Patent Grant
7677915
The present invention relates to an electrical contact member for medium-voltage or high-voltage electrical apparatus, to a method of manufacturing such a member, and to medium-voltage or high-voltage electrical apparatus provided with such a member.
The term “medium-voltage or high-voltage” is used to designate a voltage greater than about 1000 volts.
The invention is applicable to two main types of electrical apparatus.
Firstly, the invention is applicable to apparatus of the moving type, namely, in particular, interrupter electrical apparatus. In particular, such apparatus can be constituted by circuit-breakers, disconnectors, contactors, or indeed load switches.
In known manner, such apparatus of the moving type comprises a contact assembly which is provided with a fixed member and with a moving member. The moving member can thus be moved relative to the fixed member between a contact position and a separated or interrupting position.
Each member is provided firstly with a respective arcing contact element. In addition, said fixed and moving members are provided with permanent contacts which provide electrical continuity, in particular in the closed position. Said permanent contacts, which are of the fixed type or of the moving type, constitute electrical contact members in the meaning of the invention.
A connection piece is also provided that generally passes through the casing of the apparatus so as to be connected to an outside electricity line. In service, it is necessary to maintain electrical contact between said connection piece and the above-mentioned moving member, regardless of the position of said moving member. Such electrical continuity is provided by an electrical contact member to which the invention also applies.
The invention is also applicable to electrical apparatus of the generally stationary type. In particular, such apparatus can be constituted by a set of busbars.
In such apparatus, the electrical continuity between two adjacent bars, which are generally stationary relative to each other, is provided by a coupling piece that surrounds the facing ends of said busbars. In service, in particular under the effect of operating clearance, expansion, or indeed vibration, the two busbars are subjected to slight relative displacement, so that it is difficult to fix the above-mentioned coupling piece to them.
An electrical contact member is thus used, to which the invention also applies. This electrical contact member is interposed between facing walls of the coupling piece and of a corresponding busbar.
To sum up, the present invention relates to an electrical contact member which is suitable for electrically interconnecting in series two conductive members that are part of medium-voltage or high-voltage electrical apparatus. The two members in question can move relative to each other, either because of the very nature of the electrical apparatus, or because of operating contingencies of said apparatus.
Various known types of electrical contact member are described below.
FR-A-0 334 094 discloses a rolling contact member of the resilient type. The dimensions of that hollow member, which is deformable, are such that it is compressed slightly between the two moving members that it interconnects electrically. That makes it possible to exert a mechanical pressure guaranteeing the desired electrical contact.
Unfortunately, that known solution suffers from certain drawbacks, in particular inherent to the nature of the material used. In particular, that material, which is phosphor bronze, is not adapted to use at high voltage.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,059,577 discloses an electrical contact member in the form of a finger which is made of a material having both low resistivity and good resistance to corrosion. In particular, that material is an alloy of copper, of chromium and of zirconium, or else an alloy of copper and of beryllium. Unfortunately, those materials are not adapted, in satisfactory manner, to an use of the dynamic type, in particular since they tend to wear considerably.
US-A 2002/096662 discloses an electrical contact member organized in the form of a metal tape which is made of copper or of an alloy covered with tin and silver, the silver being in a proportion of no more than 4% by weight. Unfortunately, that material does not lend itself well to dynamic-type use.
DE-A-4 230 060 discloses an arcing contact element for a circuit-breaker. The coating of that arcing contact element is made of an alloy of silver and of palladium. Unfortunately, such a solution is unsatisfactory, in particular insofar as palladium suffers from certain drawbacks in terms of electrical conductivity.
Finally, FR-A-2 811 147 discloses an electrical contact member which is constituted by a strip of springs. Said springs, which are brought out of the plane of the strip by torsion, are coated with a layer of an electrically conductive material, such as silver.
An object of the invention is to remedy all of the above-mentioned drawbacks of the prior art.
A particular object of the invention is to provide an electrical contact that lends itself in satisfactory manner to being adapted to medium voltage or high voltage.
Another object of the invention is to provide such a contact member that provides electrical continuity between two moving members whose relative speed can be quite high. Merely by way of non-limiting example, mention can be made of relative speeds lying in the range 1 meter per second (m/s) to 50 m/s.
