Patent Application
20080152762
The present invention relates to an edible composition comprising a cheese ingredient. More particularly, the present invention concerns such an edible composition comprising an aqueous phase having a pH of less than 5.5 and chunks of material containing the cheese ingredient. Also provided is a method for the manufacture of such a composition.
Cheese is widely used as an ingredient in many food products. In some of these food applications cheese is applied in the form of discrete, identifiable pieces. The application of cheese pieces in acidified aqueous food products such as dressings, however, poses a problem, especially if the pH of the product is below 5.5. When cheese is left in contact with an acidic aqueous environment for a prolonged period of time, the cheese looses firmness and/or cohesion, starts to become grainy and/or to separate oil. As a result, storage of natural cheese under acidic conditions inevitably has a detrimental effect on the desirable eating properties of the cheese product.
It is possible to avoid this problem by taking special measures such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,238,717. This US patent describes a process for preparing a packaged cottage cheese product having an increased shelf life, said process comprising:
The cottage product so obtained is said to have an increased shelf life. In the US patent it is observed that whereas conventional cold cottage cheese has an average shelf life of 20-30 days, the cottage cheese product obtained by the aforementioned process has an average shelf life of 30-40 days or longer at refrigeration temperatures.
An important drawback of the cottage cheese product of U.S. Pat. No. 6,238,717 is that it must be stored in a refrigerator and that even under refrigeration conditions its shelf life is limited. Furthermore, the split stream manufacturing process described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,238,717 is unduly complex. US 2006/0062885 describes an imitation cheese composition comprising:
Hydrocolloids mentioned in the US patent include agar agar, alginate, carrageenan, gelatine, guar gum, locust bean gum, pectin and xanthan gum. The acidified imitation cheese composition of US 2006/0062885 is said to have a good shelf life, along with good mouthfeel and taste. Furthermore, the composition is sufficiently firm to be sliced, cut, shredded or grated.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,632,468 describes a composite food flavouring and/or texturing product comprising:
The inventors have found a way to prepare acidified edible compositions containing a transparent aqueous phase having a pH of less than 5.5 and discrete cheese containing pieces that retain desirable eating properties even when stored in direct contact with the acidic transparent aqueous phase under ambient conditions for several months. The inventors have achieved this by employing gelled pieces that contain a substantial amount of cheese ingredient in the form of particles that are suspended within the gel matrix. The taste and texture of these gelled pieces advantageously resembles that of natural cheese. Thus, by employing a gel matrix that is stable under acidic conditions, an ambient stable composition can be prepared that contains an acidic transparent aqueous phase in combination with chunks of material that are essentially indistinguishable from cheese dices. It has also been found that the aqueous phase retains its transparency upon storage of the composition.
One aspect of the invention relates to an edible composition comprising:
The gelled pieces contained in the present composition are self sustaining, meaning that they maintain their shape without external support. A wide variety of gelling agents can be used in the preparation of these gelled pieces, provided the texture of the resulting gel matrix is stable under acidic conditions. Examples of suitable gelling agents include proteins, gums, polysaccharides, starches and gel-forming modifications of these biopolymers. According to a preferred embodiment, the gelled water phase of the gelled pieces contains a gelling amount of a biopolymer selected from the group consisting of agar agar, pectin, gelatine, alginate, carrageenan, xanthan, locust bean gum, starch, starch derivatives (such as maltodextrin), whey protein, soy protein, egg protein, pea protein and combinations thereof.
In order to provide gelled pieces that have textural properties that are very similar to those of natural cheese, it is preferred to employ a gelling biopolymer that is capable of forming a gel at low temperatures, e.g. at a temperature below 50° C., or even below 40° C. Thus, the gelled pieces may be prepared without subjecting the cheese ingredient contained therein to elevated temperatures. Some gelling biopolymers, such as agar agar and gelatine, can be dissolved in warm or hot water and will form a gel as soon as the temperature is below the gel setting point. Other gelling agents, such a pectin and alginate, will form a gel if a solution of these biopolymers is cross-linked through the addition of a multivalent metal cation (e.g. Ca2+). Exposure to elevated temperatures was found to adversely affect the cheese ingredient component of the gelled pieces. Examples of gelling biopolymers which can advantageously be employed in accordance with the present invention as they form gels at low temperatures include agar agar, pectin, gelatine, alginate and mixtures of these biopolymers.
