Patent Grant
12095321
This application is a national stage entry under 35 U.S.C. 371 of PCT Patent Application No. PCT/DE2019/200057, filed Jun. 3, 2019, which claims priority to German Patent Application No. 10 2018 211 838.8, filed Jul. 17, 2018, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The disclosure relates to an electric motor having a stator, rotor rotatably mounted relative to the stator and a motor electronics, wherein said motor electronics is arranged in an electronics housing and mounted on a circuit board. The disclosure also relates to a fan with such an electric motor.
The disclosure further relates to a method for evaluating a vibration state of an electric motor.
Electric motors are exposed to various types of vibrations during their operation. These vibrations can be caused by the electric motor itself, by the driven load or by the environment in which the electric motor is installed. For example, when the electric motor is a component of a fan, an imbalance of the impeller or stalls can generate vibrations. In addition, a non-uniform drive torque, which can arise, for example, from a pulsating DC link voltage, can further intensify the vibrations. If the fan is installed in an industrial environment, vibrations from the environment can also be transmitted to the electric motor. If the fan is also operated at a rotational speed at which a resonance of the fan occurs, the vibrations can be even more pronounced.
Prior to delivery to the customer or prior to the installation in a housing, motors or fans are usually dynamically balanced by reducing non-symmetrical weight distributions or other vibration generating circumstances. However, damages can occur already during installation in a housing, transport to the customer, installation in a customer application or at the end customer, which damages can affect the balance quality. When a fan is operated in environments with adherent soiling, such as in agriculture or in severe corrosive environmental conditions, the balance quality is also affected over the service life of the fan, as, for example, deposits or corrosions can have an effect on the weight distribution.
Imbalances lead to increased vibrations, which in turn place a heavy load on the components of the electric motor. For example, the bearings are subjected to considerably more stress than would be the case with a less vibrating system. A high level of vibration can cause the service life of the electric motor and/or its components to be significantly reduced. It is therefore worthwhile to measure the vibrations to which the electric motor is exposed.
EP 2 972 431 B1 discloses an electric motor having a function monitoring of the motor bearings. For this purpose, a vibration sensor is attached on the stator flange on its side facing away from the rotor using a metallic body sound element. This vibration sensor measures vibrations from the electric motor. In this way, problems with the bearing of the electric motor can be identified. By attaching the vibration sensor to the stator flange, the vibrations of the electric motor can be measured effectively and reliably. However, attaching the vibration sensor on the stator flange is complex and therefore costly. Furthermore, strong shocks of the electric motor can damage the vibration sensor.
Therefore, it is the object of the present disclosure to configure and develop an electric motor, a fan and a method of the type mentioned above in such a way that a reliable measurement of vibrations of the electric motor and/or a reliable determination of a vibration state of the electrical motor together with low cost is possible.
According to various embodiments, an the electric motor may include at least one vibration sensor arranged on the circuit board which vibration sensor is configured to measure an acceleration and/or speed of vibrations of the electric motor in at least one direction, and that the circuit board is vibrationally coupled to other components of the electric motor using at least one coupling element, so that at least parts of the vibrations of the electric motor are transmitted to the vibration sensor.
In some embodiments, a fan may include an electric motor and an impeller, the impeller being connected to the rotor of the electric motor.
In some embodiments, a method may include:
According to some embodiments, it is has first been recognized that attaching a vibration sensor directly on a stator bushing of the electric motor can be dispensed with. Rather, information about the vibration behavior of an electric motor can also be obtained by arranging a vibration sensor on a circuit board, which is arranged in an electronics housing of the electric motor, and said vibration sensor measures the acceleration and/or the speed of vibrations in at least one direction. It has been recognized that vibrations of the electric motor can be transmitted sufficiently well to the circuit board so that the vibrations of the electric motor can be measured by a vibration sensor arranged on the circuit board. Individual frequencies or ranges of the spectrum of the vibrations, however, can be dampened or filtered out by the circuit board or its fastener. However, vibrations reaching the vibration sensor are sufficiently informative to be able to gain information about the vibration behavior of the electric motor. Therefore, the vibrations of the electric motor are not measured directly, rather the vibrations that are transmitted to the circuit board of the motor electronics. Since the motor electronics may be integrated in a process step in the electric motor, there is no additional process step during assembly of the electric motor when the vibration sensor is arranged on the circuit board of the motor electronics, so that the production cost is practically not affected by the vibration sensor.
