Patent Grant
7010363
This invention relates to electrical appliance energy consumption control methods and electrical energy consumption systems.
Consumption of and reliance upon electrical energy is increasing. Usage of electrical energy is ubiquitous in almost every aspect of life. Businesses, entertainment, communications, etc. are heavily dependent upon electrical energy for fundamental operation. Power distribution systems or grids provide electrical energy to households, businesses, manufacturing facilities, hospitals, etc. Such systems are typically reliable, however, numerous systems employ backup electrical supplies in case of failure of the power distribution system being utilized.
Some electrical power distribution systems are ever-changing dynamic systems and operations are often concerned with balancing generation with load. Frequency of the voltage of the electrical energy may be used as an indicator of variances between generation of electrical energy and usage of electrical energy by loads coupled with the electrical power distribution system. For example, when demand exceeds generation, the frequency of the electrical energy on the electrical power distribution system may drop, and conversely, when there is excess electrical energy available, the frequency increases. Over a given 24 hour period, it is desired to balance energy surplus and deficit so the average frequency is 60 Hz, or other desired frequency.
Typically, control of the state of the electrical power distribution system is implemented by controlling operations of generators coupled with the system. For example, at times of increased demand, the output of generators may be increased and/or other generators may be brought on-line to assist with supplying the electrical energy. In addition, spinning reserves may be utilized to accommodate unexpected significant fluctuations in demand for electrical energy. Provision of spinning reserves is costly, and much of the time, not used.
Some electrical power distribution approaches have been designed to curtail peak loads through the utilization of Demand Side Management (DSM). DSM techniques include direct load control wherein a utility has the ability to curtail specific loads as conditions warrant. In these arrangements, a utility may broadcast a control signal to specific loads when curtailment is desired (e.g., during peak usage periods).
Other electrical power distribution approaches attempt to stabilize bulk-power transmission corridors using external Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices to improve dynamic performance of transmission systems. FACTS devices, such as Static-Var Compensation (SVC) and Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitors (TSCSs), are designed to provide stability enhancements allowing transmission facilities to be loaded to levels approaching their ultimate thermal capacity. These devices may supply reactive power to support voltage or provide modulation to damp electromechanical oscillations.
Utilities may use other devices at distribution points (e.g., substations and/or switchyards) to manage electrical power distribution operations. Exemplary management devices include underfrequency and undervoltage relays. These devices may “black out” entire neighborhoods when a grid is in trouble allowing the grid to recover before power is reapplied to the blacked out customers.
Aspects of the present invention provide improved apparatus and methods for supplying electrical energy.
Preferred embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to the following accompanying drawings.
According to one aspect of the invention, an electrical appliance energy consumption control method includes providing an electrical appliance coupled with a power distribution system, receiving electrical energy within the appliance from the power distribution system, consuming the received electrical energy using a plurality of loads of the appliance, monitoring electrical energy of the power distribution system, and adjusting an amount of consumption of the received electrical energy via one of the loads of the appliance from an initial level of consumption to an other level of consumption different than the initial level of consumption responsive to the monitoring.
According to another aspect of the invention, an electrical appliance energy consumption control method comprises providing an electrical appliance coupled with a power distribution system, the appliance comprising a plurality of loads, receiving electrical energy within the appliance from the power distribution system, operating the appliance at a normal mode of operation wherein one of the loads consumes a first amount of electrical energy, monitoring an electrical characteristic of electrical energy of the power distribution system, and responsive to the monitoring, operating the appliance at an other mode of operation wherein the one of the loads consumes a second amount of electrical energy different than the first amount of electrical energy.
According to another aspect of the invention, an electrical energy consumption system comprises a power interface configured to receive electrical energy of the power distribution system, a plurality of loads coupled with the power interface and configured to consume the received electrical energy, and control circuitry configured to monitor an electrical characteristic of the electrical energy of the power distribution system and to vary an amount of consumption of the received electrical energy via one of the loads responsive to the monitoring.
Additional aspects are described herein. For example, additional aspects relate to compressor systems, HVAC systems, clothes dryers, clothes washers, water management systems, dish washers, personal computer systems (or other devices having energy saving modes of operation), water heaters, refrigerators, and any other appliance configuration configured to consume electrical energy during operation.
