Patent Application
20130235624
The invention refers very generally to an electrical inverter and specifically to an electrical frequency converter and to an electrical network coupling inverter. Such converters are generally known and are used for connecting a drive to a power supply grid or for connecting two power supply grids. It is also known from DE 101 03 031 A1, for example, that such inverters can have a modular design.
The task of the invention is to create an electrical inverter with an improved modular design.
The invention solves this task with a frequency converter according to one of the claims 1 or 6, with an inverter according to claim 10 and with a network coupling inverter according to claim 12.
All inverters according to the invention share the common feature of a modular switch that has a first connection in series consisting of a first controllable power semiconductor component and a first diode and a second connection in series consisting of a second diode and a second controllable power semiconductor component, in which case the connection point of the first power semiconductor component and the first diode constitute a second connection of the modular switch, in which case the modular switch has a capacitor and the first and second connection in series as well as the capacitor are connected parallel to one another.
All inverters according to the invention share the additional common features that at least two such modular switches constitute a connection in series and that at least two such connections in series are connected parallel to one another.
Through these common features, the invention creates the option of easily adapting the inverters that have been made according to the invention for various applications. The modular design of the inverters made according to the invention is always unique, however: The modular design is adapted to the desired application only through further interconnection.
This method makes it possible to lower the effort and expense for building inverters according to the invention.
The description of the invention's embodiments provided below contains additional features, applications and advantages of the invention shown in the associated figures. In doing so, all features described or shown, either alone or in any combination, represent the object of the invention regardless of their summary in the patent claims or their retroactive application of claims and regardless of their formulation or representation in the description or in the figures.
The modular switch 10 has a first connection in series consisting of a first controllable power semiconductor component V1 and a first diode D1, and a second connection in series that consists of a second diode D2 and a second controllable power semiconductor component V2.
A free-wheeling diode switched in opposite direction can be connected in parallel to each one of the two controllable power semiconductor components V1, V2. However, it must be expressly pointed out that these free-wheeling diodes by themselves are actually not needed for operating the modular switch 10 because the modular switch 10 is fully functional even without these free-wheeling diodes. In practice, however, such free-wheeling diodes are intended for protecting the power semiconductor components V1, V2. The free-wheeling diodes help to prevent possible damage to the power semiconductor components V, V2 if power direction is accidentally reversed. Free-wheeling diodes can also have advantages for the protective functions of the inverter built with the modular switch 10. For this reason,
The dimensioning of the power semiconductor components V1, V2 and the diodes of the modular switch 10 can be optimized taking into account the loads that occur with the respective application. In this, the power semiconductor components V1, V2 and the diodes can also be built from several components connected in parallel and/or in series.
In the first connection in series, the collector of the first power semiconductor component V1 and the anode of the first diode D1 are connected to one another. This connection point is named first connection 11. In the second connection in series, the emitter of the second power semiconductor component V2 and the cathode of the second diode D2 are connected to one another. This connection point is named second connection 12.
The two connections in series are connected in parallel to each other. Thus, the cathode of the first diode D1 is connected to the collector of the second power semiconductor component V2, and the emitter of the first power semiconductor component V1 to the anode of the second diode D2.
A capacitor C has been connected to the two connections in series connected in parallel. The capacitor C can also be built as a capacitor bank consisting of several capacitors connected in parallel and/or in series.
There is a DC voltage udc on the capacitor C and a connecting voltage ua between both connections 11, 12. The direction of the voltages just mentioned is indicated in
The power semiconductor components V1, V2 are controllable switches (e.g. transistors), especially field effect transistors (FETs), or thyristors with the necessary auxiliary wiring if need be, especially GTO thyristors (GTO=gate turn off), or IGBTs (IGBT=insulated gate bipolar transistor), or comparable electronic components. Their connections can have different names depending on the design of the power semiconductor components V1, V2. The two names given above (collector and emitter) refer to the exemplary usage of IGBTs. The capacitor C can have a unipolarly executed.
The modular switch 10 can take four states:
When the two power semiconductor components V1, V2 are turned off (block), the current i flows from the first connection 11 through the diode D1, then through the capacitor C and through the diode D2 to reach the second connection 12. The capacitor C is charged by this current I, so the DC voltage udc increases. Apart from the voltage drops in the diodes D1, D2, the connection voltage ua equals the negative DC voltage −udc, therefore ua=−udc.
When the two power semiconductor components V1, V2 are turned on (conduct), the current i flows from the first connection 11 through the first power semiconductor component V1, through the capacitor C and then through the second power semiconductor component V2 to reach the second connection 12. The capacitor C is discharged by this current I, so the DC voltage udc decreases. Apart from the voltage drops in the power semiconductor components V1, V2, the connection voltage ua equals the positive DC voltage udc, therefore ua=udc.
