The present invention relates to an electrostatic filter construction gas and particle filter according to the preamble of claim 1.
Consciousness of air impurities and the health hazards caused by them has increased considerably in recent years. Research has shown that gaseous and particulate impurities are environmental exposure agents that clearly increase sickness and health hazards. The problems are worst in large cities, in which emissions from traffic and energy production pollute the air. Besides their health hazards, impurities in outdoor air also affect the corrosion and oxidation of materials.
Attempts are made to reduce the impurities travelling from outside to the indoor air of buildings and vehicles by filtering the incoming air. Nowadays, the replacement air for dwellings, offices, and commercial buildings is cleaned using only particle filters; gases are filtered mainly only in special cases (e.g., clean rooms, electrical and electronics rooms).
The separation ability of particle filters varies greatly depending of the size of the particles. Fibre filters separate particles well if they are more than 5 μm, such as, for example, pollens. However, most of the emissions from traffic and energy production are small particles (particle size less than 1 μm), which are much more difficult to filter.
One effective way to filter small particles is the electrostatic precipitator shown in
According to
Recently, combination filters have appeared on the market, which filter gases and particles. However, the small-particle separation efficiency of combination filters is quite modest (they generally belong to the filter class EU6-EU7, which means, for example, that they filter a half or less of the 0,3-μm particles). The ability of the filters to charge gases is very modest in relation to the nominal airflow. U.S. Pat. No. 5,108,470 (Charging element having odour and gas absorbing properties for an electrostatic air filter) discloses a filter, in which a flat electrode containing activated carbon is located between two filter structures. The activated-carbon electrode is connected to an electrical power circuit. The construction is surrounded by metal electrodes, which have no filtering properties. The filter construction is at right angles to the direction of flow.
Application WO 98/22222 (Device in connection with an electrostatic filter) in turn discloses placing a fibre filter between two or more activated-carbon electrodes. In this case, the direction of the flow is at right angles to the electrodes.
A general problem with flat-plate filter solutions is the small amount of gas filtering material: for the filter to be able to effectively separate gaseous impurities, the transit time through the filter material should be sufficiently long. The small amount of adsorptive material means that the charging capacity of the solutions described for gaseous impurities remains low. For this reason, the filters have a short service life. By adding consecutive filtering stages, the gas filtering ability of the alternatives referred to above can be increased, but at the same time the pressure drop will increase.
The capacity of a gas filter can be increased by using a corrugated construction, as disclosed in patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,549,735 (Electrostatic fibrous filter). The patent discloses a solution, in which there is a charger section, a high-voltage electrode with the same polarity as the charger section, and an earthed activated carbon electrode. The high voltage is used to form an electrical field between the metal mesh and the activated carbon electrode.
The metal mesh does not have filtering properties. It is difficult to make an even electrical field, because close to the tops of the corrugations the distance of the electrodes easily differs from what it is in the flat section. When making the creases, the upper and lower parts of the corrugations must be sealed. In addition, the parts must be impermeable to air, because the upper and lower parts do not participate in filtering.
To produce clean incoming air, a filter must be able to filter not only small particles, but also gaseous impurities. One problem is the pressure drop over the filter: present solutions cannot provide effective particle and gas filtering simultaneously with a low pressure drop. Effective filtering is also expensive to implement. In practice, this means that existing air-conditioning machinery would require more powerful and also noisier fans, in order to compensate for the pressure drop caused by the additional filtering. An increasing pressure drop over the filter will require a corresponding increase in fan energy, thus correspondingly increasing the power consumption of the fans.
The invention is to create an entirely new type of particle filter, with the aid of which the drawbacks of the prior art referred to above can be eliminated.
The invention is based on the fact that at least one of the filter's electrodes is formed of an air-permeable, typically porous material with a poor electrical conductivity, such as activated carbon, in the form of a bag. In addition, both electrodes are positioned substantially parallel to the direction of flow of the gas.
More specifically, the particle filter according to the invention is characterized by what is stated in the characterizing portion of claim 1.
Considerable advantages are gained with the aid of the invention.
With the aid of this invention, air (or some other gas) is cleaned effectively of both gaseous and particulate impurities. The construction also permits a solution with a low pressure drop. For this reason, the filter can be installed in existing ventilation systems, without changes being required in the fans. In addition to having low operating costs, the solution is also economical to implement.