The gelled pieces within the present edible composition contain a particulate material that is dispersed in a gelled water phase. Typically, the gelled pieces comprise 20-90 wt. % of the gelled water phase and 10-80 wt. % of the dispersed particulate material. The gelled water phase preferably represents 25-80 wt. %, more preferably 30-70 wt. % of the gelled pieces. The dispersed particulate material advantageously represent 20-75 wt. %, more preferably 30-70 wt. % of the gelled pieces.
The continuous transparent aqueous phase of the present edible composition advantageously represents 40-98 wt. % of the composition. More preferably, the continuous transparent aqueous phase represents 50-96 wt. % of the edible composition. The gelled pieces are preferably contained in the edible composition in an amount of 3-50 wt. %, more preferably of 4-30 wt. %.
The present invention covers edible compositions that essentially consist of a continuous transparent aqueous phase and the gelled pieces as well as edible compositions that contain additional components, such as oil, spices, herbs, vegetables, meat products etc. Typically, the transparent aqueous phase of the edible composition, the gelled pieces, oil, spices, herbs, vegetables and meat products together represent at least 90 wt. %, more preferably at least 95 wt. % of the total edible composition.
According to a particularly preferred embodiment, the present edible composition is a pourable composition. The term “pourable edible composition” as used herein refers to edible compositions that are readily pourable from a container (e.g. a bottle or a jar) under ambient conditions. Pourable edible compositions, such as dressings, are distinguished from non-pourable compositions, such as mayonnaise. Examples of pourable edible compositions that are encompassed by the present invention include dressings, sauces, soups and condiments. Most preferably, the pourable edible composition is a dressing.
The pourable composition of the present invention advantageously contains a plant material selected from the group consisting of spices, herbs and vegetables. Preferably, in case said plant material are vegetables, the plant material has a mass weighted average diameter of at least 1 mm, more preferably of 2-20 mm. This average diameter is calculated by on the basis of the maximum diameter of each individual particle. According to a particularly preferred embodiment, the present pourable composition contains at least 10 wt. %, preferably at least 20 wt. % of a plant material selected from the group consisting of spices, herbs, vegetables and combinations thereof.
The gelled pieces and other particulate components of the pourable composition preferably sink or remain in suspension during storage of the composition. Most preferably, the composition is designed in such a way that the gelled pieces and any other particulate material contained therein remains in suspension, even if the composition is left under quiescent conditions for one week or more. This may achieved by ensuring that the density of the gelled pieces and other particulate material closely matches the density of the aqueous phase. Typically, the density of the gelled pieces is in the range of 1.0-1.2 g/ml.
The shelf stability of the present edible composition is largely dependent on the pH of the continuous aqueous phase. In order to minimise the risk of microbial spoilage, it is desirable to employ a pH of less than 5.0 or even of less than 4.5. The present invention offers the advantages that these pH's can be employed without any detrimental effect on the quality of the product, even when the product is stored under ambient conditions for several months. For reasons of taste, the pH of the edible compositions preferably does not go below 3.0.
In order to make the gelled pieces resemble natural cheese as closely as possible, it is preferred that these gelled pieces are not transparent and that they have a colour selected from white, yellow, orange or blends of these colours.
In principle, the gelled pieces contained in the present edible composition may take any shape or form. Preferably, the gelled pieces are cubically or cylindrically shaped. Most preferably, the gelled pieces are cubically shaped. According to another preferred embodiment, the gelled pieces have a weight in the range of 0.2-5 g.
As explained herein before, the textural properties of the gelled-pieces advantageously resemble those of dices of natural cheese. Accordingly, in a very preferred embodiment, the gelled pieces exhibit a fracture stress of at least 5 kPa, more preferably of at least 10 kPa. Typically, the fracture stress of the gelled pieces does not exceed 350 kPa, preferably it does not exceed 300 kPa.