Referring to
System controller 11 is configured as control circuitry to monitor and manage operations of system 10 in some embodiments. System controller 11 may comprise a microprocessor in one embodiment to implement exemplary monitoring and control aspects of the power management operations described herein. System controller 11 may be referred to as a centralized controller in one embodiment and for example operated by supply 12 or at some location distant from consumers. In one arrangement, system controller 11 is configured to monitor electrical energy distributed within system 10 and issue appropriate control signals to power management devices 16 and/or appliances 18 (e.g., via networked, wired or wireless communications) to implement power management operations described herein. Implementation of power management operations by system controller 11 configured in the above-identified centralized embodiment may be referred to as centralized operations.
Implementation of power management operations at customer locations (e.g., residential, commercial, industrial, etc.) may be referred to as passive operations. For example, power management devices 16 and/or appliances 18 may implement some or all of the power management operations (e.g., monitoring, control) at the customer locations with or without a centralized system controller 11. In other embodiments, system controller 11 may comprise a customer located device to provide passive operations (e.g., mounted locally to provide, monitor and/or control passive operations of devices 16 and/or appliances 18 at the customer location). Accordingly, in at least some exemplary embodiments, system controller 11 provides centralized or passive power management operations described herein. In some embodiments and as mentioned above, controller 11 may be omitted and power management operations may be implemented within devices 16 and/or appliances 18.
Supply 12 is configured to provide electrical energy for consumption by appliances 18. Supply 12 may be arranged as one or more generator or other construction configured to supply electrical energy. Generators may be individually taken on-line or off-line, or the output thereof may be adjusted, according to the usage of the electrical energy. In one exemplary implementation, supply 12 is arranged to provide alternating current electrical energy at a system frequency of 60 Hz. System frequency is the frequency of system voltage.
Distribution grid 14 operates to conduct the electrical energy from the supply 12 to appropriate destinations for consumption. In one embodiment, distribution grid 14 may comprise a plurality of different voltage distribution lines and transformers configured to conduct the electrical energy over substantial distances between distant geographical locations. Distribution grid 14 may provide electrical energy at exemplary voltages of 120/240 VAC (residential), 120/208 VAC (commercial), 277/480 VAC (industrial) or other appropriate voltages for usage by customer appliances 18 in one example.
Power management devices 16 are configured to selectively apply electrical energy from supply 12 to respective appliances 18 as described below. In the exemplary depicted implementation, all of the illustrated appliances 18 have associated power management devices 16. In other configurations, only some of the appliances 18 may have associated power management devices 16. In other arrangements, a given device 16 may be configured to control power management operations of a plurality of appliances 18.
Power management operations may be implemented in variety of configurations. For example, in the centralized arrangement, system controller 11 comprises control circuitry configured to monitor electrical energy of system 10 and issue control signals to devices 16 and/or appliances 18 to control the application of electrical energy to appliances 18. In passive arrangements, system controller 11 may be omitted, and adjustment of the supply of electrical energy may be implemented by individual devices 16 responsive to internal monitoring by devices 16 of electrical energy of system 10. Some embodiments of system 11 may include centralized and passive power management operations. In the described exemplary embodiments, power management operations include monitoring of electrical energy from supply 12 and adjusting (e.g., reducing) an amount of electrical energy consumed by respective appliances.
In at least one embodiment, system controller 11, power management devices 16, and/or appliances 18 are configured to monitor at least one characteristic of the electrical energy provided from supply 12 and control a mode of operation of one or more associated appliance load coupled therewith. In one embodiment, system frequency of the electrical energy is monitored and the amount of electrical energy consumed by a respective appliance 18 may be adjusted responsive to the monitoring. For example, in one operational implementation, power management devices 16 may reduce an amount of electrical energy supplied to respective appliances 18 responsive to detection of a drop in system frequency of the electrical energy provided by supply 12. Monitoring operations and control operations may be split between controller 11, respective device 16, and/or respective appliance 18. One or more of controller 11, device 16, or control circuitry of appliance 18 may be omitted and the existing control circuitry provides monitoring and control operations. In some arrangements, both the monitoring and control operations may be provided by one of controller 11, respective device 16, or respective appliance 18.
In the exemplary illustrated embodiment, system controller 11 and/or power management devices 16 are depicted separate from appliances 18. In other possible embodiments, system controller 11 and/or power management devices 16 may be at least proximately located to the respective appliances 18, physically positioned adjacent to or physically coupled with the respective appliances 18, and/or embedded within the appliances 18 (e.g., providing the power management devices 16 within housings of the appliances 18).