When the first power semiconductor component V1 is turned on (conducts) and the second power semiconductor component V2 is turned off (blocks), the current i flows from the first connection 11 through the first power semiconductor component V1 and through the second diode D2 to the second connection 12. The DC voltage udc across the capacitor C remains constant. Apart from the voltage drops in the first power semiconductor component V1 and the second diode D2, the connection voltage ua equals zero, therefore ua=0.
When the power semiconductor component V1 is turned off (blocks) and the second power semiconductor component V2 is turned on (conducts), the current i flows from the first connection 11 through the first diode D1 and the second power semiconductor component V2 to the second connection 12. The DC voltage udc across the capacitor C remains constant. Apart from the voltage drops in the first diode D1 and the second power semiconductor component V2, the connection voltage ua equals zero, therefore ua=0.
The current i flowing through the modular switch 10 always flows in the same direction, which is preset by the diodes D1, D2. The connection voltage ua can essentially have three values, namely ua=−udc or ua=udc or ua=0. The DC voltage udc across the capacitor C can become larger or smaller.
The two states of the modular switch 10 mentioned last, in which the connection voltage ua equals zero, can be used for the purpose of homogenizing the load of the power semiconductor components and diodes.
An electric motor is especially intended as electric drive 22, but it must be pointed out that any other type of electric (especially electromagnetic) load can be used. Likewise, a generator can also be used as drive 22.
The frequency converter 20 has a first power converter 23 and a second power converter 24, both designed in three phases. In this case, it is assumed that the electric drive 22 is impinged with electric energy by the power supply grid 21. For this reason, the first power converter 23 has a rectifying function and will therefore also be known as rectifier below. The second power converter 24 has an inverting function and will therefore also be known as inverter below.
The two power converters 23, 24 are multilevel or multipoint power converters that in this case have five working points. It is obvious that both converters 23, 24 can also be equipped with fewer or more working points and/or with a different number of working points. It is also obvious that the two power converters 23, 24 can also have fewer or more phases and that the two power converters 23, 24 can also have a different number of phases.
In this case, each one of the two power converters 23, 24 is built of three connections in series 25 connected in parallel, in which case every one of the connections in series 25 consists of four modular switches 10 connected in series. In the power converter 23, the connection 11 of every one of the switches 10 is connected to the connection 12 of the corresponding switch 10 arranged underneath. In the power converter 24, the connection 12 of every one of the switches 10 is connected to the connection 11 of the corresponding switch 10 arranged underneath.
Furthermore, the connections 12 of the first, uppermost switches 10 of the rectifier 23 are connected to the one connection of an intermediate circuit inductance 26 and the connections 11 of the fourth, lowest switches 10 to a connection of an intermediate circuit inductance 27. The connections 12, 11 of the first (uppermost) and fourth (lowest) switches 10 of the inverter 24 to each of the other respective connections of the intermediate circuit inductances 26, 27 are made in corresponding fashion.
An intermediate circuit DC voltage is applied between the two intermediate circuit inductances 26, 27, through which the course of the associated intermediate circuit current can be adjusted. It is pointed out that, if necessary, only one of the two intermediate circuit inductances 26, 27 can also be available.
The connection point of the two middle switches 10 of each of the three connections in series 25 of the rectifier 23 is connected, in each case via one inductance 28, to one of the three phases of the power supply grid 21.
Alternatively, the three inductances 28 can also be designed in the shape of a transformer, if necessary also as so-called open transformer windings. In the latter case, it may be necessary to adapt the rectifier 23.
The connection point of the two middle switches 10 of every one of the three connections in series 25 of the converter 24 is connected to one of the three phases of the electrical drive 22. In this case, it is especially assumed that the electrical drive 22 has phase-related inductances. In an electrical motor, this can refer to its windings.
As already explained, above, the connection voltage ua of every modular switch 10 can essentially have three states: ua=−udc or ua=udc or ua=0, so the voltage of every phase of the electric drive 22 can essentially have five states, namely −2 udc or −udc or 0 or udc or 2 udc.
By respectively controlling the power semiconductor components V1, V2 of the individual modular switches 10 of the converter 24, the AC voltage of the power supply grid 21 having an initial frequency is converted to the intermediate circuit DC voltage. Through the corresponding control of the power semiconductor components V1, V2 of the individual modular switches 10 of the inverter 25, the intermediate circuit DC voltage is converted to AC voltage applied on the drive 22 with a selected second frequency.