So that there is a defined coupling behavior between the vibration sensor and other components of the electric motor, at least one coupling element is used to vibrationally couple the circuit board and/or the vibration sensor with other components of the electric motor. If the relationship between the vibrations of the electric motor and measured values collected by the vibration sensor may be derived, for example, from calibration measurements, conclusions can be drawn from on the vibration behavior of the electric motor the measured values.
The “other components of the electric motor”, between which the at least one coupling element is intended to improve the transmission of vibrations, can be formed by a wide variety of components of the electric motor. Merely by way of example, but not limiting, the “other components of the electric motor” may be formed by a stator bushing, a motor housing, a bearing tube, a stator coil package, a fixture of the electric motor or the electronics housing.
The motor electronics, on the circuit board of which the vibration sensor is arranged, can fulfill a wide variety of functions. In the simplest case, the motor electronics can be formed by a circuit board with connecting conductors and soldering pads. Such circuit boards can be used, for example, to connect individual coils of the stator to one another. In some embodiments, however, the motor electronics also consists of further electrical and/or electronic components. The motor electronics in this case may include simple sensors providing sensor signals, for example for the rotational speed, to an external control device of the electric motor. The motor electronics can also take on control tasks and/or include a power section. According to some embodiments, the motor electronics provide windings of the stator and/or windings of the rotor with a supply signal. For this purpose, the motor electronics can have a supply voltage input, into which a supply voltage, for example, a DC voltage or a three-phase system, is entered. From the input supply voltage, the motor electronics then generates a system of supply signals that cause the rotor of the electric motor to perform a rotational movement.
In principle, the circuit board can also be constructed from a wide variety of materials. However, the circuit board is may be made from a rigid composite material on which conductor tracks are applied. Frequently, such circuit boards are made from a fiber reinforced plastic. The circuit board can have conductor tracks on several levels, for example on an top side and a bottom side and optionally additionally in one or more intermediate layers which is/are inserted between the top side and the bottom side. Corresponding circuit boards are well known from practice.
The vibration sensor can be formed in a wide variety of ways. Importantly, the vibration sensor is capable of providing acceleration and/or speed values for the measured vibration. Here, the vibration sensor can be formed by a MEMS (Micro Electro-Mechanical System) acceleration sensor, a piezoelectric acceleration sensor, a microphone (for example a MEMS microphone) or strain gauges. Suitable sensors for this purpose are well known from practice.
The vibration sensor is—as already mentioned—configured for measuring an acceleration and/or a speed of vibrations of the electric motor in at least one direction. There can be configurations in which the measurement is sufficient in only one direction. This may be the case, for example, when the electric motor tends to exhibit strong vibrations in said one direction, while other directions develop comparatively little tendency to vibrate. In some embodiments, the vibrations are, however, measured in several directions, e.g., in three directions, wherein the individual directions are not parallel to each other. The choice of directions in which vibrations are measured, may depend on the vibration mode, in which the electric motor usually vibrates. In an example configuration, the directions in which vibrations are measured, however, are formed to be perpendicular to each other, said three directions, for example, forming a classic Cartesian coordinate system. In this case, for example, a first direction may be parallel to the axis of the electric motor while one of the other directions is arranged in parallel to a reference plane of the electric motor.
When measuring vibrations in several directions, a single vibration sensor can be used, which is configured to measure in the respective desired directions. Thus, for example, vibration sensors are known from practice that are capable of measuring vibrations that are arranged in three mutually perpendicular directions. However, the vibration sensor can be formed also by a system of vibration sensors, each of the vibration sensors of the system covering one of the directions. This configuration is useful when the directions in which the vibrations are to be measured are not perpendicular to one another. Using such a system of vibration sensors, any number of axis constellations can be produced. If the individual vibration sensors of the system are arranged close to each other on the circuit board, the measurements of the system from vibration sensors only negligibly differ from a measurement of an individual vibration sensor.
In principle, the electronics housing can be arranged at various locations of the electric motor. It is only important that the electronics housing is vibrationally coupled with other components of the electric motor. This can be achieved in a simple manner in that the electronic housing is integrated in the electric motor or is attached to the exterior of a motor housing. In the second case mentioned, for example the electronics housing can be implemented as an independent, closed electronics pot that is flanged to the motor housing. The electronics housing may be arranged on a stator bushing of the electric motor, i.e., the motor electronics is arranged near the axis of the shaft, in which case the circuit board then usually being arranged perpendicular to the shaft axis.
Furthermore, it is fundamentally irrelevant whether the motor electronics within the electronics housing is accessible after the completion of the electric motor or not. Since the motor electronics in current electric motors is often molded with a casting compound, the motor electronics is usually not directly accessible anyway. This can even go so far that the electronics housing is fully encapsulated by an overmold so that there is actually no access to the electronics housing and the motor electronics without destruction. As long as there is access to a vibrational coupling between the vibration sensor and other components of the electric motor, even such an electronics housing may be suitable.