Furthermore, also the fracture strain of the gelled pieces advantageously resembles that of natural cheese. Thus, according to a preferred embodiment, the gelled pieces exhibit a fracture strain of at least 10%, more preferably of at least 20%. The fracture strains of the gelled pieces usually does not exceed 70%, more preferably said fracture strain does not exceed 60%. The fracture stress and fracture strain of the gelled pieces are determined at 20° C. using a Texture Analyser (model TA.XTPLUS, Stable Micro Systems, UK). The gelled pieces are cubically shaped (15×15×15 mm3) and compressed uniaxially between two flat plates at a rate of 50 mm/min. The resulting stress-strain curve is used to calculate (true) strain and (true) stress at fracture (see e.g.: M. H. Tunick, Rheology of dairy foods that gel, stretch and fracture, J. Dairy Sci. 83, 2000, pp. 1892-1898).
The continuous aqueous phase of the composition is transparent. Thus, in case the edible composition is packaged in a transparent container, the gelled pieces are visible to the naked eye. The transparency of the continuous aqueous phase is reflected in a transmission of at least 70%, more preferably of at least 80%. The transmission as referred to in here is determined by using an Uvikon XL photo-spectrometer (Setomam, Domont Cedex, France) at room temperature. The aqueous phase of the dressing is pipetted into a cuvette of thickness 1 cm and transmission equals the maximum transmission that is measured within a wavelength range of 400-750 nm. It was found that the continuous aqueous phase retains said transparency upon storage of said composition.
The edible composition of the present invention, besides the acidic continuous transparent aqueous phase and the gelled pieces, may suitably contain additional components. Thus, for instance, the composition may suitably contain some fat. Preferably, the composition-comprises 0-5 wt. % of a dispersed fat phase. The inclusion of a dispersed fat phase usually produces a milky opaque appearance. As explained, in accordance with a preferred embodiment, when packaged in a transparent container (e.g. 1 litre of edible composition in a glass jar with a diameter of 8 cm), the gelled pieces should be visible to the naked eye. Thus, according to a very preferred embodiment, the edible composition contains less than 0.5 wt. % of a dispersed fat phase.
As explained herein before, it is preferred not to expose the cheese ingredient of the gelled pieces to elevated temperatures. Hence, in accordance with a very advantageous embodiment, the complete edible composition has not been pasteurised or heat sterilised. It should be understood, however, that parts of the edible composition excluding the cheese ingredient may have been subjected to pasteurisation or heat sterilisation prior to being combined with the cheese ingredient.
Another aspect of the invention relates to a process for the manufacture of an edible composition as defined herein before, said process comprising the steps of:
Gelling biopolymers that particularly suited for use in the aforementioned method include agar agar, pectin, gelatine, alginate and mixtures thereof.
An alternative embodiment of the present invention relates to a process for the manufacture of an edible composition as defined herein before, in which the complete composition is subjected to pasteurisation conditions. This process advantageously employs agar agar and/or alginate as biopolymers to produce the gelled pieces as the properties of gelled pieces made from these biopolymers are not adversely affected by pasteurisation. In accordance with this embodiment the process comprises the steps of:
The edible compositions of the present invention are advantageously packaged in a transparent container such as a glass bottle or a glass jar. Naturally, the container may also be made of a transparent plastic such as polyethylene or polyethylene terephtalate.
The invention is further illustrated by means of the following examples.
A shelf-stable acidified dressing comprising small cubes of cheese-like material was prepared as follows:
Water was heated to boiling and agar agar was added under stirring (30 grams per litre). The mixture was stirred under continued heating until the agar agar was completely dissolved.
Next, the solution was cooled to 50° C. and grated old Gouda cheese was added under stirring (40 grams of cheese per 60 grams of agar agar solution). The resulting mixture was allowed to gel in a refrigerator. After the mixture had formed a rigid gel, the gel was removed from its container and cut into cubes of 8×8×8 mm.
A dressing was prepared on the basis of the following recipe:
First, sorbate, flavours and colouring agent were added to the under continuous stirring water. Next, under stirring, a dry mix of the xanthan gum, sucrose and salt was added, followed by the addition of the vinegar. Subsequently, the vegetable components, which previously had been balanced, were added. Finally, the gelled cheese containing cubes were added. The resulting mix was gently stirred to obtain a homogeneous suspension, following which it was filled in glass jars.