As already mentioned, the electric drive 22 can also be a generator. In this case, reverse feeding takes place in which the second power converter 24 has a rectifying function and the first power converter 23 an inverting function. The intermediate circuit voltage changes its polarity sign. By correspondingly controlling the power semiconductor components V1, V2 of the individual modular switches 10 of the two power converters 23, 24, an alternate current produced by the generator with an initial frequency is converted to an alternate voltage available in a power supply grid 21 with a preset second frequency.
The frequency converter 20 shown in
An electric motor is especially intended as electric drive 32, but it must be pointed out that any other kind of electric load—especially an electromagnetic load—can be used instead of the electric motor.
The frequency converter 30 has an inverter 33 built from three connections in series 34 connected in parallel, in which case every one of the connections in series 34 is made up of four modular switches 10 connected in series. The connection 12 from every one of the switches 10 is connected to the connection 11 of the respective switch 10 arranged underneath.
The inverter 33 is executed in three phases. Needless to say, the inverter 33 can also have fewer or more phases.
The inverter 33 is a multilevel or multipoint converter that in this case has five working points. Obviously, the inverter 33 can also be equipped with fewer or more working points.
Furthermore, the connections 11 of the first, uppermost switch 10 of the inverter 33 is connected to a connection of an intermediate circuit inductance 35 and the connections 12 of the fourth, lowest switches 10 to the one connection of an intermediate circuit inductance 36.
The other respective connection of the intermediate circuit inductances 35, 36 is connected to a connection in series of a number of rectifiers 37. The connection in series of the rectifiers 37 is thus connected in parallel to the connections in series 34 of the inverter 33.
It must be pointed out that, if necessary, only one of the two intermediate circuit inductances 35, 36 can also be used.
In this case, there are four rectifiers 37 available, but this number can obviously be larger or smaller.
Every one of the rectifiers 37 connected in series is connected to one secondary-side winding 38 of the transformer 31. Thus, there are four secondary-side windings here. Furthermore, the transformer 31 has one primary-side winding 39 that can be connected to one power supply grid, for example.
The transformer 31 is especially executed in three phases, but can also have a smaller or larger number of phases.
The rectifiers 37 can have any kind of electric circuit with which a so-called diode feed-in can be carried out.
It is thus possible for the rectifiers 37 to be bridge rectifiers, so-called B2 rectifiers, for example. In a B2 rectifier, two diodes connected in series in the same direction are connected in parallel to one another and the connection points of the two respective diodes are in each case connected to one of the two connection points of the associated secondary-side winding. The connection points of both connections in series then constitute the connection points of the B2 rectifier.
It is likewise possible for the rectifiers 37 to be three-phase rectifiers, so-called B6 rectifiers, for example. It goes without saying that any other kind of rectifiers can also be used such as, for example, half- or fully controlled bridges or the like.
Alternatively, thyristor bridges (for example, a so-called B6 thyristor bridge) can also be used. Such thyristor bridges allow a reversal of energy flow—in other words, so-called reverse feeding.
The connection point of the two middle switches 10 of every one of the three connections in series 34 of the inverter 33 is connected to one of the three phases of the electric drive 32. It is especially assumed here that the electric drive 32 has phase-related inductances. In an electric motor, they can be its windings.
As explained above, the connection voltage ua of every modular switch 10 can essentially have three states: ua=−udc or ua=udc or ua=0. Thus, the voltage of each phase of the electric drive 32 can have essentially five states, namely: −2 udc or −udc or 0 or udc or 2 udc.
Starting from the transformer 31, on which an AC voltage has been applied with an initial frequency, an intermediate circuit voltage is formed between the intermediate circuit inductances 35, 36 with the help of the rectifiers 37.
With them, and through a corresponding control of the power semiconductor components V1, V2 of the individual modular switches 10 of the inverter 33, an intermediate circuit DC voltage preset by the transformer 31 can be converted to an AC voltage applied on the drive 32 with a preset second frequency.
The frequency converter 30 of
The inverter 40 has a rectifier 43 built from three connections in series 44 connected in parallel, whereby every one of the connections in series 44 consist of modular switches 10 connected in series. The connection 11 of every one of the switches 10 is connected to the connection 12 of the respective switch 10 arranged underneath.
The rectifier 43 has been developed in three phases. Obviously, the rectifier 43 can also have fewer or more phases.
The rectifier 43 is a multilevel or multipoint converter that in this case has five working points. Needless to say, the rectifier 43 can be equipped with fewer or more working points.
