Patent Application
20100076254
Reference is also hereby made to commonly assigned, copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/1418,719, filed May 6, 2006, in the name of Yossi Gross, entitled “Apparatus for Treating stress and Urge Incontinence” and incorporated herein by reference.
Reference is also hereby made to commonly assigned, copending PCT Application No. PCT/US2007/004015 filed Feb. 2, 2007, in the names of Lund et al., entitled “Surgical Articles and Methods for Treating Pelvic Conditions” and incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates generally to implantable medical devices, and specifically to implantable medical devices to relieve problems associated with fecal incontinence and related pelvic disorders.
Fecal incontinence is a condition characterized by involuntary defecation or passage of feces through the anal canal due to injury to or weakness of one or more of the internal anal sphincter, the external anal sphincter, and the levator ani.
Urinary incontinence affects millions of people, causing discomfort and embarrassment, sometimes to the point of social isolation. In the United States, recent studies have shown that as many as 25 million persons, of whom approximately 85% are women, are affected by bladder control problems. Incontinence occurs in children and young adults, but the largest number affected are the elderly.
There are several major forms of urinary incontinence, including stress urinary incontinence, urge urinary incontinence, overflow urinary incontinence, and reflex urinary incontinence.
Stress incontinence is an involuntary loss of urine while doing physical activities, which put pressure on the abdomen. These activities include exercise, coughing, sneezing, laughing, lifting, or any body movement, which puts pressure on the bladder. Stress incontinence is typically associated with either or both of the following anatomical conditions:
Urge incontinence is the sudden urgent need to pass urine, and is caused by a sudden bladder contraction that cannot be consciously inhibited. This type of incontinence is not uncommon among healthy people, and may be linked to disorders such as infections that produce muscle spasms in the bladder or urethra. Urge incontinence may also result from illnesses that affect the central nervous system.
Overflow incontinence refers to leakage of urine that occurs when the quantity of urine exceeds the bladders holding capacity, typically as a result of a blockage in the lower urinary tract.
Reflex incontinence is the loss of urine when the person is unaware of the need to urinate. This condition may result from nerve dysfunction, or from a leak in the bladder, urethra, or ureter.
Of the major forms of urinary incontinence listed above, the two most common are stress and urge. “Mixed incontinence” is a term used to describe the common phenomenon of the presence of stress and urge incontinence in the same patient.
A large variety of products and treatment methods are available for care of urinary or fecal incontinence. Most patients suffering from mild to moderate urinary or fecal incontinence use diapers or disposable absorbent pads. These products are not sufficiently absorbent to be effective in severe cases, are uncomfortable to wear, and can cause skin irritation as well as unpleasant odors. Other non-surgical products for controlling urinary incontinence include urethral inserts (or plugs), externally worn adhesive patches, and drugs.
Exercise and behavioral training are also effective in some cases in rehabilitating pelvic muscles and thus reducing or resolving urinary incontinence. Patients are taught to perform Kegel exercises to strengthen their pelvic muscles, which may be combined with electrical stimulation of the pelvic floor. Electromyographic biofeedback may also be provided to give the patients an indication as to the effectiveness of their muscular exertions. But retraining muscles is not possible or fully effective for most patients, particularly when there may be neurological damage or when other pathologies may be involved.
The InterStim® System for Urinary Control sold by Medtronic, Inc., Fridley, Minn., comprises an implantable pulse generator (IPG), which is surgically implanted in the lower abdomen, and a medical electrical lead that extends from a connection with the IPG to exposed stimulation electrodes disposed adjacent the sacral nerve near the sacrum (the bone at the base of the spine) in a major surgical procedure—sometimes six hours under general anesthesia. The IPG continuously generates electrical stimulation pulses that are applied to the sacral nerve to control urinary voiding. The continuous electrical stimulation of the nerve has been found to control urge incontinence in some patients.
Various surgical procedures have been developed for bladder neck suspension, primarily to control urethral hypermobility by elevating the bladder neck and urethra. These procedures typically use bone anchors and sutures or slings to support the bladder neck. The success rates for bladder neck suspension surgery in controlling urinary leakage are typically approximately 60%-80%, depending on the patient's condition, the surgeon's skill, and the procedure that is used. The disadvantages of this surgical technique are its high cost, the need for hospitalization and long recovery period, and the frequency of complications.
For serious cases of intrinsic sphincter deficiency, artificial urinary sphincters have been developed. For example, the AMS 800 urinary sphincter, produced by America Medical Systems, Inc., of Minnetonka, Minn., includes a periurethral inflatable cuff, which is used to overcome urinary incontinence when the function of the natural sphincter is impaired. The cuff is coupled to a manually operated pump and a pressure regulator chamber, which are implanted in a patient's body together with the cuff. The cuff is maintained at a constant pressure of 60-80 cm of water, which is generally higher than the bladder pressure. To urinate, the patient releases the pressure in the cuff. Aspects of this system are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,222,377 to Burton, which is incorporated herein by reference.
The AMS Acticon® Neosphincter produced by American Medical Systems, Inc., of Minnetonka, Minn., is the only implantable sphincter available for the treatment of severe fecal incontinence. Using the AMS 800 technology, the Acticon® Neosphincter simulates normal anal sphincter function to give the patient control over defecation through a pressurized system. The Acticon® Neosphincter can be implanted in both men and women with a pressure regulating balloon placed in the prevesical space, the cuff implanted around a segment of the anal canal, and the pump positioned in either the scrotum or the labium.
These artificial urinary and fecal sphincters are of great benefit to certain patients but have some shortcomings. The constant concentric pressure that the periurethral cuff exerts on the urethra can result in impaired blood supply to tissue in the area, leading to tissue atrophy, urethral erosion and infection. Furthermore, the constant pressure in the cuff is not always sufficient to overcome transient increases in bladder pressure that may result from straining, coughing, laughing or contraction of the detrusor muscle. In such cases, urine leakage may result.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,571,749 and 4,731,083 to Fischell, which are incorporated herein by reference, describe an artificial sphincter device whose pressure can vary in response to changes in abdominal or intravesical (bladder) pressure. The device includes a periurethral cuff, subdermic pump, pressure regulator, and hydraulic pressure sensor.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,628,538 to Vincent et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, describes external apparatus for stimulating a muscle based on an electromyogram (EMG) signal sensed in the muscle. If the signal is greater than a predetermined threshold value, a stimulator circuit applies a voltage to electrodes adjacent to the muscle. The apparatus is said to be particularly useful in overcoming incontinence, and the stimulation is preferably applied transcutaneously to the levator ani.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,135,945 to Sultan, which is incorporated herein by reference, describes apparatus for preventing uncontrolled discharge of urine from a patient's urethra. The apparatus includes an implantable pressure sensor for sensing intra-abdominal pressure, which generates a pressure signal in response to the sensed pressure. An actuating device is coupled to the pressure sensor, and generates an electrical signal in response to the pressure signal. A controller is coupled to the actuating device, and is configured to selectively compress the patient's urethra and thereby prevent incontinence.