In one arrangement (e.g., passive arrangement), power management devices 16 are configured to monitor a condition of electrical energy of the system 10 to implement power management operations. In one embodiment, device 16 monitors the electrical energy at a node used to supply electrical energy from grid 14 to appliance 18. The node may be implemented using a customer wall outlet or other suitable local connection for coupling the appliance 18 to the grid 14. In one arrangement, system controller 11 may correspond to a physical customer location (e.g., residence, commercial location, industrial location, etc.) configured to interact with one or more appliance 18 of the customer location as mentioned previously. System controller 11 may monitor electrical energy supplied by supply 12 and distributed by distribution grid 14. System controller 11 may output control signals to device(s) 16 and/or appliance(s) 18 to selectively control the operations thereof in modes of reduced power consumption responsive to the monitoring.
It is possible to implement power management operations (e.g., monitor and/or control operations) described herein (or other operations of control circuitry 24 of device 16 described below) using control circuitry of an electrical appliance 18 itself (e.g., control circuitry 30 described below) and configured to control operations with respect to the electrical appliance 18. These implementations are exemplary and other implementations or operations are possible.
Appliances 18 may have any configuration which consumes supplied electrical energy. Appliances 18 may also be referred to as motors or utilization equipment. A plurality of power management devices 16 are arranged to control respective appliances 18. In other embodiments, one device 16 may be implemented to control consumption of electrical energy of a plurality of appliances 18 as mentioned above.
Further exemplary details regarding electrical power distribution system 10, power management devices 16, and power management operations including controlling operations of appliances 18 or other loads according to some embodiments are described in a U.S. Patent Application entitled “Electrical Power Distribution Control Methods, Electrical Energy Demand Monitoring Methods, And Power Management Devices”, having client docket no. B1367, listing David P. Chassin, Matt Donnelly, and Jeff Dagle as inventors, and the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Referring to
The depicted power management device 16 includes an interface 20 and control circuitry 24. Interface 20 is arranged to receive operational electrical energy for consumption using the respective appliance 18. Interface 20 may be referred to as a power interface and comprise the node described above. Interface 20 may be implemented using a wall outlet adapter able to receive supplied residential, commercial, industrial, or other electrical energy in exemplary configurations. Control circuitry 24 may be embodied as a microprocessor or other appropriate control architecture.
The depicted exemplary appliance 18 comprises control circuitry 30, a plurality of associated loads 50, and a plurality of relays 52. Control circuitry 30 may be implemented as a microprocessor or other appropriate control architecture and may also comprise an associated load 50. Associated loads 50 consume electrical energy. Relays 52 selectively supply electrical energy power from grid 14 to respective loads 50. In other configurations, a single relay 52 may supply electrical energy to a plurality of loads 50 of a given appliance 18. Other configurations for controlling the application of electrical energy from interface 20 to load(s) 50 are possible.
Power management device 16 may be configured according to the exemplary device arrangements described in the incorporated patent application. Power management device 16 is arranged in one embodiment as a discrete device separate from the appliance 18 as mentioned above. Alternately, power management device 16 may be implemented entirely or partially using existing components of the appliance 18. For example, functionality of control circuitry 24 may be implemented using control circuitry 30 to monitor electrical energy of power distribution system 10 and to control consumption of electrical energy by one or more of loads 50 responsive to the monitoring. As described in the incorporated patent application, a relay (or other switching device not shown in
In other arrangements, control circuitry 24 may provide control signals to control circuitry 30 or directly to loads 50 to control the rate of consumption of electrical energy by loads 50 without the use of relays 52 (accordingly relays 52 may be omitted). Responsive to the received control signals, control circuitry 30 may operate to control respective loads 50, or loads 50 may internally adjust rates of consumption of the electrical energy responsive to directly receiving the control signals from circuitry 24 or 30.
According to the specific arrangement of the appliance 18 being controlled, aspects described herein, including monitoring of electrical energy of system 10 and/or controlling the consumption of power within appliance 18, may be implemented using circuitry internal and/or external of the appliance 18. The discussion herein proceeds with respect to exemplary configurations wherein monitoring and control operations are implemented by control circuitry 30. Any alternate configurations may be used to implement functions and operations described herein.
Appliances 18 comprise devices configured to consume electrical energy. Exemplary appliances 18 described below include temperature maintenance systems, HVAC systems, clothes dryers, clothes washers, water management systems (e.g., spa and/or pool), dish washers, personal computer systems, water heaters, and refrigerators. The described appliances 18 are exemplary for discussion purposes and other arrangements are possible.
