Patent Application
20140161648
The present invention relates to electric machines, such as motors or generators, and more particularly to a three-phase electric machine having aluminum windings.
Electric machines, such as motors or generators, typically include a stator mounted inside a housing and a rotor supported in the housing to rotate relative to the stator. The stator and/or the rotor of the machines have windings comprising coils of wire. In motors, electricity is delivered through these coils to generate magnetic fields, causing the rotor to turn. In generators, the electricity is generated in the windings as the rotor turns. Although different electrically conductive materials may be used to make the windings, in the past these windings have frequently been made from copper or copper alloys.
Three-phase systems are used to power large motors and other large electrical loads. Three-phase electric motors are a common class of three-phase loads. Three-phase induction motors are often used to drive scroll compressors for their efficiency, cost effectiveness and durability. Scroll compressors are desirable in devices such as air conditioners for their efficiency in compressing gas refrigerant.
The size, performance and cost of the apparatus incorporating the electric machine may be important factors when making purchasing decisions, especially for air conditioners. Additionally, the size, performance and cost of the electric machine frequently has a significant impact on the size and cost of the overall apparatus.
Prices of conductive materials used to make windings fluctuate. At times, some winding materials are more expensive than others. For example, sometimes copper is very expensive relative to other electrically conductive materials such as aluminum. Electrical conductivity of the material is also an important consideration. As conductivity decreases, larger windings must be used to overcome losses. However, larger windings raise concerns about machine size and resulting apparatus size. Thus, even though some materials such as aluminum can have a cost advantage over more frequently used materials such as copper, copper may still be used due to these other concerns such as size. Conventionally, modifying a motor designed to use copper windings so it had aluminum windings but maintained similar performance characteristics required a motor having a greater volume. This volume increase was often accomplished by substantially increasing the diameter and/or the length of the motor to accommodate increased aluminum winding volume over the conventional copper winding volume. But if the exterior size of the motor is restricted by the application in which the motor is to be used, these increases in length and/or diameter may not work, so the alternative winding material (e.g., aluminum) cannot be used without sacrificing performance. It would be advantageous if a three-phase electric machine could incorporate more cost effective materials (e.g., aluminum windings) but maintain similar performance characteristics in the motor without substantially increasing its diameter and/or length.
In one aspect, the present invention relates generally to a three-phase, high voltage motor for use in a scroll compressor. The motor comprises a stator core having an annular rim and a plurality of teeth extending radially inward from the rim. Aluminum windings are wrapped around teeth of the plurality of teeth of the stator core. The windings are spaced 120 electrical degrees from each other. The motor further comprises a rotor body that is rotatably mounted inside the stator core and includes an external surface facing the stator core.
In another aspect, the present invention relates generally to a scroll compressor system comprising a scroll compressor and a three-phase, high voltage motor. The motor comprises a stator core having an annular rim, an outer diameter, a root tooth diameter, an inner diameter and a plurality of teeth extending radially inward from the rim. Each tooth of said plurality of teeth has a root, a neck extending inward from the root, and a head opposite the root. The annular rim has an outer edge defining an enclosed cross-sectional area. Each adjacent pair of teeth defines a slot having an area. Aluminum windings are wrapped around teeth of said plurality of teeth of the stator core. The windings are spaced 120 electrical degrees from each other. The motor further comprises a rotor body that is rotatably mounted inside the stator core and includes an external surface facing said stator core.
In yet another aspect, the present invention relates generally to a method of modifying a three-phase, high voltage motor for use in a scroll compressor. The motor includes a stator core having a plurality of teeth. Each pair of adjacent teeth of said plurality defines a slot having a volume. Copper windings are wrapped around teeth of said plurality of teeth of the stator core. The windings are spaced 120 electrical degrees from each other. The motor further comprises a rotor that is rotatably mounted inside the stator core and includes an external surface facing said stator core. The method comprises replacing the copper windings with aluminum windings formed from wire having a gage size at least two gages larger than that forming the copper windings and a length equal to that forming the copper windings. The volume of the slots is increased to accommodate the aluminum windings.
Other objects and features will be in part apparent and in part pointed out hereinafter.
Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the drawings.
Referring now to the drawings and in particular,
A drive shaft 30 having an off-center crank pin 32 at its upper is rotatably mounted in a first bearing 34 positioned in the lower bearing housing 20 and a second bearing 36 positioned in the upper bearing housing 22. The drive shaft 30 is rotated by an electric motor, generally designated by 40. In the illustrated embodiment, the motor is a three-phase, high voltage induction motor having a standard operating voltage level range between about 208V and about 575V.
Referring to
As further shown in
Non-orbiting scroll member 70 is also provided with a wrap 72 extending downward from an plate 74 positioned in meshing engagement with the wrap 54 of the orbiting scroll member 52. Non-orbiting scroll member 70 also has a centrally disposed discharge passage 76 that communicates with an upward-facing open recess 78 in fluid communication with a discharge muffler chamber 80 defined by the lid 16 and partition 14. An annular recess 82 in the non-orbiting scroll member 70 houses a floating seal assembly 84. The open recess 78, annular recess 82 and floating seal assembly 84 cooperate to define axial pressure chambers, which receive pressurized fluid being compressed by the wraps 58, 72 to exert an axial force on the non-orbiting scroll member 70 to urge tips of the wraps into sealing engagement with the plates 74, 60. The interaction between the scroll members 52, 70 is broadly defined as a pump. The scroll compressor 10 as generally described above is well known by those skilled in the art and will not be described in further detail.