Various types of electrodes have been proposed for applying electrical stimulation to pelvic muscles so as to prevent unwanted urine flow. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,562,717 to Tippey et al. describes electrodes that are placed on the body surface, typically in the areas of the perineum and the sacrum, and are electrically actuated to control incontinence. U.S. Pat. No. 4,785,828 to Maurer describes a vaginal plug having electrodes on an outer surface thereof. A pulse generator in the plug applies electrical pulses to the electrodes so as to constrict the patient's pelvic muscles and prevent urine flow. U.S. Pat. No. 4,153,059 to Fravel et al. describes an intra-anal electrode, to which repetitive electrical pulses are applied in order to control urinary incontinence. U.S. Pat. No. 4,106,511 to Erlandsson describes an electrical stimulator in the form of a plug for insertion into the vagina or the anus. U.S. Pat. No. 3,866,613 to Kenny et al. describes a pessary ring having two electrodes thereon, which are energized to control incontinence. U.S. Pat. No. 4,406,288 to Horwinski et al. describes apparatus for conditioning the pelvic floor musculature to reduce bladder contractility and relax the bladder, so as to prevent involuntary urinary loss. All of the above-mentioned patents are incorporated herein by reference.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,580,578 to Barson, which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a device for stimulating the sphincter muscles controlling the bladder. A supporting body is fitted into the patient's vulva between the labia, so that two electrodes attached to the supporting body contact the epidermal surface on either side of the external urethral orifice. Electrical pulses are applied to the electrodes to stimulate the region of the sphincter.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,607,639 to Tanagho et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a method for controlling bladder function by nerve stimulation, typically of a sacral nerve. The anatomical location of at least one nerve controlling the muscles for the bladder and/or its sphincter is identified, and an electrode is placed on the nerve to selectively stimulate the nerve for continence and evacuation purposes.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,739,764 to Lue et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a system for electrical stimulation of nerves in order to treat urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, interstitial cystitis, and other pelvic pain syndromes.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,240,315 to Mo et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, describes incontinence treatment apparatus, which includes a module for evaluating a recorded EMG signal.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,484,445 to Knuth, which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a system for anchoring a lead to the sacrum for purposes of long-term stimulation, typically for treatment of incontinence.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,927,282 and 6,131,575 to Lenker et al., which are incorporated herein by reference, describe removable external closures for the urethra as means for relieving or mitigating incontinence problems.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,002,964 to Feler et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a method for managing chronic pelvic pain. The method includes techniques for positioning one or more stimulation leads within or about the sacrum to enable electrical energy to be applied to spinal nervous tissue, including nerve roots, in order to inhibit the transmission of pain signals.
An article by Fall et al., entitled, “Electrical stimulation in interstitial cystitis,” Journal of Urology, 123(2), pp. 192-195, February, 1980, which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a study in which fourteen women with chronic interstitial cystitis were treated with long-term intravaginal or transcutaneous nerve stimulation. Clinical and urodynamic evaluations were performed after 6 months to 2 years. Improvement was not immediate, but required a considerable period of continuous, daily use of electrical stimulation.
An article by Zermann et al., entitled, “Sacral nerve stimulation for pain relief in interstitial cystitis,” Urol. Int., 65(2), pp. 120-121, 2000, which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a case in which a 60-year-old woman was treated for severe interstitial cystitis pain using sacral nerve stimulation.
An article by Chai et al., entitled, “Percutaneous sacral third nerve root neurostimulation improves symptoms and normalizes urinary HB-EGF levels and antiproliferative activity in patients with interstitial cystitis,” Urology, 55(5), pp. 643-646, May, 2000, which is incorporated herein by reference, notes: “A highly effective treatment for interstitial cystitis (IC) remains elusive . . . . Results suggest that permanent S3 PNS may be beneficial in treating IC.”
An article by Caraballo et al., entitled, “Sacral nerve stimulation as a treatment for urge incontinence and associated pelvic floor disorders at a pelvic floor center: a follow-up study,” Urology, 57(6 Suppl 1), p. 121, June, 2001, which is incorporated herein by reference, describes and presents the results of an additional study in which sacral nerve stimulation was applied in an effort to treat urinary incontinence.
PCT Patent Publication WO 00/19939, entitled, “Control of urge incontinence,” which is assigned to the assignee of the present patent application and incorporated herein by reference, describes a device for treatment of urinary urge incontinence, in which imminent urge incontinence is sensed, and a pelvic nerve or muscle is stimulated to inhibit the flow.
PCT Patent Publication WO 00/19940, entitled, “Incontinence treatment device,” which is assigned to the assignee of the present patent application and incorporated herein by reference, describes a device for treating urinary stress incontinence, in which imminent involuntary urine flow is sensed, and a pelvic nerve or muscle is stimulated to inhibit the flow.
A book entitled “Urinary Incontinence”, edited by P. O′Donnell, Mosby Publishers, 1997, which is incorporated herein by reference, describes clinical aspects relating to the diagnosis and treatment of urinary incontinence.
As indicated in an article by Yamanishi et al., entitled “Electrical Stimulation for Stress Incontinence,” Int Urogynecol J, (1998) 9:281-290 Springer-Verlag London, which is incorporated herein by reference, electrical stimulation of the levator ani was first tested by K. P. S. Caldwell in “The electrical control of sphincter incompetence,” The Lancet, Jul. 23, 1963, which is incorporated herein by reference, to treat fecal incontinence. Caldwell first employed an implantable stimulator coupled to electrodes sutured to the levator ani muscle at locations on either side of the pelvic floor using a retropubic approach or near the pudendal nerves via a perineal approach. The implantable stimulator was powered by radio frequency transmissions from an externally worn transmitter except during voiding or defecation. Yamanishi reports that the method is no longer used because of tissue reactions, surgical complications and technical problems.
An article by Yamamoto et al., entitled “Optimal parameters for effective electrical stimulation of the anal sphincters in a child with fecal incontinence: preliminary report,” Pediatr Surg Int (1993) 8:132-137, describes determining optimal stimulation parameters for electrical stimulation of the anal sphincter of a child after abdominoperineal anorectoplasty for imperforate anus. In the testing procedure, intramuscular electrodes were implanted into the deep borders of the external anal sphincter to deliver stimulation to the striated external anal sphincter muscle fibers including the puborectalis. The pressure in the anal canal was measured as the amplitude (current intensity), width, and frequency of the alternating bi-directional biphasic pulses of regulated current generated buy an external stimulator were varied.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,243,607 to Mintchev et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, describes arrays of stimulation electrodes supported on a mesh surrounding a portion of the GI tract and coupled to an IPG that synchronously applies pulses through the electrodes to the smooth muscle of the portion of the GI tract. Local contractions of the smooth muscle of the portion of the gastro-intestinal tract are artificially propagated distally through the electrode array in order to facilitate or aid at least a partial emptying of such portion. The local contractions are artificially propagated by phase locking or time shifting the electrical stimulus that is applied to the smooth muscle circumferentially about the portion at two or more locations. The portion of the gastro-intestinal tract may be comprised of the esophagus, the stomach, the small intestine, the large intestine, the anal sphincter and combinations thereof.
