Patent Grant
7067464
1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a lubricious anti-traction material for use in the control of crowds, riots, defense of positions (e.g., military applications) and the like, and to a method of making the same. The anti-traction material may be quickly and easily applied to deter the mobility and access of personnel and vehicles to restricted and/or defended areas.
2. Description of Related Art
Crowd and riot control is a concern for law officials at every level of government: local, national and international. Attempts at controlling unruly gatherings and defending selected areas from such crowds have resulted in physical and psychological injury to members of the law community and the crowds alike.
Typical attempts of crowd control often depend upon brute physical force to subdue and disperse crowds. Such physical force includes batons, rubber bullets, water cannons, kinetic energy rounds and the like. Such physical force has resulted in injuries to both crowd members and law enforcement officials, despite the use of riot gear or protective clothing, and often does not disperse unmanageable crowds.
Typically, disruptive riots occur on public streets or guarded prisons, wherein additional participants gather as the crowd moves towards its main objective. Dispersing such crowds and limiting forward movement without the use of physical force is highly desired.
Non-lethal weapon systems now represent an important alternative for law enforcement officials and strategic defense purposes. Examples of non-lethal weapons include, but are not limited to, tear gas, flash grenades, acoustic guns, sticky foams, snare nets, stun guns, strobe lights, malodorants, etc.
In order to ensure the most desirable outcome in managing crowd control, it is desired that numerous alternatives to non-lethal weapons systems be available along a force continuum, such that a non-lethal weapon suitable for a particular application may be selected based upon the nature of the threat and level of provocation.
In the case of slowing and/or eliminating the forward progress of rowdy crowds, several non-lethal controls have been utilized. These controls range from barriers, tear gas, malodorants, sticky foams, etc. However, these typical non-lethal controls have disadvantages. For instance, crowd barriers can be bulky, require advance planning to move them into place, require large storage areas when not in use, and can be destroyed or used as weapons by the crowd members, etc. Typical barriers may also be besieged by vehicles driven by crowd members. Crowd controls such as tear gas and malodorants, although non-lethal, may still cause physiological and/or psychological injury to both law enforcement agents and crowd members. Further, tear gas and malodorants may not impede forward progress of determined rioters. Finally, sticky foams may be difficult to remove once the crowd has dispersed.
Thus, a non-lethal impedance for crowd movement is desired that does not require much storage space and can be moved into place with minimal forethought. A crowd control means is desired that impedes not only the movement of crowds on foot, but also crowds in motorized vehicles. Such a crowd control means should not induce significant physiological or psychological injury, nor be able to be used by the crowds against the law enforcement officials. Further, the crowd control means should cause little, if any, damage to the surrounding environment, and be easily removed once the crowd has been subdued and/or dispersed.
This invention identifies a composition for use as an anti-traction material that effectively deters the mobility and access of personnel and/or vehicles to areas that are to be defended or protected. It further immobilizes hostile crowds and enables authorities to constrain and apprehend unauthorized participants if desired.
The anti-traction material of the invention includes at least 1) a slurry of A) an anionic acrylamide polymer particle with B) an emulsion or dispersion of a polyacrylamide in a hydrocarbon that upon combination with 2) water, produces a very coherent, visco-elastic gel that resists vertical slump and displacement by gravitational forces and forces of foot and vehicle traffic. The water is combined with the slurry upon immediate application of the slurry to a targeted surface.
The components and preferred ratios in the composition are defined below:
Component 1: an emulsion or dispersion containing a polyacrylamide in water and dispersed in an oil phase. This component may be a drilling head lubricant or drilling mud additive, and preferably is an emulsion of a polyacrylamide in water emulsified in a hydrocarbon (e.g., kerosene, petroleum distillates, vegetable oil, and mineral oil). Co-polymers of polyacrylamides, polyacrylates, and polyacrylic acids work equally well, especially in an anionic form. Typical properties of this component include its “stickiness,” viscoelasticity” (its ability to return to its original shape after being displaced), its rapid gel time, and the fact that the polymer chains relax and swell upon hydration. Examples of preferred acrylamide include CYDRIL 5300, Superfloc N1986, and Superfloc A1885RS, all from Cytec Ind. In a preferred embodiment, this component comprises about 75% of the two-part slurry, but can range from 60% to 80% and still be effective.
Component 2: an acrylic polymer particle, preferably an anionic acrylamide polymer powder, which is combined with component 1 to produce a slurry. The acrylic polymer particles are granular solids that range from 0.5 mm to 2.0 mm in size. Upon hydration, the viscosity of this component increases to form a gel-like substance. Examples of preferred acrylic polymers include Superfloc A-120, Superfloc A-130, and Superfloc A150 HMW, all products of Cytec Ind. Another example is Magnafloc 1011, Ciba, Inc. In a preferred embodiment, the powder comprises about 25% of the slurry, but can range from 20% to 40% and still be effective.