The product so obtained was found to be shelf stable under ambient conditions for several months. During this storage period the gelled cheese containing cubes retained their integrity and also the texture and taste of these cubes did not change significantly.
Example 1 was repeated except that, instead of grated Gouda cheese, a spreadable processed cheese was added to the agar agar solution at a temperature of 90° C. in an amount of 50 g processed cheese per 50 g of agar agar solution. Again, the dressing so obtained exhibited excellent storage stability and the taste and texture of the gelled cubes did not deteriorate significantly during storage.
Purpose of this example is to show the effect on the extent of turbidity (or transmission) of the aqueous phase by a gelled cheese analogue of the invention (i.e. cheese in a matrix of a biopolymer) as compared to regular cheese.
The following materials were used:
For this example a model oil-free dressing was prepared, which was be used for testing the effect of both the cheese analogue and the natural cheese. The composition of said dressing is as follows:
The measured initial pH of said dressing composition is 2.1. Said composition was prepared at ambient temperature by first dissolving the sorbate, benzoate and EDTA in the water, thereafter adding the vinegar and phosphoric acid and subsequently dissolving the sugar and kitchen salt.
The cheese was prepared as follows.
For testing natural cheese in dressing, Parmesan cheese was cut into cubes of about 8×8×8 mm by using a manual cheese cutter (having a sharp blade). Fine particles and fines from the cheese cubes were then separated by rolling the cubes gently over a metal grid sieve (mesh width 3 mm).
This Parmesan cheese was also used for preparing the gelled cheese analogue. In this case, the cheese was cut into smaller pieces (ca. 5 mm) and then frozen at −40° C. for 10 minutes in a blast freezer. Subsequently, the cheese was milled into a fine powder in a IKA M20 laboratory mill. Just before this milling step, the cheese was mixed with some dry ice for keeping the temperature low during milling. The milling step was carried out such that high pressures are avoided and the carbon dioxide formed was allowed to evaporate completely before further use of the cheese powder.
A gelled cheese analogue having following composition was prepared:
First the Agar Agar was dissolved in the water at about 90° C. Thereafter the salt was added and dissolved and the mixture was then cooled to about 65° C. The cheese powder was then added and the mixture stirred well to avoid formation of dry lumps of powder. The thus-formed solution was poured in aluminum trays (about 8 mm layer) and allowed to cool down in the refrigerator (5° C.) so as to enable the gel to form. After at least 30 minutes the trays were taken out of the refrigerator and the gel layers removed. Subsequently, square cubes of 8×8×8 mm were cut from the gel layers.
The final products were prepared as follows.
Glass jars were filled with the following combinations:
(a) 15% wt of the above 8×8×8 mm Parmesan cheese cubes and 85% wt of the above model oil-free dressing composition; and
(b) 15% wt of the above 8×8×8 mm gelled cheese analogue cubes and 85% wt of the model oil-free dressing composition.
The thus-filled jars were stored in a refrigerator at 5° C. Every 2 days, the jars were gently inverted several times for speeding up the state of complete equilibrium between the dressing and the cubes in terms of pH.
After 10 days, the following pH values were measured: a pH of 4.1 for the natural Parmesan cheese containing product respectively a pH of 3.6 for the gelled cheese analogue containing product.
Furthermore, clear differences in appearance were observed between the two final product samples after equilibration for 10 days. The aqueous phase of the product sample containing the natural Parmesan cheese had become significantly more yellow and more turbid when compared with the product sample containing the gelled cheese analogue.
2.5 ml of the aqueous phase was taken from each of the product samples and pipetted into a cuvette. Transmission of these aqueous phases was measured as a function of wavelength in the range 400-750 nm. It was found that the maximum transmission was 97% for the aqueous phase taken from the product sample containing the cheese analogues, whereas 63% max. transmission was found for the aqueous phase taken from the product sample containing the natural Parmesan cheese.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP06126603 | Dec 2006 | EP | regional |