U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0028232 to Camps et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses treating fecal incontinence by transplanting muscle from the patient's body around the anal sphincter and stimulating the muscle into contraction. A similar approach to treating fecal incontinence is suggested in the Yamamoto et al. article and to treating urinary incontinence is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,659,936 to Furness et al., which is incorporated herein by reference.
It has also been suggested to implant fecal slings in the patient's body to support the anus and lower bowel or rectum in commonly assigned, copending U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0021650, entitled “Sling Assembly with Secure and Convenient Attachment,” which is incorporated herein by reference. A fecal sling and an implantation method for implanting the fecal sling to extend around the anal sphincter to provide support and alleviate fecal incontinence are disclosed. In particular, a method is described for treating fecal incontinence in a patient comprising the steps of: providing a synthetic surgical mesh having first and second ends and a plurality of holes that are sized and shaped to afford tissue ingrowth, and a removable synthetic insertion sheath associated with the surgical mesh; providing a needle that is sized and shaped to be initially inserted through a suprapubic incision and to then emerge from at least one other incision, the needle having an insertion end and an end opposite the insertion end; providing a coupler having an axis, the coupler having a first end and a second end with surfaces for conveniently and securely connecting the coupler to the insertion end of the needle; creating at least one other incision; creating at least one suprapubic incision; passing the leading end of the needle initially through the suprapubic incision and then through the at least one other incision; then connecting the coupler to the needle by moving the coupler and insertion end of the needle together while the insertion end of the needle protrudes from the at least one other incision; implanting the sling by moving the leading end of the needle from the at least one other incision toward the suprapubic incision; and then removing the synthetic insertion sheath.
Methods and instruments for positioning a sling are also described in commonly assigned U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2002/0161382 to Niesz et al., and 2004/0039453 to Anderson et al. and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,911,003 to Anderson et al. and 6,612,977 to Staskin et al., which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties. Transobturator or suprapubic methods, either up to or through the obturator foramen along with introducers/needles that can be used to place the sling in a desired location are described.
The preferred embodiments of the present invention incorporate a number of inventive features that provide methods and apparatus for applying electrical stimulation to selected pelvic muscles to treat or alleviate or control fecal incontinence. Various aspects of the preferred embodiments of the invention may be used in combination or separately to apply electrical stimulation to one or more locations or positions in relation to an anal sphincter muscle comprising an internal anal sphincter surrounding the anus, an external anal sphincter surrounding the internal anal sphincter, a levator ani coupled to the external anal sphincter and perineal floor muscles around the anal orifice.
In certain embodiments, one or more stimulation electrode is supported on or part of or are associated with a mesh patch that is sized and shaped to fit in a particular location or position and adapted to assist in stabilizing or retaining the electrode(s) in the initial implantation position.
In other embodiments, one or more stimulation electrode is supported on or part of or are associated with a central support portion of an elongated fecal sling that is implanted in a tissue pathway disposing the central portion in a particular location or position, the fecal sling adapted to assist in stabilizing or retaining the electrode(s) in the initial implantation position and to apply supporting force to the anus.
In variations of these embodiments fixation mechanisms may be incorporated into or attached to the mesh patch ends or the sling ends to enable fixation in tissue or against membranes or fascia and to enable implantation employing single incision sling (SIS) implantation methods and instruments.
In further embodiments, one or more stimulation electrode is supported on or part of or are associated with a central aperture of a cuff of an artificial anal sphincter that is implanted about the anal cavity in a particular location or position, the cuff adapted to assist in stabilizing or retaining the electrode(s) in the initial implantation position and to be inflated to resist fecal incontinence and deflated to enable volitional voiding.
In certain embodiments, a sensor, e.g., a pressure sensor may be implanted in relation to the bowel or lower rectum or anus to detect filling and imminent bowel movement. The control unit logic and operating algorithm may employ the sensor signal to effect delivery of or modify delivery of electrical stimulation to the anus through the selected stimulation electrodes.
The expression “in relation to” or “in operative relation to” contemplates placing, positioning or locating stimulation electrodes adjacent to, within or upon one or more of the anal sphincter muscle comprising an internal anal sphincter surrounding the anus, an external anal sphincter surrounding the internal anal sphincter, a levator ani coupled to the external anal sphincter and perineal floor muscles around the anal orifice or placing, positioning or locating a sensor adjacent to, within or upon the wall of the rectum or bowel.
This summary has been presented here simply to point out some of the ways that the invention overcomes difficulties presented in the prior art and to distinguish the invention from the prior art and is not intended to operate in any manner as a limitation on the interpretation of claims that are presented initially in the patent application and that are ultimately granted.
The present invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments thereof, taken together with the drawings, in which:
I. Overview of Preferred Embodiments
II. Detailed Description of
III. Systems and methods for treating fecal incontinence and related pelvic floor disorders
Various aspects of the present invention are described in this section (I) and in greater detail in the following section (II). As described with reference to the preferred embodiments shown in
Preferably, imminent urge or stress urinary incontinence generates an EMG signal in the muscles that is sensed by one or more electrodes and is analyzed by a control unit of the implantable medical device. Alternatively or additionally, non-EMG signals (e.g., pressure signals) are detected and analyzed by the control unit. When the control unit determines that the signals are indicative of a condition that is likely to cause involuntary urine flow from the bladder, it applies electrical stimulation through the one or more electrodes to pelvic muscles. The electrical stimulation is configured to treat the particular type of incontinence detected (e.g., stress or urge), in order to stimulate a pelvic muscle to contract and inhibit the urine flow.
It is to be understood that although some preferred embodiments of the present invention are described herein with respect to interpreting EMG signals so as to identify the onset of a particular condition, in many of these embodiments, analysis of pressure signals or other non-EMG signals may be performed instead of or in addition to the analysis of the EMG signals.
For example, the filling of the bowel may be detected by a change in a pressure signal from a pressure sensor that is detected in the operating algorithm of the control unit to apply or alter the application of electrical stimulation to electrodes disposed at particular pelvic muscles as described below in part III.
In addition to EMG sensing electrodes, the device preferably also comprises one or more other physiological sensors, described hereinbelow with reference to
Typically, when the urine volume in the bladder is low, there will be no urine flow even when the abdominal pressure does increase. As described with reference to a plurality of the figures, the control unit preferably processes the signals from the various sensors and uses them to determine when the electrical stimulation should be applied to the muscles.