Another object of the invention is to provide such a member that withstands high temperatures well, and that offers satisfactory electrical and mechanical properties, while inducing only a small contact force on the moving members that it interconnects electrically.
Another object of the invention is to provide such a contact member that has high chemical resistance, in particular high resistance to corrosion. In certain uses of such a contact member, it operates in an aggressive environment, due to the presence of corrosive substances resulting from decomposition of certain dielectric gases that are initially present in the apparatus.
Finally, an object of the invention is to provide such a contact member that is of relatively low cost.
To these ends, the invention provides an electrical contact member suitable for electrically interconnecting two conductive members in series, which members can move relative to each other, and are part of medium-voltage or high-voltage electrical apparatus, in particular interrupter apparatus or a set of busbars, at least a portion of said contact member comprising a strength-imparting base layer made of an electrically conductive material, and a coating layer formed from metallic silver and designed to come into contact with the two electrically conductive members, said coating layer being present over at least a portion of the outer surface of the base layer, said electrical contact member being characterized in that said coating layer has a micro-structure formed by pure silver crystals, with the presence of nodules made of silver and of an additional metallic material formed by at least one additional metal that is different from silver.
The base layer imparts good electrical and mechanical properties to the contact member of the invention. In the meaning of the invention, the electrically conductive material of said base layer has electrical resistivity of less than 200 micro-ohm centimeters (μΩ·cm).
The nature of the coating layer also imparts to it good properties in terms of electrical conduction. In addition, the additional material that is associated with the silver imparts to said silver improved mechanical properties in particular in terms of hardening.
The above-mentioned characteristics are more particularly illustrated with reference to accompanying
This micro-structure is obtained either by a metallurgical-type method or by an electrolytic-type method.
However, it should be noted that, when an electrolytic method is used, the characteristic size of the structure is smaller because it is about one hundred nanometers. In contrast, when a metallurgical method is used, the characteristic size of said structure is higher, because it is about ten micrometers (μm).
As can be seen in
Thus, in particular by means of the presence of the complex nodules, the additional material guarantees that the mechanical properties of the coating layer are improved, in particular by means of the known phenomenon of structural hardening. In addition, when said layer is obtained by an electrolytic method, said additional material enables the atoms of the successive layers of silver to be arranged better, thereby making said additional material more compact and thus of higher hardness. The above-mentioned phenomena thus make it possible to prevent the coating layer from wearing quickly due to the contact member rubbing against the two electrically conductive members.
Furthermore, by means of the nature of the components of said additional material, and given that said material is present in a very small quantity in the coating layer, the electrical conductivity of said coating layer is not reduced prohibitively. This characteristic of the invention is shown more precisely with reference to accompanying
Finally, the various materials used for making the contact member of the invention guarantee that said contact member is of relatively low cost.
According to a characteristic of the invention, the or each metal forming the additional material does not belong to the platinum column of the periodic table of elements. By way of explanation, it is recalled that the platinum column of the periodic table of elements contains the following elements, namely nickel, palladium, and platinum.
According to an advantageous characteristic of the invention, the additional material is formed by at least one element chosen from copper, phosphorus and indium.
According to an advantageous characteristic of the invention, the additional material is present in the coating layer in a proportion of less than 1% by weight, preferably less than 0.5% by weight, and even more preferably less than 0.1% by weight. This makes it possible for the electrical conductivity of the coating layer not to be reduced significantly.
According to another advantageous characteristic of the invention, the additional material is present in the coating layer in a proportion of more than 0.001% by weight, and preferably more than 0.01% by weight. This imparts good mechanical properties to the coating layer, in particular in terms of abrasion when it is subjected to intensive dynamic use.
It should be noted that the coating layer may be present over the entire outer surface of the base layer. Alternatively, it may be provided only over those zones which come into contact with the conductive members that are to be electrically interconnected by the contact member in the meaning of the invention.
According to another advantageous characteristic of the invention, the thickness of the coating layer lies in the range 1 μm to 1000 μm, and preferably in the range 10 μm to 500 μm. It should be noted that the value of said thickness depends in particular on the size of the electrical contact member, and on the use that is to be made thereof.
According to another advantageous characteristic of the invention, the base layer is made of copper, alloyed with zirconium and/or with chromium.