Furthermore, the connections 12 of the first, uppermost switches 10 of the rectifier 43 are connected to the one connection of an inductance 45 and the connections 11 of the fourth, lowest switches 10 are connected to the other connection of the inductance 45. DC voltage has been applied to the inductance 45.
The inductance 45 connected to the intermediate circuit allows the inverter 40 to be used for the dynamic compensation of idle power in the power supply grid 41. The current flows in only one direction through the inductance 45. With the help of the inverter 40, the voltage on the inductance 45 can be positively or negatively set and used for regulating the current.
The connection point of the two middle switches 10 of every one of the three connections in series 44 of the rectifier 43 is in each case connected to one of the three phases of the power supply grid 41 through the respective inductance 46.
Alternatively, the three inductances 46 can also be executed in the shape of a transformer, if necessary also as so-called open transformer windings. In the latter case, it may be necessary to adapt the rectifier 43.
By respectively controlling the power semiconductor components V1, V2 of the individual modular switches 10 of the rectifier 43, the AC voltage of the power supply grid 41 is converted to the DC voltage applied on the inductance 45.
The inverter 40 shown in
For example, the first power supply grid 51 can be the conventional, three-phase consumer mains and the second power supply grid 52 can be the two-phase rail grid. In this case, the consumer grid usually has a first frequency of 50 Hz and the rail grid usually a second frequency of 16.7 Hz.
The mains coupling inverter 50 has a first power converter 53 and a second power converter 54. In this case, it is assumed that the second power supply grid 52 is supplied with electricity by the first power supply grid 51. For this reason, the first power converter 53 has a rectifying function and therefore also receives the name of rectifier below. The second power converter 54 has an inverting function and therefore also receives the name of inverter.
The rectifier 53 and the inverter 54 have a different number of phases. Here, the rectifier 53 has three phases and the inverter 54 two phases. Obviously, the rectifier 53 and/or the inverter 54 can also have fewer or more phases.
The two power converters 53, 54 are multilevel or multipoint converters that in this case have five working points. Needless to say, they can also be equipped with fewer or more working points and/or with a different number of working points.
Both power converters 53, 54 are built from connections in series 55 connected in parallel, in which case the number of connections in series 55 corresponds in each case to the number of associated phases. Every one of the connections in series 55 consists of four modular switches 10 connected in series. In power converter 53, the connection 11 of every switch 10 is connected to the connection 12 of the respective switch 10 arranged underneath. In power converter 54, the connection 12 of every one of the switches 10 is connected to the connection 11 of the corresponding switch 10 arranged underneath.
Furthermore, the connections 12 of the first (uppermost) switches 10 of the rectifier 53 are connected to a connection of an intermediate circuit inductance 56 and the connections 11 of the fourth (lowest) switches 10 are connected to the one connection of an intermediate circuit inductance 57. Accordingly, the connections 12, 11 of the first (uppermost) and the fourth (lowest) switches 10 of the inverter 54 are connected in each case to the other connection of the intermediate circuit inductances 56, 57.
An intermediate circuit DC voltage has been applied between both intermediate circuit inductances 56, 57. It must be pointed out that only one of the two intermediate circuit inductances 56, 57 can be used if necessary.
The connection point of the two middle switches 10 of every one of the three connections in series 55 of the rectifier 53 is connected to one of the three phases of the first power supply grid 51. This connection can take place through a transformer 58 or, if necessary, through the respective inductances as well.
The connection point of the two middle switches 10 of every one of the two connections in series 55 of the inverter 54 is connected to one of the two phases of the second power supply grid 52. This connection can take place through a transformer 59 or, if need be, also through the respective inductances as well.
If necessary, only one of the two transformers 58, 59 can be used.
As already explained, the connection voltage ua of every modular switch 10 can essentially have three states: ua=−udc or ua=udc or ua=0. Thus, the voltage of every phase can basically have five states, namely: −2 udc or −udc or 0 or udc or 2 udc.
By correspondingly controlling the power semiconductor components V1, V2 of the individual modular switches 10 of the rectifier 53, the AC voltage of the first power supply grid 51 that has a first frequency is converted to the intermediate circuit DC voltage. By correspondingly controlling the power semiconductor components V1, V2 of the individual modular switches 10 of the inverter 54, the intermediate circuit DC voltage is converted to AC voltage with a preset second frequency for the second energy supply grid 52.