As shown in the exemplary arrangement of
Consumption of electrical energy by such appliances 18 may be adjusted by turning off (or otherwise adjusting the operation of one associated load 50 while leaving another associated load 50 powered (or otherwise unaffected). During exemplary power management operations, it may be desired adjust an amount of electrical energy applied to one of the associated loads 50 of a given appliance 18 (e.g., a high power associated load) while continuing to provide full (or otherwise unadjusted) amount of electrical energy to another of the associated loads 50 of the given appliance 18 (e.g., a low power associated load). Alternately, power may be adjusted, reduced or ceased for all associated loads all together.
Adjustment of the consumption of electrical energy by an appliance 18 may be implemented responsive to monitoring by appropriate control circuitry of electrical energy of power distribution system 10. In one embodiment, a characteristic (e.g., system frequency) of the electrical energy is monitored. The incorporated patent application provides exemplary monitoring operations of system frequency (e.g., voltage) of electrical energy supplied by power distribution system 10. Other characteristics of electrical energy of system 10 may be monitored in other constructions.
Responsive to the monitoring, appropriate control circuitry is configured to adjust an amount of consumption of electrical energy within at least one of the loads 50 from an initial level of consumption to an other different level of consumption. For example, as described in the incorporated application, if the system frequency of the electrical energy deviates a sufficient degree from a nominal frequency, a threshold is triggered. As described in the incorporated application, the threshold may be varied at different moments in time (e.g., responsive to power-up operations of appliance 18 at different moments in time). In one embodiment, the varying of the threshold is random.
Appropriate control circuitry may adjust an amount of consumption of electrical energy (e.g., via one of loads 50) from an initial level to an other different level (e.g., reduced consumption mode) responsive to the threshold being triggered. Thereafter, the control circuitry continues to monitor the electrical energy. If the frequency returns to a desired range, the control circuitry may return the operation of the appliance 18 and load(s) 50 to a normal mode of operation (e.g., a mode wherein an increased amount of electrical energy is consumed). As described in the incorporated patent application, a variable length of time may be used to return the consumption to the initial level and the variable length of time may be randomly generated in at least one embodiment.
Accordingly, the appropriate control circuitry may control operation of the adjusted load 50 for a period of time at the adjusted level of electrical energy consumption. During the adjustment, the control circuitry may maintain the level of consumption of another load 50 of the appliance 18 at a normal level of consumption.
Some arrangements of power management device 16 permit override functionality. For example, the appropriate control circuitry may have associated user interface circuitry (not shown) usable by a user to disable power management operations via an override indication (e.g., hit a key of the user interface circuitry). Responsive to the reception of the override indication, the control circuitry may return the mode of operation of the affected load 50 to a normal consumption mode (e.g., wherein an increased amount of electrical energy is consumed compared with the level of consumption initiated during the power management operations).
Referring to
Referring specifically to
In one embodiment, power management operations of system 60 use hot-gas bypass techniques to temporarily unload compressor 62. Control circuitry 30a may selectively control solenoid valve 69 to open short circuit path 69 and couple the suction line with the hot-gas line and bypass compressor 62 and evaporator 66 in a vapor compression cycle. This technique provides capacity control and reduces a starting and stopping duty cycle of compressor 62. The operations may be implemented without unduly burdening an electric motor (not shown) of compressor 62 with potentially damaging transients. In some embodiments, the short circuiting may be implemented for a few seconds and would most likely not be noticed by a consumer.
Referring to
In one embodiment, power management operations of system 70 and implemented by control circuitry 30b include adjusting a set point of thermostat 71. For example, during cooling operations, the thermostat set point may be temporarily raised, and for heating operations, the thermostat set point may be temporarily lowered. In other exemplary power management operations, control circuitry 30b may directly disable or provide other control of cooling and/or heating equipment 72, 74.
Additional power management operations include controlling fans or dampers of outdoor supply 76 or exhaust 78 using control circuitry 30b to provide desired configurations during operation in modes of reduced power consumption. The fans and dampers can be provided by circuitry 30b into desired configurations (fans on or off and/or dampers open or closed) with respect to building supply and exhaust operations. For configurations wherein a heat pump (not shown) is implemented within cooling and/or heating equipment 72, 74, control circuitry 30b may temporarily disable or cancel a defrost operation of the heat pump during power management operations. If disabled or canceled, control circuitry 30b may reschedule the defrost operation to another moment in time (e.g., in configurations wherein defrost operations are timer controlled).