In an advantageous measure, the chromium and/or the zirconium are present in a proportion or in proportions of less than 1% by weight of the base layer, and preferably less than 0.5% by weight. This imparts good mechanical and thermal properties to said base layer, without however significantly degrading its electrical properties.
It should be noted that other elements may optionally be associated with said copper alloy with a view to forming the base layer. For example, such elements may be phosphorous, lead, or indeed tin, or any other element whose conductivity is higher than 5 mega-siemens per meter (MS/m), that can be present in a proportion of less than 0.5% by weight.
According to an advantageous-characteristic of the invention, between the base layer and the coating layer, an interface layer is provided that serves to improve the adhesion between said base layer and said coating layer. Said interface layer mechanically supports the coating layer while also preventing the various component elements of the base layer and of the coating layer from diffusing from either one of said layers to the other.
For example, such an interface layer may be made of optionally alloyed nickel, or of optionally alloyed palladium. The interface layer advantageously has a thickness lying in the range 1 μm to 10 μm.
According to another characteristic of the invention, the electrical contact member is looped back on itself in the manner of a ring.
According to an additional characteristic, the electrical contact member is formed in one piece. It may, in particular, be formed of a single rolled-up wire forming a succession of turns. Manufacturing such a wire is described in particular in EP-A-0 890 758.
It should be noted that the wire may be of section that is of any shape, namely, in particular, circular, polygonal with rounded edges, elliptical, or indeed oval.
By way of an alternative, the electrical contact member may be formed of a plurality of contact elements.
In a first embodiment, the various contact elements are secured together. In particular, they may be strips folded up concertina-like and whose facing ends are secured together, so that the various strips form a ring. The elements may also be punched-out strips, or cutout and die-punched strips, as in the teaching of FR-A-2 811 147.
In another embodiment of the invention, the various contact elements are independent. The elements may then be finger-shaped elements that are provided discretely at respective ones of the inner and outer peripheries of the two electrically conductive members.
The invention also provides a method of manufacturing an electrical contact member as defined above, comprising the following steps:
at least the base layer is shaped; and
at least a portion of the outer surface of the base layer is covered with a coating layer.
In a first variant, only the base layer is shaped, and then said base layer as shaped is covered with the coating layer.
In another variant of the invention, firstly the base layer is covered with the coating layer, then both the base layer and the coating layer are shaped together.
For this purpose, it is possible to use co-lamination technology which is known per se.
In an additional variant of the invention, the base layer is shaped while it is being covered with the coating layer. Such shaping is performed conventionally, e.g. by making use of a known wire-drawing method.
In a first implementation of the invention, firstly the coating layer is formed in the form of an alloy of silver and of the additional material, and then the base layer is covered with said coating layer as formed. In other words, the coating layer is pre-alloyed before it is applied to the base layer.
By way of an alternative, the base layer is covered with substantially pure silver, then the resulting layer of substantially pure silver is covered with the additional material. In which case, the additional material progressively diffuses through the silver layer in a manner known per se, e.g. under the effect of temperature, so as to form the coating layer.
It should also be noted that, in a first variant implementation, the optional interface layer may be disposed on the base layer after said base layer has been shaped. By way of an alternative, it is possible firstly to cover the base layer with the interface layer, and then to shape both of the layers simultaneously.
The invention also provides medium-voltage or high-voltage electrical apparatus comprising at least two electrically conductive members that can move relative to each other in service, and at least one electrical contact member suitable for electrically interconnecting two adjacent conductive members, said apparatus being characterized in that each electrical contact member is a as defined above.
According to a first characteristic of the invention, the electrical apparatus is an interrupter electrical apparatus, in particular a circuit-breaker or a disconnector.
According to another characteristic of the invention, the electrical apparatus is a set of busbars.
In a first variant of the invention, the two electrically conductive members are disposed concentrically and the or each electrical contact member is held stationary, in service, by being wedged between the facing walls of the two conductive members. In particular, said electrical contact member may be received in a groove provided in one or the other of the two electrically conductive members.
In a second variant, the two electrically conductive members are disposed one behind the other, a hollow coupling piece fitting over the facing ends of said two conductive members, while the or each electrical contact is held stationary, in service, by wedging between the facing walls of said coupling piece and of at least one of said two conductive members.