It must be pointed out that an energy flow can also take place in reverse direction in the mains coupling inverter 50. In this case, reverse feeding—in which the second power converter 54 has a rectifying function and the second power converter 53 has an inverting function—takes place. The intermediate circuit voltage changes its polarity sign. By correspondingly controlling the power semiconductor components V1, V2 of the individual modular switches 10 of the two power converters 53, 54, an existing AC voltage with a first frequency on the second power supply grid 52 is converted to an existing AC voltage on the first power supply grid 51 with a preset second frequency.
The mains coupling inverter 50 shown in
The mains coupling inverter 60 has a first power converter 63 and a second power converter 64. Here, it is assumed that the second power supply grid 62 is supplied with electric power by the first power supply grid 61. For this reason, the first power converter 63 has a rectifying function and also receives the name of rectifier below and the second power converter 64 has an inverting function and therefore also receives the name of inverter.
Both power converters 63, 64 have the same number of phases. Here, the rectifier 63 and the inverter 64 are executed in three phases. Needless to say, the rectifier 63 and/or the inverter 64 can have fewer or more phases and also a different number of them.
Both power converters 63, 64 are multilevel or multipoint converters that in this case have five working points. Obviously, the two power converters 63, 64 can also have fewer or more working points and/or be equipped with a different number of working points.
In this case, the rectifier 63 and the inverter 64 are in each case made up of connections in series 65 connected in parallel, and the number of connections in series 65 corresponds in each case to the number of associated phases. Every one of the connections in series 65 consists of four modular switches 10 connected in series. In the rectifier 63, the connection 11 of every one of the switches 10 is connected to the connection 12 of the corresponding switch 10 arranged underneath. In the inverter 64, the connection 12 of every one of the switches 10 is connected to the connection 11 of the corresponding switch arranged underneath.
Furthermore, the connections 12 of the first (uppermost) switch 10 of the rectifier 63 is connected to one connection of an inductance 66 and the connections 11 of the fourth (lowest) switches 10 are connected to a connection of an inductance 67. The connections 12, 11 of the first (uppermost) and of the fourth (lowest) switches 10 of the inverter 64 are connected accordingly in each case to a connection of an inductance 68, 69.
The other connection of the inductance 66 is connected to the other connection of the inductance 68 via an electric line 71 and the other connection of the inductance 67 is connected to the other connection of the inductance 69 via an electric line 72.
DC voltage has been applied between the two electric lines 71, 72, especially high voltage (e.g. 150 kV). These two lines can be several kilometers long (e.g. 100 km). One of the two lines 71, 72 can be grounded. The transmission of DC current is accomplished in this way.
It must be pointed out that either one of the two lines 71, 72 can, if necessary, also be allocated to only one of the two inductances 66, 68 or 67, 69. If applicable, one can also do entirely without the inductances 66, 68, 67, 69 as long as the own inductances of the electric lines 71, 72 are large enough.
The connection point of the two middle switches 10 of every one of the three connections in series 65 of the rectifier 63 is connected to one of the three phases of the first power supply grid 61. This connection can take place through a transformer 74 or, if need be, also through the respective inductances.
The connection point of the two middle switches 10 of every one of the three connections in series 65 of the inverter 64 is connected to one of the three phases of the second power supply grid 62. This connection can take place through a transformer 75 or, if need be, also through the corresponding inductances.
If necessary, only one of the two transformers 74, 75 can be used.
As already explained above, the connection voltage ua of every modular switch 10 can essentially have three states: ua=−udc or ua=udc or ua=0. Thus, the voltage of every phase can essentially have five states, namely: −2 udc or −udc or 0 or udc or 2 udc.
By correspondingly controlling the power semiconductor components V1, V2 of the individual modular switches 10 of the rectifier 63, the AC voltage with the one first frequency of the first power supply grid 61 is converted to DC voltage. This DC voltage or the associated DC current is then transmitted over the lines 71, 72. By correspondingly controlling the power semi-conductor components V1, V2 of the individual modular switches 10 of the inverter 64, the DC voltage is converted to an AC voltage with a preset second frequency for the second energy supply grid 62.
It must be pointed out that energy can flow in reverse direction in the mains coupling inverter 60. In this case, reverse feeding takes place, in which the second power converter 64 performs a rectifying function and the first power converter 63 an inverting function. By correspondingly controlling the power semiconductor components V1, V2 of the individual modular switches 10 of the two power converters 63, 64, an AC voltage available on the second power supply grid 62 is converted with a first frequency to DC voltage and transmitted through the lines 71, 72 so that it can then be converted to an existing AC voltage on the first energy supply grid 61 with a preset second frequency.
The mains coupling inverter 60 shown in
It must additionally be pointed out that the mains coupling inverter 60 shown in
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 2011 086 087.8 | Nov 2011 | DE | national |