Referring to
In one configuration, power management operations of clothes dryer 80 include reducing or ceasing the supply of electrical energy to heating element 82 (e.g., reducing an amount of current supplied to heating element 82) and/or tumbler motor 84. It may be desired to maintain tumbler motor 84 in an operative mode during an implementation of power management operations with respect to heating element 82.
Referring to
In one configuration, power management operations of clothes washer 90 include reducing or ceasing the supply of electrical energy to heating element 92 to reduce internal temperatures of water in the associated compartment and/or agitator motor 94 to reduce motion of the motor 94. The reduction in power by controlling heating element 92 may be linear and accordingly the benefits may be directly proportional to the reduction in the water temperature. The reduction in power to agitator motor 94 may be proportional to a product of angular acceleration, mass and angular velocity. A slowing down of agitator motion of motor 94 could affect both a reduction in acceleration as the motor reverses its motion as well as angular velocity. In other embodiments, it may be desired to maintain agitator motor 94 in an operative mode during an implementation of power management operations with respect to heating element 92.
Referring to
According to an illustrative embodiment, power management operations of system 100 implemented by control circuitry 30e include adjusting a set point of thermostat 101. For example, the thermostat set point may be temporarily lowered. In other exemplary power management operations, control circuitry 30e may directly disable or provide other control of heating element 102 and/or circulation motor 104. In specific exemplary arrangements, control circuitry 30e may adjust an amount of current provided to heating element 102, or control the angular velocity of motor 104 to adjust (e.g., reduce) water circulation operations of the spa, pool or other water reservoir during operation in modes of reduced power consumption. The power management operations are temporary in the described example, and accordingly, the operations are typically transparent to a user.
Referring to
Exemplary power management operations of dish washer 110 implemented by control circuitry 30f in one embodiment include controlling the water heater 112 to reduce a water temperature boost cycle during wash operations and/or reduce air temperature by forced air heater 114 during rinsing/drying operations. Reduction of water temperature provides corresponding linear reductions in electrical power consumption. Control circuitry 30f may also control operations of water pump 116 (e.g., reduce the operational speed of pump 116) during modes of reduced power consumption.
Referring to
As shown, system 120 comprises a personal computer system in the depicted example and includes a plurality of components including control circuitry 30g (e.g., personal computer microprocessor), peripherals 122 (e.g., laser printer), a display 124 (e.g., CRT), and other associated components 126 (e.g., fans, disk drives, etc.) which comprise associated loads 50g of appliance 18g in the depicted example.
At least some of loads 50g are configured to independently or dependently operate in a plurality of respective operational modes, including an energy saving mode wherein a reduced amount of electrical energy is consumed, in the described example. Control circuitry 30g is configured to implement exemplary power management operations including selectively providing individual ones or all loads 50g into the respective energy saving modes of operation (e.g., in addition to any other programming or criteria configured to provide such devices or components into the respective energy saving modes). For example, control circuitry 30g may enter an energy saving mode of operation having reduced clock speed. A peripheral 122 embodied as a laser printer may enter an energy saving mode wherein a laser printer heating element (e.g., toner fusing assembly) is configured to consume a reduced amount of electrical energy. Display 124 may enter an energy saving mode wherein a cathode ray tube is configured to consume a reduced amount of electrical energy. Control circuitry 30g may control any associated device or component of system 120 to enter an energy saving mode (if provided for the device or component) according to exemplary described aspects.
Referring to
According to an illustrative embodiment, power management operations of system 130 and implemented by control circuitry 30h include adjusting a set point of thermostat 132. For example, the thermostat set point may be temporarily lowered (e.g., for a period of tens of seconds, or a few minutes in some examples). In other exemplary power management operations, control circuitry 30h may directly disable or provide other control of heating element 134.
According to additional exemplary aspects, a set point of any of the thermostats disclosed herein of the various appliances 18a–18g may be assigned to one of a plurality of possible power management set points according to a monitored condition of electrical energy of system 10. For example, a scale of set points may be used according to the condition of the electrical energy (e.g., the temperature set point may be decreased at predefined decrements (1–10 degrees for example) corresponding to the system frequency of the electrical energy deviating respective predetermined amounts (e.g., 10 mHz) from the nominal frequency. In accordance with the described example, the magnitude of adjustment of the thermostat set point increases as the deviation of the system frequency from the nominal frequency increases.