In principle, the electronics housing can have a wide variety of shapes. However, the electronics housing may include a bottom and side walls. In an electronics housing configured in this way, the circuit board is arranged substantially in parallel to the bottom of the electronics housing. In a simplest configuration, such an electronics housing is cup-shaped with a circular base. However, the base can also have other shapes. Regular shapes such as, for example, square, rectangle, hexagon or octagon, can also be used as irregular forms. Likewise, the side walls do not necessarily have to be perpendicular to the bottom. Such an electronics housing is usually closed by a cover which closes off an open area of the electronics housing. In this case, the cover may be arranged, for example, in parallel to the bottom.
In a configuration, the vibration sensor is arranged on a side of the circuit board facing away from the bottom of the electronics housing—top side of the circuit board. Such a configuration has the advantage, in examples of strong vibration stress of the electric motor, that a relatively large gap between the electronics housing and the vibration sensor forms.
In another configuration, the vibration sensor is arranged on a side of the circuit board facing the bottom of the electronics housing—bottom side of the circuit board. Such a configuration offers the advantage that vibrations with a corresponding coupling between the bottom and the vibration sensor, are conducted more easily and more effectively to the vibration sensor, and more precise measurements can be possible in this way.
In principle it is also conceivable that, in a system of vibration sensors, a first part of the vibration sensors at the top and a second part of the vibration sensors are arranged on the bottom of the circuit board.
Regardless of whether the at least one vibration sensor is arranged on the top and/or bottom of the circuit board, the bottom of the electronics housing may include a protrusion in the area of the at least one sensor, so that the distance between the at least one vibration sensor and the electronics housing is reduced. Here, the protrusion may be formed planar at its top side. “In the area of the vibration sensor” means in this case that, when looking at the top of the circuit board, there is significant overlap between the vibration sensor or the vibration sensors and the protrusion at the bottom of the electronics housing. The protrusion does not necessarily have to extend over the entire surface that is spanned by the at least one vibration sensor. To avoid distortions it is useful, however, that the protrusion is at least as large as the vibration sensor, or—in case of several vibration sensors—the area spanned by the vibration sensors.
For the arrangement of the vibration sensor on the circuit board it may be advantageous, if waveforms occurring at various applications are known. Thus, the vibration sensor can be positioned and its measurement directions can be aligned so that the measurement signals generated provide a clear and differentiable picture of the vibrations and the vibration modes.
In principle, the coupling element can be formed from a wide variety of materials. It is important that vibrations are transmitted by the coupling element better than by air and in this way, an improved coupling between the vibration sensor and other components of the electric motor can be established. It is recommended, however, that there is no direct metallic coupling between the vibration sensor and other components of the electric motor, since, on the one hand, metals conduct vibrations very well, but, on the other hand, provide practically nonexistent damping in the case of strong vibrations. The at least one coupling element may be formed from a plastic which additionally improves or establishes an electric insulation of the sensor.
In a configuration, the at least one coupling element may include a casting compound which fills at least part of a gap between the electronics housing and the circuit board. When the electronics housing has a bottom and side walls, such gap can be formed, for example, between the bottom and the circuit board. Such casting compounds are widespread in motor electronics and are usually based on plastic. For example, they favor the dissipation of heat toward the electronics housing and stabilize the motor electronics in the electronics housing.
In a modification of this configuration a partition wall may be provided which divides the casting compound in a first casting compound and a second casting compound. It is useful in this case when said partition wall is also made from an electrically non-conductive material, e.g., a plastic. In this modification, the second casting compound has a lower elasticity than the first casting compound, i.e., the second casting compound is “harder” than the first casting compound. In addition, the second casting compound is arranged at the vibration sensor. This division into first and second casting compound has the advantage that in the area of the vibration sensor, a casting compound can be used which allows a favorable vibrational transmission to the vibration sensor, while in another area a casting compound can be used which for example, allows good heat dissipation.
In another embodiment, the at least one coupling element includes an adhesive pad or an adhesive that is inserted between the vibration sensor and part of the electronics housing. In this way, the vibration sensor can be coupled relatively firmly to other components of the electric motor, while still maintaining a simple installation when the circuit board is inserted into the electronics housing. The adhesive can be configured as a hardening adhesive, for example based on epoxy. In some embodiments, the adhesive pad and the adhesive have electrically insulating properties, i.e., the electrical conductivity is low.