Preferably, the control unit comprises a processor, e.g., as described with reference to
Preferably, the processor analyzes both long-term and short-term variations in the signals, as well as rates, spectral patterns, and patterns of change in the signals. For example, to inhibit stress incontinence, the processor may set a threshold of an aspect of the EMG signal that varies over time responsive to an assessment of the patient's physiological condition. Subsequently, the processor applies the stimulation only when a transient variation in the aspect of the EMG signal exceeds the threshold. Methods for modifying the threshold in real time are described with reference to
In the context of the present patent application and in the claims, a “time-varying threshold” is to be understood as comprising substantially any appropriate time-varying detection parameters that a person skilled in the art, having read the disclosure of the present patent application, would consider useful in applying the principles of the present invention. By way of illustration and not limitation, these time-varying detection parameters may include magnitude, rate, or other aspects of the EMG signal, or of quantitative ultrasound, pressure, or acceleration measurements, as described herein.
As described with reference to
Alternatively or additionally, the concepts described herein with respect to two independent processors may be applied using a single processor having two modes of operation—a low power, low capacity mode, and a high power, high capacity mode.
Reference is now made to
Device 20 comprises a control unit 22 and electrodes 27 and 29, coupled thereto by medical electrical leads 24. Additionally, device 20 preferably comprises at least one additional physiological sensor 44, such as a miniature ultrasound transducer, one or more accelerometers, a pressure transducer or other sensors known in the art.
The control unit preferably comprises circuitry for sensing electrical signals received by electrodes 27 and 29, such as EMG signals, along with circuitry for processing the signals from sensor 44. Control unit 22 additionally comprises circuitry for applying electrical stimulation to one or both of the electrodes responsive to the signals. Details of control unit 22 and electrodes 27 and 29 are preferably as described in the above-referenced PCT Patent Publications WO 00/19940, entitled “Incontinence Treatment Device,” and WO 00/19939, entitled, “Control of urge incontinence,” with appropriate changes as described herein or as are otherwise indicated by clinical and engineering considerations that will be clear to those skilled in the art.
The electrodes are preferably flexible intramuscular-type wire electrodes, about 1-5 mm long and 50-100 microns in diameter, thus designed to minimize patient discomfort. They are typically formed in the shape of a spiral or hook, as is known in the art, so that they can be easily and permanently anchored in the muscle. The wire from which the electrodes are made comprises a suitable conductive material, preferably a biocompatible metal such as silver, a platinum/iridium alloy (90/10) or a nickel/chromium alloy. Leads 24 are preferably 5-10 cm long and surrounded by an insulating jacket typically comprising nylon, polyurethane, Teflon or another flexible, biocompatible insulating material. An optional additional wire (not shown) inside the jacket serves as an antenna for the purpose of wireless communications with device 20, as described further hereinbelow.
Control unit 22 preferably comprises circuitry for processing electrical signals received from electrodes 27 and 29 and for generating and applying electrical stimulation to the electrodes. The circuitry is preferably contained in a case made of titanium or other suitable biocompatible metal. Typically, the case is about 20 mm in diameter and 4 mm thick. For some applications, the case serves as a ground electrode for electrodes 27 and 29 when they are sensing or stimulating in a monopolar or unipolar mode. Alternatively, the case may comprise metal coated with a layer of biocompatible plastic, such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) or silicone. Although two electrodes and one sensor are shown attached to the control unit in
A medical electrical lead 21 is preferably provided to couple control unit 22 to a pelvic muscle of the patient. Lead 21 is secured to the muscle by means of a fixation helix 23 or other techniques known in the art, so as to provide electrical contact between the muscle and two stimulation electrodes 26 and 30 disposed on a silicon casing 19 of the lead. Each electrode is typically less than about 80 mm in length, and is most preferably approximately 3 mm in length. The electrodes are typically separated by approximately 3 mm along the length of lead 21. In this space between electrodes 26 and 30, a tip 15 of an EMG wire 17 may protrude approximately 100 microns through casing 19, for those applications in which EMG sensing is desirable. Typically, the diameter of wire 17 is approximately 50 microns, and the diameter of casing 19 is approximately 1.5 mm.
An 8 Fr introducer (not shown) is inserted through incision 170, between the fascia and muscle tissue, so as to reach the retropubic space. A sensor lead (not shown) for a pressure or electrical sensor is advanced through the introducer to a desired position, e.g., in the retropubic space or between fascia and muscle. Following placement of the lead, it is secured to the fascia by a 3/0 nylon suture. Once the sensor has been properly secured, the lead stylet is withdrawn from the introducer, and the introducer is then removed. Connectors for the sensor lead are connected to appropriate sites on the control unit.
The precise placement of the electrodes is typically not essential, particularly since electrical signals tend to pass among the different muscles in the region. Thus, any placement of the electrode in or on one or more of the pelvic muscles suitable for exercising urine control is considered to be within the scope of this embodiment of the present invention. The electrodes are preferably inserted through an incision made in the wall of vagina 42. Alternatively, another suitable approach may be chosen for ease of access and minimization of tissue trauma.
Control unit 22 is preferably implanted under the skin in the genitopelvic region of patient 31. Most preferably, the control unit is implanted inside the patient's labia minora 38 or in the labia majora 40. Alternatively, the control unit is not implanted in the patient's body, but is instead maintained outside the body, connected by leads 24 to the electrodes. This configuration is convenient particularly for an initial test period, during which the effectiveness of device 20 in treating a given patient is evaluated before permanent implantation.
Generally, the choice of implantation location for the control unit, as well as which particular nerve is to be stimulated, is made by the patient's physician, responsive to the patient's condition and other surgical considerations. Preferably, electrode 29 (
(i) Hardware and Algorithms
Electrode 27 receives EMG signals from muscle 32, which are conveyed via a normally closed switch 46 to the input of an amplifier 48, preferably a low-noise operational amplifier. Amplified signals output from amplifier 48 are digitized by an analog/digital (A/D) converter 50 and conveyed to a central processing unit (CPU) 52, preferably a microprocessor. Preferably, although not necessarily, the amplified signals are not rectified prior to being digitized, to allow various forms of analysis, for example, spectral analysis, to be performed on the raw data, without the distortion imparted by rectification. CPU 52 preferably analyzes these signals and/or signals from other physiological sensors, such as ultrasound, pressure, strain, and acceleration sensors described hereinbelow, to determine whether they fit a pattern indicating that incontinence is likely to result, and, if so, to determine the type of incontinence. The analysis preferably comprises a spectral analysis and an analysis of EMG signal magnitude and rate. Responsive to a determination that a particular form of incontinence is likely, a pulse generator 54 conveys electrical pulses to electrode 27, as described hereinbelow.
Optionally, sensor 44 (
The CPU is preferably programmed to distinguish between incontinence-related patterns and other signal patterns not associated with incontinence, such as signals generated when patient 31 wishes to pass urine voluntarily. Preferably, the CPU gathers long-term statistical information regarding the EMG and the signals from the other sensors, and analyzes the information to “learn” common signal patterns that are characteristic of patient 31. The learned patterns are used in refining decision criteria used by the CPU in determining whether or not to generate and apply electrical stimulation through the electrodes to tissue. For some applications, a handheld controller (not shown) receives an input from the patient whenever urine is unintentionally passed, and control unit 22 modifies signal analysis parameters and/or stimulation parameters responsive thereto, so as to reduce the likelihood of future incontinence.