As illustrated in
The stator core 90 has an annular rim 94 and a plurality of teeth 96 extending radially inward from the rim. As will be readily understood by one skilled in the art, the winding 44 is wrapped around groups of teeth 96 consisting of two, three, four or more teeth. This type of winding is conventionally known as concentric winding. Other winding schemes and techniques may be used without departing from the scope of embodiments of the present invention. For example, the stator assembly 42 may be series wound, parallel wound and multiple path parallel wound, as will be understood by those skilled in the art. The windings 44 are each made from a single strand of aluminum wire wound around groups of teeth a plurality of times. Traditionally, copper wire from about 15 American Wire Gauge (AWG) to about 22 AWG is used for the motor windings. In one embodiment of the present invention, the wire is 16 AWG, insulated, single strand, aluminum magnet wire. Other wire sizes from about 13 AWG to about 20 AWG may be used for aluminum wire without departing from the scope of the present invention. Although the wires may have other cross-sectional shapes without departing from the scope of the present invention, in one embodiment the wire has a round, and more particularly a circular, cross section. Depending upon the solidity factor required to obtain suitable slot density, other cross-sectional shapes may be used, such as rectangular or square. Electric current flows through the windings 44 generating a rotating magnetic field that interacts with the currents induced in the induction rotor bars 47 to drive the rotor assembly 43 so it rotates relative to the stator assembly 42. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the stator core 90 has four, six or eight magnetic dipoles. In other words, the stator assembly 42 has windings 44 that are electrically energized to provide four, six or eight magnetic dipoles that rotate around the stator core 90.
As shown in
In addition, each tooth 96 has a root 106, a neck 108 extending inward from the root, a head 110 opposite the root, and a length 112 (or tooth length), measured from the root to the head. Each neck 108 has a width 114 (or tooth width), and each adjacent pair of teeth 96 define a slot 116 having an area 118. Each tooth has a ratio of tooth neck width 114 to tooth length 112 that is less than conventional. Lowering this ratio to less than conventional allows for a lower conductivity material, such as aluminum, to be used while maintaining performance as compared with a higher conductivity material, such as copper. Specifically, this ratio provides teeth having an elongate aspect ratio, providing additional space between teeth and along the length of the teeth for adding additional wire to the winding 44 within the stator core 90, as compared to a conventional stator core. The foregoing reduced ratio also allows for use of a lower conductivity material while maintaining performance, as discussed above.
Moreover, in some embodiments a ratio of a sum of the slot areas to the enclosed cross-sectional area of the motor 40 is larger than with a conventional three-phase motor. Increasing this ratio allows for a lower conductivity material, such as aluminum, to be used while maintaining performance, as compared with a higher conductivity material, such as copper. Specifically, increasing this ratio range provides more slot area as a portion of motor size for adding additional wire to the winding 44 within the stator core 90, as compared with a conventional stator core. The foregoing ratio also allows for use of a lower conductivity material while maintaining performance, as discussed above.
Exemplary slot and pole combinations defined by the stator core 90 include 18 slots 116 and 2, 4, or 6 poles, 24 slots and 2, 4, 6 or 8 poles, 30 slots and 2 poles, and 36 slots and 2, 4, 6 or 8 poles.
It may also be necessary to increase the stack height H to allow for use of the aluminum windings 44. In one embodiment, the stack height H is in a range from about 2¾ inches to about 6 inches. In further embodiments, the stack height H is in a range between about 3 inches and about 5½ inches. In still some further embodiments the stack height is about 5½ inches. This increased stack height provides additional lamina 92 for additional aluminum windings 44 to be wound, as compared to a traditional stack height of about 2½ to about 4½ inches.
A method may be used to change a three-phase motor designed for copper windings to have aluminum windings. The copper windings are replaced with aluminum windings. The replacement windings are made of aluminum wire having a wire gage at least two sizes larger than that of the copper windings. For example, if the copper windings had a wire gage of about 18 AWG, they are replaced with aluminum wire having a wire gage of about 16 AWG. The aluminum wire has a length about equal to that of the copper wire so that the windings may have a number of wraps about equal to the number of wraps the copper windings would have had. Because the aluminum wire gage is larger, the slot volumes must be increased to accommodate the lager wire. In some designs the slot volumes can be increased by increasing the slot areas measured lateral to the teeth. However, in some designs the material of the stator core becomes too small to carry the electrical flux required to efficiently drive the rotor. This condition is referred to as saturation. If saturation increases to an unacceptable degree, the slot volumes can be increased by increasing the slot height, such as by increasing the number of laminations. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, using this method can reduce material cost (e.g., by as much as 35 percent) without sacrificing motor efficiency.
Having described the invention in detail, it will be apparent that modifications and variations are possible without departing from the scope of the invention defined in the appended claims.
When introducing elements of the present invention or the preferred embodiments(s) thereof, the articles “a”, “an”, “the” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising”, “including” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements.
In view of the above, it will be seen that the several objects of the invention are achieved and other advantageous results attained.
As various changes could be made in the above constructions without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