In a further configuration the at least one coupling element includes a plastic overmold, which is attached on at least parts of the electric motor. In the case of electric motors, it is not uncommon that components of the electric motor are overmolded and connected to a plastic during an injection molding process. Thermoplastic or thermosetting materials are often used here. In this way, for example, parts of the wound lamination stack of the stator and parts of the electronics housing can be connected by overmolding. In this case, the bearing seat can be part of a package insulation or be part of the overmold. In such cases, said overmold can form a coupling element. A further coupling element, for example in the form of an adhesive pad, can be attached between the vibration sensor and the overmold. However, the plastic overmold may be in direct contact with the at least one vibration sensor.
In a further configuration, the at least one coupling element includes a (mechanical) fastener that mechanically and/or electrically connects the circuit board to another part of the electric motor. In this case, the fastener can be formed by a wide variety of structures that can generate a mechanical connection and a vibrational coupling. Detachable fastener can be used as well as non-detachable ones. Merely by way of example, but not limited, reference is made to the use of a screw, a rivet, a clamp, a pin, a dowel pin, a grooved nail, or the like. Depending on the fastener used, the type of coupling is done differently. In this case, the fastener, for example a configuration as a screw, can pass through a bore in the circuit board and be screwed into a thread in the electronics housing. For further improvement of a vibrational coupling between the vibration sensor and other components of the electric motor, it is useful if the fastener is arranged near the vibration sensor. This means that, when looking at the circuit board, the distance between fastener and the vibration sensor compared to the dimensions of the circuit board is significantly lower. In some embodiments, the distance is at most 20% of the dimensions of the circuit board, e.g., at most 10% of the dimensions. At the same time, it is recommended not to fall below a certain minimum distance between fasteners and vibration sensor. The distance may be at least 5% of the dimensions of the circuit board.
The above-mentioned configurations of the at least one coupling element can be combined relatively arbitrary. Some examples in which individual ones of the aforementioned coupling elements are combined with one another, are explained in more detail in the following exemplary embodiments. A person skilled in the art will recognize that and how the various configurations of coupling elements can also be combined in other ways.
In a further development, the electronics housing can be completely or partially coated with a plastic, or a plastic lining can be placed in the electronics housing. Such a development can be used, for example, to improve the insulation between the motor electronics and the electronics housing. In the case of an electronics housing that has a bottom and side walls, the bottom and/or the side walls can, for example, be coated or covered with the plastic. It would also be conceivable that only parts of the bottom or parts of the side walls are coated with plastic, or covered with a plastic lining.
In principle, the electric motor can be configured in various ways. It is only important that there is motor electronics on which the vibration sensor can be attached. In an example configuration, however, the electric motor is formed by an EC motor (Electronically Commutated Motor) in which the motor electronics generates a system of supply signals, the system of supply signals being able to generate a rotating field in the electric motor that causes the rotor to rotate. Here, the EC motor may be constructed in an internal or external rotor configuration.
The method may evaluate a vibration state of an electric motor. In an example method, in a first step, a measurement signal is generated using at least one vibration sensor, the measurement signal representing a speed and/or an acceleration of vibrations of the electric motor in at least one direction. In this case, the measurement signal includes a time course and frequency components in a frequency spectrum.
This measurement signal is analyzed in a further step in that an amplitude and/or a phase and/or a frequency of the measurement signal is determined for determining at least one parameter of the vibrations of the electric motor. The amplitude of the measurement signal refers to the extent to which the measurement signal moves. In the simplest case, the amplitude is the maximum amount that the measurement signal assumes in the measurement period under consideration. However, it would also be conceivable to consider the amplitude as the value that the measurement signal assumes on average in the measurement period under consideration. The frequency of the measurement signal refers to the spectral components of the measurement signal. Here, the “frequency of the measurement signal” can refer to a single dedicated frequency, several dedicated frequencies or one or more frequency ranges. The phase of the measurement signal refers to the temporal relationships between several sub-areas of the measurement signal. Here, the phase can, for example, relate to a relationship between active and reactive components of the measurement signal. When measuring vibrations in several directions, the phase, however, may refer to the temporal relationship between the measurement signals in the individual directions. From the amplitude, the phase and/or the frequency of the measurement signal it can be deduced how strongly and in what forms the electric motor vibrates. Thus, in this manner at least one parameter of the vibrations of the electric motor can be determined.
In a next step, the at least one parameter determined in this way is compared with a corresponding reference parameter. This means, for example, that the amplitude of the measured quantity is compared with a reference amplitude, for example, a maximum permissible amplitude. It is also possible here for several parameters to be compared with several respectively corresponding reference parameters. By combining several parameters, a more comprehensive picture of the vibration state of the electric motor can be determined than would be possible with a single parameter.