Component 3: water. The water is preferably added to the dispensing slurry en route to the targeted surface at a preferred ratio of about 10 parts water to about one part slurry (volume or weight), or about 10 parts of slurry to about 100 parts of water. Water can be added in ratios as little as 5 parts water to one part slurry and ratios as high as 40 parts water to one part slurry.
Component 1 provides a very low coefficient of friction (less than 0.01), but by itself is not as effective at denying mobility to perseverant personnel or vehicles without the addition of the granular polymer powder. As both materials become hydrated, the emulsion becomes a sticky cohesive semi-fluid mass and the acrylic powder is held within that mass as a swollen particle that provides a propping effect that greatly limits mobility. Unlike wet ice, it is more difficult to adjust one's stride or velocity to prevent slipping and falling, regardless of footwear or treaded tires, especially on hard or compacted surfaces. On uncompacted surfaces and soils, cleated shoes, steel studded tires or tank treads may be able to possibly penetrate the film to a more trackable and passable and maneuverable condition, but not without difficulty and not without still having the progress significantly impaired due to the slippery conditions imparted by the anti-traction material.
One of the novel aspects of this invention is believed to lie in the surprising effectiveness of the combined materials (water, emulsion and swollen solids) that prevents mobility and access to controlled sites regardless of speed, footwear or vehicle wheel structures when applied to hard surfaces such as asphalt, concrete and compacted soils. It is equally effective on flat and sloping surfaces, as well as on grassy terrain, either mowed or heavily vegetated.
The anti-traction composition of the invention is preferably made by first forming a slurry of the emulsion and the polymer particle, and then subsequently combining it with the water component at the time of application. The emulsified polymer and the acrylic polymer particle are first combined to form a slurry by mixing the two components at the correct ratio. Mixing is accomplished by stirring the acrylic polymer particles into the emulsion. For small batches, this can be done using a paint stirrer, but for larger quantities, an electric or other type mixer may be required.
The anti-traction material may also comprise other components added into either the slurry and/or the emulsion as desired and/or needed. For example, malodorants, other noxious chemicals, colorants (e.g., to camouflage the material), etc. can also be added to either the slurry and/or emulsion. Preferably, such additional components are included in amounts that are effective without destroying the lubricious and/or stickiness properties of the anti-traction material. However, slight reductions in lubriciousness may be tolerated. It is also preferred that the additional components not destroy the environmental friendliness of the anti-traction material.
Once the slurry is prepared, water is added at a ratio of about 20 parts of water to about 1 part of slurry (by volume or by weight), when being applied to hard, smooth surfaces. On rough and/or uneven surfaces, the preferred ratio is about 10 parts of water to about 1 part of slurry.
Water is combined with the slurry upon immediate application to a targeted surface. If water is added to the slurry in the delivery system prior to dispensing, gellation and/or clogging of the parts of the delivery system most likely will occur. Since the water and slurry must be kept separated until dispensed, a special mixing nozzle is required that allows the two fluids to come together at the exit point of the system. Water can also be added to the slurry after the slurry has been applied to the targeted surface. This approach is especially useful when destruction of the surface (i.e. asphalt runway, road, etc.) is desirable. The slurry could be pre-mixed and stored in sealed containers until ready for use if so desired.
There are several means by which the anti-traction material may be delivered for use on hard surfaces. The anti-traction material can be pumped, sprayed, poured or even air-dropped to the desired location. In one embodiment, once the slurry is in place, water is added and the anti-traction property takes effect. The required thickness of the applied anti-traction material depends on several factors including the type of surface that it is being applied to (i.e. asphalt, wood, concrete, grass), the surface temperature, and the porosity of the surface. For example, for the anti-traction material to be effective on asphalt, a minimum thickness of 0.050″ is required, whereas on tile, a minimum thickness of 0.028″ is required.
The present invention may be used to slow or hinder the forward movement of others in several ways. First, the anti-traction material may be positioned in or around an area into which one desires to keep others from entering. It is preferred that in such circumstances that the anti-traction material be positioned on hard surfaces such as concrete, asphalt, compacted soils, etc.
When the anti-traction materials are positioned on such surfaces, one finds it extremely difficult, if not impossible, to enter into the restricted area over or through the anti-traction material because a person or vehicle is unable to obtain any traction or friction with the anti-traction material. As such, the person is unable to propel in any direction, forward, back, etc., since the force of friction between the body and the anti-traction material is so minute. The coefficient of friction between a body and the anti-traction material of the invention is less than 0.01. As a comparison, ice has a coefficient of friction of about 0.05.