(ii) Simulation of a Typical EMG
(iii) Experimentally Measured EMG Signals: Distinguishing Incontinence from Voluntary Voiding
In a period preceding voiding, an EMG signal 114 shows substantial high-frequency activity, which is generally indicative of a full bladder. High-frequency spikes in signal 114 (of which none appear in
During period A, the bladder fills, which filling is preferably detected and identified as such by the control unit. Notably, in period A there is a slow, steady increase in bladder pressure, as well as a slow, steady increase in peak-to-peak amplitude of the EMG signal. Bladder pressure is seen to increase sharply during voiding period B, in comparison to the slow increase of period A. During period C, voiding was terminated. During period D, the bladder fills again, in substantially the same manner as in period A. Examination of periods B and C shows that the EMG signal has essentially zero magnitude during voiding and during its termination, and generally increases with increasing bladder pressure during the bladder-filling periods A and D.
Preferably, control unit 22 identifies an initiation time of normal voiding by analysis of the EMG and/or bladder pressure data. In a preferred embodiment, the control unit actuates pulse generator 54 to apply pulses to electrodes 27 and/or 29 at a predetermined time after voiding. For example, in an interview conducted during the calibration period, it may be determined that a particular patient generally only experiences urge incontinence greater than 1.5 hours following voluntary voiding. The control unit may then be programmed to detect voiding and initiate pulse application one hour thereafter, and to continue the pulse application until a subsequent onset of voluntary voiding is detected.
Alternatively or additionally, the pulse generator may be actuated by the control unit when the average magnitude of the EMG exceeds a specified threshold, because the likelihood of urge incontinence reflects the increased bladder pressure indicated by the EMG signal exceeding the threshold. Further alternatively or additionally, the calibration period may include a training period, in which the control unit continually samples the EMG signal, and in which the patient indicates to the control unit whenever urge incontinence occurs. During or subsequent to the training period, the control unit or an external processor (not shown) analyzes each instance of urge incontinence to determine aspects of the EMG and/or other sensor signals preceding the incontinence which can be used during regular operation of the unit to predict incontinence. For many applications of the present invention, the control unit is operative to execute some or all of the above methods, so as to minimize or eliminate occurrences of urge incontinence. It will be appreciated that these strategies may be applied to other types of incontinence as well, mutatis mutandis.
Alternatively or additionally, the patient is enabled to instruct control unit 22 to initiate electrical stimulation of the muscles in order to inhibit urge incontinence that the patient senses may be imminent. For example, the patient may input the instruction to the control unit by voluntarily tightening her abdominal muscles, which in turn causes measurable increases in abdominal pressure. Advantageously, the rate of increase of abdominal pressure generated by voluntary contraction of the abdominal musculature is significantly smaller than that increase generated involuntarily, for example, during laughter. Typically, the patient can be taught in a single training session to generate a detectable and distinguishable muscle contraction, appropriate for controlling device 20. For some applications, control unit 22 comprises an external input unit, such as a keypad with buttons designated for certain functions, e.g., “Inhibit urge incontinence now,” or “Inhibit stress incontinence now.”
In a preferred embodiment, stress incontinence and urge incontinence are distinguished solely (or at least in part) responsive to differences in d(Pressure)/dt characteristic of the respective conditions. For example, values of dP/dt greater than a threshold value are interpreted as being indicative of stress incontinence, while values of dP/dt less than the threshold are interpreted as being indicative of urge incontinence.
With reference to
For some applications, as muscle 32 contracts, it closes off urethra 34, thus inhibiting the undesired urine flow. Preferably, the electrical stimulation is terminated and switch 46 is closed after a predetermined period of time has passed, e.g., 0.5-1 second to treat stress incontinence and 10 minutes to treat urge incontinence. Alternatively or additionally, the electrical stimulation is terminated and switch 46 is closed if the patient voids voluntarily or other new data indicate that the expected incontinence is no longer likely. If possible incontinence is again detected at this point, the electrical stimulation is re-applied.
It will be appreciated that, depending on the particular application, one or more electrical stimulation waveforms may be employed in the practice of various embodiments of the present invention. For example, the electrical stimulation waveform may be monophasic or biphasic and may have a range of amplitudes, duty cycles and/or frequencies. It has been found generally that pulse frequencies in the range between 2 and 50 Hz are effective in engendering contraction of the levator ani and other pelvic muscles, but for some applications it may be appropriate to use frequencies outside of this range. Certain preferred stimulation parameters are described hereinbelow. It has been found generally that duty cycles of about 2 to about 10 seconds on, and about 10 to about 30 seconds off (i.e., about 6% to about 50%) are effective for treating conditions disclosed herein.
Preferably, but not necessarily, the same electrode or electrodes are used to treat both stress incontinence and urge incontinence; however, different stimulation parameters are utilized depending on the particular form of incontinence which is immediately to be treated. Alternatively, at least one electrode is dedicated to treating a particular form of incontinence, e.g., an electrode implanted so as to stimulate the sacral nerve may be driven by control unit 22 to apply current most suitable for treating urge incontinence.
As described hereinabove, the processor preferably identifies the form of incontinence based on particular physiological characteristics detected by the sensors, and control unit 22 applies an appropriate stimulation signal responsive thereto. For example, stress incontinence may be detected using techniques described hereinabove with reference to
For some applications, two sensors are implanted at different sites within the patient that generate signals that are analyzed in combination by control unit 22 so as to determine whether a stress incontinence event or an urge incontinence event is imminent. In a preferred configuration, one pressure sensor is coupled to measure intravesical pressure, while another pressure sensor is coupled to measure intra-abdominal pressure. Sharp increases in bladder pressure that occur generally simultaneously with sharp increases in overall abdominal pressure are typically interpreted to be indicative of possible imminent stress incontinence, e.g., due to laughter. By contrast, increases in bladder pressure that are not accompanied by increases in overall abdominal pressure are interpreted as being indicative of imminent urge incontinence.
Responsive to a determination of imminent incontinence, and the identification of the particular type of incontinence, the stimulation waveform is preferably applied, typically comprising a bipolar square wave having characteristics summarized in Table I. This table also indicates appropriate stimulation parameters for the treatment of other disorders, such as fecal incontinence, interstitial cystitis (IC), chronic pelvic pain, and urine retention, described hereinbelow. For some applications and some patients, other parameters may also be used.
Thus, it is seen that in response to a determination of imminent stress incontinence, e.g., due to the patient sneezing, high-power electrical stimulation is applied, typically having both a high amplitude and a high frequency. This form of stimulation is generally preferred in inhibiting the rapid onset of stress incontinence, as the stimulation develops significant muscular contraction over a very short time period, so as to prevent the involuntary passing of urine. Shortly after the triggering event (e.g., the sneeze) has finished, the stimulation is preferably removed, because the likelihood of imminent incontinence is diminished.