From the result of the comparison of the determined at least one parameter with the corresponding reference parameter or the corresponding reference parameters, in a further step, the vibration state of the electric motor is determined. Knowledge of the vibration behavior of the electric motor (for example from calibration measurements) or knowledge of a structural identical or very similar electric motor can be used here.
In a further development of the method, based on the determined vibration state, a warning message is generated and/or measure are initiated to protect the electric motor. In principle, a wide variety of reactions are conceivable that address the particular vibration state. A warning message can indicate that a maximum permissible vibration value has been reached or exceeded. A warning message can also signal, however, that there is an unfavorable vibration mode that places a heavy load on the electric motor. How the warning message is output, depends on the respective application scenario. It would be conceivable, especially in Industry 4.0 environments, for a corresponding warning message to be sent over a network. This warning message can be received, for example, by maintenance personnel or operating personnel and appropriate countermeasures can be taken. A warning message can also be output by a simple light-emitting diode, for example, green in normal operation and red in an unfavorable vibration mode. It would also be conceivable here for the light-emitting diode to light up orange, for example, when a first vibration limit value of the light-emitting diode is exceeded. A warning message can also be used—especially in the case of environments with adherent soiling—to trigger cleaning and/or maintenance work.
Alternatively or additionally, measures to protect the electric motor can be initiated based on the determined vibration mode. These measures can include, for example, changing the rotational speed of the electric motor. In most cases, reducing the rotational speed could help reduce the vibrations. In this way, the electric motor can be put in a less vibrating operational state. Another measure could include that the control is switched to a quieter mode of operation by compensating, for example, ripple in the driving torque more strongly.
In one configuration, prior to a comparison of the at least one parameter with a (respectively) corresponding reference parameter, it can be checked whether the at least one parameter exceeds a predefined limit value. For example, a threshold value can be defined which the amplitude of the measurement signal must exceed at least before further steps are carried out. If this threshold value is not reached by the measurement signal, the step of comparing and determining a vibration state can be skipped—to conserve computing resources.
Some functions and developments are summarized below, which can be carried out with the electric motor, the fan, and the method as disclosed herein:
There are now various possibilities for configuring and developing the teachings disclosed herein in an advantageous manner. For this purpose, on the one hand, reference is made to the claims depending on the independent claims and, on the other hand, to the following explanation of exemplary embodiments with reference to the drawings. In connection with the explanation of the exemplary embodiments with reference to the drawings, generally preferred configurations and further developments of the teaching are also explained. In the drawings:
All of the exemplary embodiments of electric motors illustrated in the figures are each constructed in an external rotor configuration. This means that the stator is arranged at the motor axis and the rotor is arranged around the stator. For the sake of clarity, the rotor of the electric motor is not illustrated in each of the figures. This does not mean—of course—that the electric motor does not have a rotor.
In the exemplary embodiment of
The exemplary embodiment of
In the exemplary embodiment of
A partition wall 20 is formed in the embodiment of
The exemplary embodiment of
In
A relatively similar configuration is shown in
In step 33, the determined measurement values and/or the calculated parameters are matched with vibrational states of known vibration modes, i.e., said determined parameters are compared with reference parameters, said reference parameters in each case having been recorded at known vibration modes. These reference parameters can come from a database, the content of which was created in a calibration measurement of the electric motor. Alternatively, the database can also contain reference parameters of a structurally identical or at least similar electric motor. From this it can be concluded which vibration state the electric motor is currently in.
In step 34, responsive to the identified vibration state, for example, the rotational speed is slightly reduced. In step 35 one waits until the changes have taken effect and the system has moved to a steady state. This usually happens within a few seconds to a few minutes. The method is then repeated at step 30 and a new data collection is carried out.
With regard to further advantageous configurations of the electric motor or of the method, to avoid repetitions, reference is made to the general part of the description and to the accompanying claims.
Finally, it should be explicitly noted that the above-described exemplary embodiments only serve to explain the claimed teaching, but do not limit it to the exemplary embodiments disclosed.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 102018211838.8 | Jul 2018 | DE | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/DE2019/200057 | 6/3/2019 | WO |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2020/015796 | 1/23/2020 | WO | A |
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| Number | Date | Country |
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| 2017100471 | Jun 2017 | AU |
| 102009044509 | May 2011 | DE |
| 102012100244 | Jul 2012 | DE |
| 102012201676 | Aug 2013 | DE |
| 102013102648 | Sep 2014 | DE |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20210296977 A1 | Sep 2021 | US |