The invention is described below with reference to the accompanying drawings, which are given by way of non-limiting examples, and in which, in addition to above-mentioned
The chamber 2, which is defined by an insulating cylindrical casing 4, is filled with an insulating gas such as, for example, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). Firstly, it contains a fixed contact member given overall reference 6.
In known manner, the member 6 includes a support 8 on which an arcing contact element 10 is mounted. The fixed member 6 is further provided with a fixed permanent contact given reference 11, and that is of conventional type.
The interrupting chamber 2 also encloses a moving contact member given overall reference 12. Said moving contact member includes a support 14 on which a moving arcing contact 16 is mounted. The moving member 12 is conventionally provided with a contact tube 18 that forms a moving permanent contact which supports an insulating nozzle 20.
In service, and in a manner known per se, the moving member 12 can be moved between a contact position shown on the left of
During such use, the contact tube 18 moves in the vicinity of the inside walls of a connection piece 22 defining an annular channel for receiving the contact tube 18. Said connection piece 22 is extended by a transverse extension 221 passing through the casing 4 in leaktight manner. It is also connected, in conventional manner, to an electricity line (not shown).
The walls of the connection piece 22 are provided with a plurality of (three, in this example) annular grooves 222. Each of the grooves receives a respective electrical contact member of the invention, each electrical contact member being designated by overall reference 24. Thus, in service, the three contact members 24 provide electrical continuity between the contact tube 18 of the moving member 12 and the connection piece 22.
By way of a variant, it should be noted that the contact members 24 can be received in grooves which, instead of being provided in the walls of the piece 22, are provided in the walls of the moving contact tube 18.
In
As shown in
In service, the annular member 24 has two or more physical, and therefore electrical, contact surfaces. The first surface is an inner surface S1 via which the member 24 comes into contact with the tube 18. In addition, the outer surface S2 of said member 24 enables it to come into contact with the walls of the connection piece 22.
Firstly a base layer 26 is provided that is made of an alloy of copper and of zirconium. For example, said base layer has a diameter in the vicinity of 5 millimeters (mm).
The base layer 26 receives an interface layer 27 made of nickel and whose thickness is 20 μm, for example. The interface layer 27 makes it possible to improve adhesion between the base layer 26 and a coating layer 28 which extends over the entire outer periphery of the base layer 26.
The coating layer 28, which is made of silver alloyed with indium, the proportion of indium being 0.09% by weight, has a thickness of 100 μm. By way of a variant, it should be noted that the coating layer 28 can be provided only at an inner contact surface S1 and at an outer contact surface S2, which surfaces are shown in
In service, under the effect of the operating stresses to which the busbars 112 and 122 are subjected, in particular vibration, clearance, or expansion, the two bars are subjected to mutual displacement, as indicated by the double-headed arrow F. The presence of the coupling piece 120, associated with the members 24, accommodates such displacement, while continuing to provide electrical continuity between the two busbars 112 and 122.
In a variant, it is possible for only one end of the coupling piece 120 to be provided with one or more electrical contact members 24. In which case, the other end of the coupling piece is fixed directly to the corresponding busbar, in particular by screw-fastening.
By way of an additional variant, it is possible to make provision for one and/or the other of the permanent contacts 11 and 18 to be coated at least partially with a coating layer of the invention. In which case, such a layer is provided in particular at the respective contact surfaces that are referenced 111 and 181 in
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 03 51218 | Dec 2003 | FR | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/FR2004/003398 | 12/28/2004 | WO | 00 | 6/20/2006 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2005/069327 | 7/28/2005 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1732839 | Hardy | Oct 1929 | A |
| 3561444 | Boucher | Feb 1971 | A |
| 6059577 | Eriksson | May 2000 | A |
| 20020096662 | Schleicher et al. | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 42 30 060 | Mar 1994 | DE |
| 0 649 994 | Apr 1995 | EP |
| 0 890 758 | Jan 1999 | EP |
| 1 292 079 | Mar 1962 | FR |
| 2 204 864 | May 1974 | FR |
| 2 811 147 | Jan 2002 | FR |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20070111590 A1 | May 2007 | US |
