomaly, (3) an ionospheric ion composition anomaly; (4) an ionospheric height scale anomaly, and/or the like. At least one additional ionospheric anomaly may be triggered by one of the ionospheric anomalies set forth above, and may include the following, for example: (1) an ionospheric very low frequency (VLF) noise scattering anomaly, an ionospheric electrostatic ELF wave anomaly (e.g. <500 Hz), (2) an ionospheric precipitation of energetic electrons anomaly, (3) an anomalous modification of D-Regions; (4) an anomalous propagation of VLF waves within wave-guide Earth-ionosphere, and/or the like.
Additional measurements may be determined according to aspects of embodiments of the present invention including determining a local deformation rate change using local deformation measurements. The gas migration rate may be adjusted by the local deformation rate change. Additional measurements may be derived from collecting aerosol measurements from a network of aerosol measurement devices. The measurements may be used to determine changes in local aerosol type and size as additional factors used in determining the latent heat energy released rate.
Then, according to aspects of the embodiments of the present invention as set forth above, if at least one ionospheric anomaly has been observed, an earthquake event may be forecasted to occur, for example, from within one to four days (590) of their occurrence.
The gas migration rate detection module 620 may be used and configured to determine a gas migration rate 612 using measurements collected from a multitude of measurement devices over a first period of time.
The latent heat energy release rate detection module 640 may be used and configured to determine if the gas migration rate increases at greater than a first rate than a latent heat energy release rate over a second period of time may be determined using, for example, at least two of the following measurements techniques, for example: (1) air ionization measurements 622 collected from at least one remote sensing air ionization measurement device 620, (2) meteorological measurements 627 from meteorological measurement devices 625 such as at least one air temperature sensor and at least one relative humidity sensor, (3) a numerical assimilation model, and/or like latent heat energy rate measurement techniques.
The transient OLR anomaly detection module 660 may be configured to collect atmospheric thermodynamic measurements 652 from, for example, remote sensing atmospheric thermodynamic measurement devices 650 over a third period of time if the latent heat energy released rate increases at greater than a second rate.
The ionospheric anomaly detection module 680 may be configured to observe transient OLR anomalies. If an OLR is observed, then ionosphere measurements 672 collected from a plurality of ionosphere measurement devices 670 over a fourth period of time may be observed for the existence of an at least one ionospheric anomaly 685.
The earthquake forecast module 690 may be configured to forecast that an earthquake 695 is likely to occur within, for example, one to four days from the detection of at least one ionospheric anomaly by the ionospheric anomaly detection module 680.
Additional capabilities such as new observing parameters and sensing technology may be incorporated as they become available.
Embodiments are operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well-known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with various embodiments include, but are not limited to, personal computers, server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, telephony systems, distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.
Embodiments may be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that performs particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Some embodiments are designed to be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules are located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices.
With reference to
Computer 710 typically includes a variety of computer readable media. Computer readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by computer 710 and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media includes volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by computer 610. Communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer readable media.
The system memory 730 includes computer storage media in the form of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory such as read only memory (ROM) 731 and random access memory (RAM) 732. A basic input/output system 733 (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer 710, such as during start-up, is typically stored in ROM 731. RAM 732 typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently being operated on by processing unit 720. By way of example, and not limitation,
The computer 710 may also include other removable/non-removable volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media. By way of example only,
The drives and their associated computer storage media discussed above and illustrated in
A user may enter commands and information into the computer 710 through input devices such as a keyboard 762, a microphone 763, and a pointing device 761, such as a mouse, trackball or touch pad. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit 720 through a user input interface 760 that is coupled to the system bus, but may be connected by other interface and bus structures, such as a parallel port, game port or a universal serial bus (USB). A monitor 791 or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus 721 via an interface, such as a video interface 790.
The computer 710 is operated in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 780. The remote computer 780 may be a personal computer, a hand-held device, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the computer 710. The remote computer may be providing remote sensing data over a suitable network to servers located at ground station 110. The logical connections depicted in
When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 710 is connected to the LAN 771 through a network interface or adapter 770. When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 710 typically includes a modem 772 or other means for establishing communications over the WAN 773, such as the Internet. The modem 772, which may be internal or external, may be connected to the system bus 721 via the user input interface 760, or other appropriate mechanism. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer 710, or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. By way of example, and not limitation,
According to some of the various embodiments, the modules for performing the methods set may be embodied as a series of instructions executable by one or more processors stored on various computer-readable mediums. The term “computer-readable medium” as used herein refers to any medium that participates in the processes described above. The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium.
A computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, optical, magnetic, electromagnetic, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readable storage medium may include the following: a portable computer diskette such as a floppy disk or a flexible disk, magnetic medium, a hard disk, ROM, EPROM (flash), RAM or any other memory chip or cartridge, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage medium, a tape, punch cards, paper tape, an integrated circuit, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, or any other medium usable by a computer now known or hereinafter developed. A computer readable storage medium may be a tangible, non-transitory medium that can contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device or data that is used in the program or the instructions execution system.
A computer readable signal medium may include a propagated data signal with computer readable program code embodied therein, for example, in a base band or as part of a carrier wave. Program code embodied on a computer readable signal medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wire line, optical fiber cable, RF, and/or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
Although the enabling instructions might be “written on” a diskette, “stored in” an integrated circuit, or “carried over” a communications circuit, it will be appreciated that, for the purposes of this application, the computer readable medium will be referred to as “including” the instructions. Thus, the term “including” is intended to encompass the above and all equivalent ways in which instructions may be associated with a computer usable medium.
The foregoing descriptions of the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The illustrated embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. For example, one skilled in the art will recognize that the embodiments of the present invention may employed in global weather forecasting services such as providing early warning of ocean-going tsunamis or forecasting electrical interference in the atmosphere/ionosphere. Additionally, the remote sensing and measuring equipment deployed in embodiments of the present invention may also provide scientific data for further research and development.
In this specification, “a” and “an” and similar phrases are to be interpreted as “at least one” and “one or more.” References to “an” embodiment in this disclosure are not necessarily to the same embodiment.
Many of the elements described in the disclosed embodiments may be implemented as modules. For example, embodiments of the present invention may employ gas rate detection 620, latent heat energy released rate 640, transient OLR anomaly detection 660, and ionospheric anomaly detection 680 and earthquake forecast 690 modules. A module is defined here as an isolatable element that performs a defined function and has a defined interface to other elements. The modules described in this disclosure may be implemented in hardware, a combination of hardware and software, firmware, wetware (i.e. hardware with a biological element) or a combination thereof, all of which are behaviorally equivalent. For example, modules may be implemented using computer hardware in combination with software routine(s) written in a computer language (such as C, C++, Fortran™ Java™, Basic, Matlab™ or the like) or a modeling/simulation program such as Simulink™, Stateflow™, GNU Octave, or LabVIEW™ MathScript. Additionally, it may be possible to implement modules using physical hardware that incorporates discrete or programmable analog, digital and/or quantum hardware. Examples of programmable hardware include: computers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs); field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs); and complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs). Computers, microcontrollers and microprocessors are programmed using languages such as assembly, C, C++ or the like. FPGAs, ASICs and CPLDs are often programmed using hardware description languages (HDL) such as VHSIC hardware description language (VHDL) or Verilog that configure connections between internal hardware modules with lesser functionality on a programmable device. Finally, it needs to be emphasized that the above mentioned technologies may be used in combination to achieve the result of a functional module.
The disclosure of this patent document incorporates material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, for the limited purposes required by law, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.
In addition, it should be understood that any figures that highlight any functionality and/or advantages, are presented for example purposes only. The disclosed architecture is sufficiently flexible and configurable, such that it may be utilized in ways other than that shown. For example, the steps listed in any flowchart may be re-ordered or only optionally used in some embodiments.
Further, the purpose of the Abstract of the Disclosure is to enable the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and the public generally, and especially the scientists, engineers and practitioners in the art who are not familiar with patent or legal terms or phraseology, to determine quickly from a cursory inspection the nature and essence of the technical disclosure of the application. The Abstract of the Disclosure is not intended to be limiting as to the scope in any way.
Finally, it is the applicant's intent that only claims that include the express language “means for” or “step for” be interpreted under 35 U.S.C. 112, paragraph 6. Claims that do not expressly include the phrase “means for” or “step for” are not to be interpreted under 35 U.S.C. 112, paragraph 6.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/220,743, filed Jul. 27, 2017, which is a continuation of PCT International Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/013624, filed Jan. 29, 2015, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. APPLICATION No. 61/934,798, filed Feb. 2, 2014, which are all hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 15220743 | Jul 2016 | US |
| Child | 16214087 | US |