By contrast, imminent urge incontinence is typically more suitably treated over a longer time period. For example, a signal may be applied from the time that control unit 22 determines that urge incontinence is imminent until the control unit determines that the patient has voluntarily voided. Because of the nature of urge incontinence, i.e., it is characterized by the involuntary and undesired contraction of bladder muscles, lower energy electrical stimulation is applied to a spinal site and/or to a pelvic floor muscle. This lower energy electrical stimulation is preferably configured to induce a relaxation response of the muscle tissue of the bladder, and to thereby inhibit involuntary urination. Advantageously, since the treatment of urge incontinence typically does not consume electrical power at the same rate as the treatment of stress incontinence, the drain on implanted batteries resulting from the treatment of urge incontinence is typically low, allowing the appropriate electrical stimulation to be applied for significantly longer time periods than those useful for treating stress incontinence.
For some applications, the electrical stimulation for treating urge incontinence is applied in bursts, e.g., the electrical stimulation is applied for about 1-5 seconds, and then removed for about 20-60 seconds. Typically, the relatively short bursts are sufficient to provide the patient with protection against incontinence during the inter-burst periods. Advantageously, such a protocol of electrical stimulation in bursts further reduces the consumption of electricity.
In a preferred embodiment, for example, when treating patients with severe urge incontinence, it is beneficial to treat the urge incontinence prophylactically, i.e., more frequently than when a particular event of urge incontinence is imminent. In this embodiment, electrical stimulation is typically applied automatically, at a fixed time after voluntary voiding and/or whenever bladder volume or pressure exceeds a threshold. Alternatively or additionally, for some patients, the treatment for urge incontinence is applied substantially continuously. Preferably, but not necessarily, these continuous or very-frequent modes of treatment are applied in bursts, as described hereinabove.
For some urge incontinence treatment applications, it is beneficial to extend the initiation of the application of the electrical stimulation over a period ranging from several seconds to about one minute. Thus, for example, a 10 Hz square wave may be increased to a designated waveform application voltage of 2 V over a period of 2 seconds, which is generally fast enough to inhibit urge incontinence, without inadvertently providing a sharp stimulus that might elicit unintentional voiding. When it is desired to apply the electrical stimulation in intermittent bursts, the amplitude is typically held at the peak value for approximately 1-5 seconds, and subsequently caused to decay over a period of several seconds. An extended decay time is also believed by the inventors to inhibit inadvertently eliciting the sharp bladder contractions, which in some instances may bring about incontinence.
Although preferred embodiments of the present invention are generally described herein with respect to control unit 22 distinguishing between stress incontinence and urge incontinence, and applying an appropriate treatment responsive thereto, it is to be understood that other disorders may also be treated some of the techniques described herein, mutatis mutandis. Thus, for example, chronic pelvic pain and interstitial cystitis are preferably treated using stimulation parameters shown in Table I. As in the treatment of stress or urge incontinence, the patient herself is typically enabled to activate control unit 22 to treat the condition. Alternatively or additionally, the control unit is programmed to apply appropriate electrical stimulation responsive to a determination of bladder volume (e.g., via an ultrasound measurement), bladder pressure, and/or based on the time from last voiding. Voiding is preferably determined using techniques described herein, such as measuring changes in abdominal pressure, or analyzing pelvic floor EMG data. Typically, interstitial cystitis and chronic pelvic pain are treated, like urge incontinence, using electric signal application parameters configured to induce relaxation of the bladder.
As shown in Table I, pathological retention of urine (a condition common in patients with paraplegia) is preferably treated by the application of electrical stimulation to a pelvic floor muscle having a waveform configured to facilitate voiding. Preferably, the patient is enabled to enter a command into an external controller whenever voiding is desired.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, fecal incontinence is treated by the application of electrical stimulation to a pelvic floor site or to a site in or adjacent to the anal sphincter of the patient as described in greater detail hereinbelow. Typically, electrical stimulation parameters are generally similar to those for treating stress incontinence. Additionally, because fecal incontinence often accompanies urinary incontinence, particularly stress incontinence, the same techniques described herein for detecting the onset of stress incontinence (e.g., EMG or pressure measurements) are preferably adapted for use in detecting the onset of fecal incontinence.
In normal physiological functioning, an accumulation of feces in the rectum causes afferent signaling that leads to involuntary smooth muscle contraction in the pelvic region and to voluntary contraction of the striated muscle of the anal sphincter. These contractions of smooth and striated muscle provide the control required to defer defecation until a desired time. For some patients, fecal incontinence is caused at least in part by an impairment of the afferent signaling, which should occur responsive to an accumulation of feces.
Therefore, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, control unit 22 is adapted to enhance the functioning of this afferent pathway, in order to restore normal levels of smooth and/or striated muscle contractions, and, consequently, to restore fecal continence. Preferably, control unit 22 senses the pressure in the patient's rectum, or senses another parameter indicative of rectal filling, and drives electrodes implanted in or near the patient's anal sphincter to apply a signal which generates (or amplifies) afferent signaling. Typically, this induced afferent signaling is sufficient to alert the patient to the gradually increasing level of rectal filling, such that the patient will naturally respond by tightening the striated muscle of the anal sphincter. Often, the induced sensation is indistinguishable from analogous natural sensations experienced by healthy individuals.
Advantageously, smooth muscle contractions are also believed to occur responsive to the induced afferent signaling, such that after a period of weeks to several months, smooth muscle contractions are expected to supplement the striated muscle contractions, and provide enhanced protection against fecal incontinence.
For some applications, the magnitude, frequency, and/or duty cycle of the applied signal is configured to simulate the body's natural afferent signaling patterns, i.e., to have lower values when the rectum is only slightly full, and to increase in value responsive to indications of increased rectal filling.
It is to be appreciated that preferred stimulation parameters are described herein by way of illustration and not limitation, and that the scope of the present invention includes the use of electrical stimulation waveforms comprising, for example, biphasic and/or monophasic components, a decaying square wave, a sinusoid or sawtooth waveform, or any other shape known in the art to be suitable for stimulating muscle or nervous tissue. Generally, appropriate waveforms and parameters thereof are determined during an initial test period of device 20, and are updated intermittently, either in a healthcare facility or automatically during regular use.
With reference to
Preferably, battery 56 comprises a standard battery, such as a lithium battery, having a nominal output of 3 volts. Most preferably, pulse generator 54 comprises a DC/DC converter, as is known in the art, and a capacitor, which is charged by the DC/DC converter to a constant, stepped-up voltage level regardless of the precise battery voltage, which may vary between 3.5 and 1.8 volts. The same DC/DC converter, or another similar device, preferably supplies power to other circuit components of control unit 22.