Referring to
First exemplary power management operations of control circuitry 30i include adjustment of a temperature set point of thermostat 142. It may be desired in at least one embodiment to set a relatively short duration of any temperature adjustment during power arrangement operations. Another possible power management operation provides temporary disablement of defrost operations of heating element 144 (e.g., coupled with unillustrated coils of refrigerator 140), or adjusting a time of the defrost operations controlled by control circuitry 30i. In another arrangement, heating element 144 may be used to provide anti-sweat operations (e.g., appropriately positioned adjacent an exterior portion of an unillustrated cabinet of refrigerator 140—for example adjacent to a door) and power management operations may include temporary disablement of the anti-sweat operations or otherwise adjusting such operations to occur at another moment in time wherein power management operations are not being implemented. Additional exemplary power management operations include disablement of interior air circulation operations implemented by fan 146 and/or controlling operations of compressor 148 (e.g., including temporarily disabling or reducing the speed of compressor 148). Additional aspects include implementing a hot gas bypass operation of compressor 148 using solenoid valve 150 and as described in further detail above in one example. One other embodiment provides a multi-stage refrigerator 140 having a plurality of cooling stages and a power management operation includes controlling the refrigerator 140 to operate at less than the available number of cooling stages thereby reducing the amount of energy consumed by the appliance.
In compliance with the statute, the invention has been described in language more or less specific as to structural and methodical features. It is to be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the specific features shown and described, since the means herein disclosed comprise preferred forms of putting the invention into effect. The invention is, therefore, claimed in any of its forms, or modifications within the proper scope of the appended claims appropriately interpreted in accordance with the doctrine of equivalents.
This invention was made with Government support under contract DE-AC0676RLO1830 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The Government has certain rights in the invention.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2238624 | Clark | Apr 1941 | A |
| 4090088 | McMahon et al. | May 1978 | A |
| 4135101 | Young et al. | Jan 1979 | A |
| 4213058 | Townsend | Jul 1980 | A |
| 4317049 | Schweppe | Feb 1982 | A |
| 4449178 | Blau, Jr. et al. | May 1984 | A |
| 4472640 | Elmer | Sep 1984 | A |
| 4644320 | Carr et al. | Feb 1987 | A |
| 4835706 | Asahi | May 1989 | A |
| 4868412 | Owens | Sep 1989 | A |
| 5205318 | Massaro et al. | Apr 1993 | A |
| 5220807 | Bourne et al. | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5237305 | Ishikuro et al. | Aug 1993 | A |
| 5436510 | Gilbert | Jul 1995 | A |
| 5442335 | Cantin et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5523631 | Fishman et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5543667 | Shavit et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5544036 | Brown, Jr. et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5566085 | Marceau et al. | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5625236 | Lefebvre et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5627759 | Bearden et al. | May 1997 | A |
| 5638297 | Mansour et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5761083 | Brown, Jr. et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5762266 | Okumura et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5927598 | Broe | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5942026 | Erlichman et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5956462 | Langford | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5959368 | Kubo et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 6046513 | Jouper et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6067482 | Shapiro | May 2000 | A |
| 6157008 | Brown et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6269274 | Steinman et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6278909 | Thibeault et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6314378 | Hodge et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6348777 | Brown et al. | Feb 2002 | B1 |
| 6477063 | Ishii et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6487509 | Aisa | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6493643 | Aisa | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6553418 | Collins et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6624532 | Davidow et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6633823 | Bartone et al. | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 6772052 | Amundsen et al. | Aug 2004 | B1 |
| 6832135 | Ying | Dec 2004 | B1 |
| 6861956 | Ying | Mar 2005 | B1 |
| 6862498 | Davis et al. | Mar 2005 | B1 |
| 20020072868 | Bartone et al. | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20030050737 | Osann | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030233201 | Horst et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20040078153 | Bartone et al. | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040095237 | Chen et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040186671 | Golder et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040190211 | Ockert et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20050120492 | Koo et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2082914 | Jan 1999 | CA |
| 2 354 242 | Dec 2002 | CA |
| 0 372 961 | Jun 1990 | EP |
| 0 597 322 | May 1994 | EP |
| 1 372 238 | Dec 2003 | EP |
| 2361 114 | Oct 2001 | GB |
| 2361 118 | May 2002 | GB |
| 2003-149272 | May 2003 | JP |
| WO 8908342 | Sep 1989 | WO |
| WO 9952194 | Oct 1999 | WO |
| WO 0101542 | Jan 2001 | WO |
| WO 0207365 | Jan 2002 | WO |
| WO 02069471 | Sep 2002 | WO |
| WO 03001645 | Jan 2003 | WO |
| WO 03008983 | Jan 2003 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20040254654 A1 | Dec 2004 | US |