The benefits of the solutions are:
The changing of the filter also eliminates the typical problem of electrostatic filters, i.e. the cleaning of dirt collected on the filter cells. Collected dirt is often difficult to clean, it can corrode the collector electrodes and causes spark-over between the collector and voltage electrode. This in turn causes ozone production, weakening in the collection efficiency, and an unpleasant sound. Nowadays, unreliability is indeed one of the biggest problems relating to electrostatic filtering.
In the following, the invention is examined with the aid of examples and with reference to the accompanying drawings.
In the following, the invention is examined with the aid of the following terms:
1 charging section
2 separation section, electrostatic filter
3 ion path
4 corona wire
5 positive charge
6 air flow
7 fibre filter
8 metal mesh
9 separation plate
10 charging unit
11 high voltage
12 fibre filter
13 activated carbon filter
14 positive electrode of the activated carbon filter
15 earthed electrode of the activated carbon filter
A new feature in the filter is that both electrodes 14 and 15 are manufactured from activated carbon, or some other material containing a substance that filters gases, and which has a low electrical conductivity. In this case, a material with a low electrical conductivity refers to a material with a surface resistance in the order of 109-1015 Ohms.
The electrodes 14 and 15 are thus typically of a porous material. One material of the electrode 14 can be, for example, a porous polymer with low electrical conductivity. Between the electrodes 14 and 15 a rough filter material (fibre filter) 12 is placed, which is economical and which has a low pressure drop. Other materials permeable to air can also be used as the filter material, provided they are sufficiently porous. The fibre filter 12 also acts as a separator between the high-voltage electrodes 14 and the earthed electrodes 15, to prevent spark-overs.
According to
The electrodes 14 and 15 are positioned substantially according to the direction of flow of the gas. According to the invention, this means that the angle of the electrodes 14 and 15 relative to the direction of flow is no greater than 45°. When examining the angle, the effective area of the electrodes must be taken into consideration. In the small fold areas of the electrodes 14 and 15, which account for a few percent of the flow, the angle of the electrodes may deviate from the limit value stated above.
To make the point clear, transverse filters, which do not come within the scope of the invention, are typically at an angle of 90° to the direction of flow.
In order to bring the electrical filtering effect to a sufficient level, there should be a high difference in voltage potential between the electrodes 14 and 15. This canbe implemented in two ways, but in practice a simple construction is one in which the electrode 14 is connected to a high voltage and the electrode 15 is earthed according to
Naturally, the positions of the earthed and live electrodes in
In a solution according to the invention, the component 12 containing the filter material is preferably changeable. Alternatively, the entire collector section 2 can be changeable. The interval between changes depends on the environmental conditions and the airflow. If the solution is being used for filtering the incoming air in an individual room, the changing interval can be in the order of 1000-3000 hours, i.e. clearly more than one order of magnitude greater than when using the present filters installed in a central air-conditioning machine. As the ventilation is typically used for only part of the day, the change interval will be in the order of 6-12 months. The most expensive part of the solution, i.e. the high-voltage supply and the charger 10 are, on the other hand, permanent, which reduces the filter's operating costs. An examination of the total costs of the filtering shows the costs to be low for the whole service life of the filter.
The solution compactly combines particle and gas filtering. The space required is clearly less than when using separate filters (gas filter+particle filter) of a corresponding capacity. For example, for an airflow of 50 l/s, the space required is in the order of 0,3 m×0,3 m×0,3 m. The external dimensions can be further reduced from even this, with no loss of effectiveness in particle filter, though this will also reduce the capacity of the gas filter (the changing interval will be shortened).
In this invention, materials with a low electrical conductivity are used as the electrodes. This will limit the increase in current in a possible short circuit, so that the filter will still operate even in fault situations in which other electrical filters no longer operate.
According to the invention, one of the electrodes can be made from an electrically conductive material. In this case, the bag-like electrode can be of a material with a low electrical conductivity.
With the aid of the present invention, it is possible to filter out the small particles that are most hazardous to human health effectively and economically. In addition, the gas filtering makes it possible to eliminate gases that are hazardous to health, as well as unpleasant odours. By selecting suitable material and impregnation substances the solution can also be used to protect products and devices from corrosion and oxidation.
Thanks to its performance values and simple construction, the solution has a wide range of applications in cleaning air and other gases.
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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20020700 | Apr 2002 | FI | national |
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
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PCT/FI03/00272 | 4/10/2003 | WO | 11/8/2004 |