An inductive arrangement including coil 28 is preferably used to program the CPU, using an external programming device (not shown) with a suitable antenna. Alternatively, the programming device generates a modulated magnetic field to communicate with a receiver inside case 25 that preferably senses the field using a Hall effect transducer. Such programming may be used, for example, to set an amplitude or duration of the stimulation waveform applied by pulse generator 54, or to set a threshold level or other parameters, according to which the CPU distinguishes between EMG signals or other signals that are indicative of impending urge or stress incontinence and those that are not (e.g., those that indicate voluntary voiding). Such programming may be carried out by medical personnel or by the patient herself, who can similarly turn the implanted control unit on and off as desired by passing a suitable magnet over her pelvis.
Although the circuit blocks in control unit 22 are shown as discrete elements, some or all of these blocks are preferably embodied in a custom or semi-custom integrated circuit device, as is known in the art.
In addition to or instead of the EMG signals received from electrode 29, CPU 52 preferably receives additional signals from other physiological sensors, such as an ultrasound transducer, a pressure sensor 76 and/or an acceleration sensor 78, or other types of strain and motion measurement devices, as are known in the art. Pressure sensor 76 is preferably implanted on or in bladder 36, so as to detect increases in abdominal or intravesical pressure that may lead to involuntary urine loss. Similarly, acceleration sensor 78 is preferably implanted so as to detect bladder motion associated with hypermobility, which is similarly associated with urine loss. The additional signals from these sensors are preferably analyzed by the CPU together with the EMG signals in order to improve the accuracy and reliability of detection of impending incontinence.
An impedance sensor 79 is preferably used to measure the tissue impedance between leads 27 and 29, using physiological impedance measurement techniques known in the art. During long-term use of device 120 (or other such devices), fibrosis in the area of the implanted electrodes tends to cause the impedance to increase, so that the stimulating current for a given applied voltage decreases. The impedance measured by sensor 79 is used as a feedback signal instructing CPU 52 to increase the voltage, so that a generally constant level of stimulation current is maintained.
In operation, A/D converter 50 and CPU 52 are normally maintained in a standby state, in which their power consumption is negligible. When logic 86, operating at the low sampling rate, detects EMG signals that may be a precursor to incontinence, it signals A/D converter 50 to begin sampling at the high rate. In order not to lose significant data from the brief period before A/D converter 50 and CPU 52 turn on, signals from A/D converter 84 are preferably stored in a cyclic (or first-in first-out) queue 88, such as a delay line. The entire sequence of signal detection and processing is estimated to take between 5 and 20 ms, up to the point at which CPU 52 reaches a decision as to whether or not to actuate pulse generator 54. Pulse generation takes between 1 and 20 ms, with the result that contraction of the pelvic muscles begins within 15-50 ms of an onset of increased EMG activity indicating impending urine loss. Thus, urethra 34 is substantially closed off before any significant amount of urine can leak out.
As shown in
III. Systems and Methods for Treating Fecal Incontinence and Related Pelvic Floor Disorders
As described hereinabove, the implantable electronic stimulator device 20 comprising the control unit 22, lead(s) 24, and optionally physiological sensor 44 or 160 may advantageously be employed to provide electrical stimulation to the pelvic floor musculature and in particular to one or more of the internal anal sphincter, the external anal sphincter, and the levator ani (as well as the puborectalis muscle) to treat or control fecal incontinence. These muscular structures of the pelvis are first described in reference to
The muscles of the pelvis can be characterized as forming the pelvic diaphragm or floor and the pelvic wall that support and contain the bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs.
The pelvic floor includes the fascia-covered coccygeus and the levator ani muscles, which function as the pelvic diaphragm, separating pelvic viscera from the perineal structures inferiorly. The pelvic diaphragm counters abdominal pressure and, with the thoracic diaphragm, assists in micturition, defecation, and childbirth. It is an important support mechanism for the uterus, resisting prolapse.
The coccygeous is the posterior muscle of the pelvic floor on the same plane as the iliococcygeous. The levator ani (anal lifting or elevating) on each side arises from the pubic bone and ischial spine and the intervening tendinous arch, droops downward as it passes through the midline, and inserts on the anoococcygeal ligament and the coccyx with the contralateral levator ani. The levator ani essentially has four parts, the levator prostatae/vaginae (male/female), the puborectalis, the pubococcygeus, and the iliococcygeous.
Viewed from above, the levator prostatae/vaginae extends posteriorly from attachment to the pubic bone around the urethra.
The puborectalis extends from attachment to the pubic bone posteriorly around the levator prostatae/vaginae, the urethra, and the rectum.
Right and left branches of the pubococcygeus extends from attachment to each tendinous arch, posteriorly around the puborectalis levator, and along either side of the prostatae/vaginae, the urethra, and the rectum.
Right and left branches of the iliococcygeous extends from attachment to each tendinous arch posteriorly alongside the pubococcygeus, the puborectalis levator, the prostatae/vaginae, the urethra, and the rectum.
Turning to the pelvic wall, it is formed by the obturator internus and piriformis muscles and the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments.
The right and left obturator internus muscles are lateral rotators of the right and left hip joints. The right and left obturator internus arise, in part, from the margins of the right and left obturator foramens (comprised of both the internus and externus layers) on the pelvic side, pass downward and posterolaterally past each obturator foramen to and through the lesser sciatic foramen, inserting on the medial surface of the greater trochanter of each femur. The right and left tendinous arches are fascia coverings of the right and left obturator internus muscles.
The right and left piriformis muscles are lateral rotators of the hip joint that each follow a course similar to the right and left obturator internus to attachment with the greater trochanters of the right and left femurs.
The levator ani supports the lower end of the rectum and bladder during the controlled efforts of expulsion of feces and urine. As it is fixed to the coccyx, it helps to fix the central point of the perineum, so that the bulbocavernosus may act from this fixed point.
The levator ani is always in a state of tonic contraction and keeps the anal canal and orifice closed. The levator ani is also a voluntary or volitional muscle that can be willed to contract more forcefully to more firmly occlude the anal canal in expiratory efforts unconnected with defecation.
Moreover, the contraction force of the levator ani may be increased by direct electrical stimulation of the levator ani muscle fibers. Unless otherwise indicated, it will be understood that references herein to the electrical stimulation of the levator ani embraces the location of stimulation electrodes in or related to any of the four parts.
Turning to
The anus 204 further includes the anal sphincter within the anal wall surrounding and defining the anal canal 206 and comprising sphincter ani internus or internal anal sphincter 210 and the sphincter ani externus or the external anal sphincter 212. Generally speaking, the internal anal sphincter 210 surrounds the anal canal 206, and the external anal sphincter 212 surrounds the internal anal sphincter 210 and extends somewhat inferior to the internal anal sphincter 210. A potential space characterized as the intersphincteric space 224 exists between the internal and external and anal sphincters 210 and 212. The fat of the ischio-rectal fossae laterally surrounds the external anal sphincter 212.