In addition to disrupting the motion of a person, the anti-traction material obstructs motor and other, land-based vehicles from entering a restricted/defended area. Like the person on foot unable to propel himself because the force of friction is so minute between his body and the anti-traction material, a land-based vehicle is also unable to gain traction and cannot move through or over the anti-traction material. A material is deemed “untrafficable,” or not navigable if the material has a coefficient of friction less than 0.05. The material has a coefficient of friction between the material and the vehicle of less than about 0.01.
Treads, regardless of the footwear or tires, do not overcome the anti-traction material wherein the anti-traction material is on a hard surface, e.g., concrete, asphalt, compacted soil, thus obstructing the movement of both persons and land-based vehicles.
It has been found that propelling oneself or another to “slide over” the anti-traction material may also result in the propelled person and/or object being coated with the anti-traction material. Thus, even if the propelled person or vehicle is able to advance through the anti-traction material application area, the person and/or vehicle still finds it difficult to maneuver thereafter as the anti-traction material coating still on the person/vehicle continues to hinder movement and/or grasping or holding of objects. This is especially true since the anti-traction material is not easily removed from the person or vehicle when the material is wet.
It is also not advantageous to build a “bridge” over the anti-traction material by laying materials, e.g., boards, other persons, etc., over the anti-traction material because the bridge materials will tend to slide out of position as the person/vehicle tries to cross over the bridge. If the bridge materials are not secured to an area not coated with the anti-traction material, the bridge materials will be forced to move in a direction opposite the force exerted by a person/vehicle moving across the bridge materials. This is because the person crossing the bridge must push off the bridge materials to move forward. However, if the bridge materials are not secured to an area not coated with the anti-traction material, the movement of the person/vehicle crossing the bridge will push the bridge materials away.
If the anti-traction material is dispensed on uncompacted surfaces, i.e., loose soils, there is a higher probability that a person and/or land vehicle might be able to gain enough traction depending on the tread of the footwear or tires. However, the material still hinders the person/vehicle's movement, albeit to a less significant degree than it would otherwise, but is still useful in limiting the movement of the person/vehicle.
The anti-traction material is not limited only to use on horizontal hard surfaces to impede movements by foot or by land vehicle. The anti-traction material may also be applied to sloped and/or vertical structures and regions due, in part, to the high cohesiveness of the material.
The anti-traction material may be most effective when it is distributed in a random pattern over a surface, thereby creating slippery and non-slippery surfaces. Such a random dispersement makes people even less sure of their steps if they attempt to cross the coated surface. This also reduces the effectiveness of people from running and sliding across the anti-traction material because of the randomness of the application and the carryover of material from a treated area to an untreated area via people's footwear.
The anti-traction material may further be placed on the surfaces of devices to keep others from utilizing them. For example, one could place a coating of the anti-traction material on windows, doorknobs, railings, stairways, entryways, etc. to restrict someone from entering or leaving an area.
It is particularly effective in preventing the scaling of walls and stairwells and makes doorknobs and railings impossible to grip. If sprayed on weapons, steering columns, tools and the like, their utility is impaired. Exceptional effort is required to remove the anti-traction material through hot water or high-pressure washing with copious amounts of water.
The material can be removed if desired (e.g., after accomplishing the goal of the use) by high-pressure water, hot or cold, and displaced from the targeted areas to peripheral sights. It dries to a sweepable film, but can be easily reconstituted to its original anti-traction state by reapplication of water thereto.
Among other things, the present invention thus provides:
While this invention has been described in conjunction with the specific embodiments outlined above, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the preferred embodiments of the invention as set forth above are intended to be illustrative, not limiting. Various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
This application claims the benefit of Provisional application No. 60/338,654 filed Dec. 11, 2001.
The U.S. Government has a paid-up license in this invention and the right in limited circumstances to require the patent owner to license others on reasonable terms as provided by the terms of U.S. Government Contract No. V674-299F awarded by the United States Marine Corps.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3562193 | Leeks et al. | Feb 1971 | A |
| 3983213 | Lissant | Sep 1976 | A |
| 4069186 | Ramig | Jan 1978 | A |
| 4450197 | Hager et al. | May 1984 | A |
| 4541947 | Clark et al. | Sep 1985 | A |
| 4606913 | Aronson et al. | Aug 1986 | A |
| 4664823 | Kuwamoto et al. | May 1987 | A |
| 5114849 | Ben-Bassat et al. | May 1992 | A |
| 5190679 | McDonald | Mar 1993 | A |
| 5258424 | Yagi et al. | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5338129 | Oden | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5863875 | Steckel | Jan 1999 | A |
| 6242489 | Pinney | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 0 041 834 | Dec 1981 | EP |
| 1 160 299 | Dec 2001 | EP |
| 1312083 | Apr 1973 | GB |
| A-6-293875 | Oct 1994 | JP |
| WO 9115434 | Oct 1991 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20030144407 A1 | Jul 2003 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60338654 | Dec 2001 | US |