The external anal sphincter 212 is a thin flat plane of striated muscle fibers that are always in a state of tonic contraction to keep the anal orifice closed. The closed anal canal 206 therefore has the appearance of a longitudinal slit. The striated muscle fibers of the external anal sphincter 212 are further differentiated as the deep external anal sphincter fibers 214, the superficial external anal sphincter fibers 216, and the subcutaneous external anal sphincter fibers 218. Posteriorly, the fibers are not attached to the coccyx, but continuously extend around the anal canal 206. The superior boundary of the deep external anal sphnicter fibers of the external anal sphincter 212 is ill defined as the muscle fibers merge with the levator ani 220.
The external anal sphincter muscle fibers can be voluntarily or volitionally placed in a greater condition of contraction, to more firmly close the anal orifice 206. Moreover, the contraction force of the external anal sphincter 212 may be increased by direct electrical stimulation of the sphincter muscle fibers. Unless otherwise indicated, it will be understood that references herein to the disposition of stimulation electrodes 27, 29 in or with respect to the external anal sphincter 212 embraces positions related to all of these muscle fibers.
The internal anal sphincter 210 is a ring of smooth muscle fibers that surrounds the lower extremity of the rectum 202 and the anal canal 206. The smooth muscle fibers of the internal anal sphincter 210 are in a constant state of contraction and are incapable of voluntary or volitional control. The internal anal sphincter 210 is contiguous with the inferior terminus of the circular rectal wall muscle layer and is supported by the levator ani 230, particularly the puborectalis part. For purposes of definition, the transition between the circular rectal wall muscle and the internal anal sphincter 210 corresponds to the transition or anorectal border between the rectum 202 and the anus 204. The inferior border of the internal anal sphincter 210 is contiguous with the external anal sphincter 212, particularly the subcutaneous external anal sphincter fibers.
In a continent person, the voluntary external anal sphincter 212 works with the involuntary internal anal sphincter 210 to occlude the anal canal 206. The internal anal sphincter 210 contributes about 85% of the resting tone of occlusion of the anal canal 206, to keep fecal material in the rectum 202 until controlled expulsion is volitionally initiated. The contraction force of the internal anal sphincter 210 may be increased by direct electrical stimulation of the sphincter muscle fibers.
Thus, the anal sphincter of a continent person closes the anal canal 206 and normally prevents involuntary expulsions from the lower bowel and rectum 202. Voluntary defecation is aided by a process of sensing fecal matter and relaxing the internal and external anal muscle fibers as follows.
A pectinate (dentate) line 220 transverse to the rectum axis is defined about 2.5 to 3 cm superior to the anal orifice. The superior extent of the external anal sphincter 212 extends about 5 cm above the pectinate line 220. The superior extent of the internal sphincter muscle extends about 2 to 2.5 cm above the pectinate line.
A band of mucosal tissue immediately superior to the pectinate line 220, referred to as the anal columns, is sensitive to the presence of fecal material. The anal columns provide sensory information that discriminates among different types and textures of fecal material, thereby aiding in overall control of the discharge of fecal material.
Sensitive mucosal tissue, called the anoderm, lines the anal canal 206 inferior to the pectinate line 220. Anoderm tissue is sensitive to contact with fecal material such that the sensed presence of fecal material initiates the release of tension by the anal sphincter to facilitate discharge through the anal canal 206. In a person suffering from fecal incontinence, the external anal sphincter 212 or the internal anal sphincter 210, or both, lose muscle tone, and the anal canal 206 and orifice are not fully constricted by the anal sphincter. Fecal material that therefore passes by the pectinate line spontaneously excites the sensitive anoderm tissue initiating an immediate discharge response, resulting in an incontinent event.
Because of their important sensory functions, treatment of the rectum 220 and anus should guard against damage to the mucosal tissue below and above the pectinate line 220. This sensitive mucosal tissue may be damaged, e.g., by exposure to abnormal heat, and typically do not regenerate after thermal injury.
Turning to
Thus, a first depicted electrode location or position 240 is adjacent the internal anal sphincter 210 beneath the mucosal tissue lining the anal canal 206. One or more stimulating electrode may be supported on a band or mesh support at the distal end of a medical electrical lead that is implanted to extend around the anal canal 206.
A second depicted electrode location or position 242 is within the internal anal sphincter 210 extending around the anal canal 206. One or more stimulating electrode may be supported on a band or mesh support at the distal end of a medical electrical lead that is implanted to extend through the internal anal sphincter 210 and around the anal canal 206.
A third depicted electrode location or position 244 is within the intersphincteric space 224 between the internal and external and anal sphincters 210 and 212 extending around the anal canal 206. One or more stimulating electrode may be supported on a band or mesh support at the distal end of a medical electrical lead that is implanted to extend through the intersphincteric space 224 and around the anal canal 206.
A fourth depicted electrode location or position 246 is within the superficial external anal sphincter fibers 216 of the external anal sphincter 212 extending around the anal canal 206. One or more stimulating electrode may be supported on a band or mesh support at the distal end of a medical electrical lead that is implanted to extend through the superficial external anal sphincter fibers 216 of the external anal sphincter 212 and around the anal canal 206.
A fifth depicted electrode location or position 248 is within the deep external anal sphincter fibers 214 of the external anal sphincter 212 extending around the anal canal 206. One or more stimulating electrode may be supported on a band or mesh support at the distal end of a medical electrical lead that is implanted to extend through the deep external anal sphincter fibers 214 of the external anal sphincter 212 and around the anal canal 206.
A plurality of stimulation electrodes in electrode locations or positions 246 and 248 may be supported on a band or mesh support at the distal end of a medical electrical lead that is implanted to extend through the deep and superficial external anal sphincter fibers 214 and 216 of the external anal sphincter 212 and around the anal canal 206.
A sixth depicted electrode location or position 250 is adjacent to and surrounding one or both of the deep and superficial external anal sphincter fibers 214 and 216 of the external anal sphincter 212 and around the anal canal 206. One or more stimulating electrode may be supported on a band or mesh support at the distal end of a medical electrical lead that is implanted to extend around the deep and/or superficial external anal sphincter fibers 214 and 216 of the external anal sphincter 212 and around the anal canal 206.
Any of the above-described and depicted electrode locations or positions 240, 242, 244, 246, 248, 250 may comprise a band extending around the anal canal 206 defined by the tissue pathway of a fecal sling as described further below in reference to
A seventh depicted electrode location or position 252 is on, adjacent to or within the levator ani muscle 230 where it supports the rectum 202 and near the border with the deep external anal sphincter fibers 214 of the external anal sphincter 212. The electrode location or position 252 may comprise a band of the levator ani inferior to the rectum 202 that conforms to the tissue pathway of a fecal sling as described further below in reference to
An eighth depicted electrode location or position 254 is on, adjacent to or within the subcutaneous pelvic floor muscle fibers that may include or comprise subcutaneous external anal sphincter fibers 218 surrounding the anal orifice to the anal cavity 206 within the perineum. The electrode location or position 252 may comprise a band of the subcutaneous external anal sphincter fibers 218 that conforms to the tissue pathway of a fecal sling as described further below in reference to
It will be understood that the practice of certain methods of the present invention contemplates locating or positioning stimulation electrodes at more than one of the depicted electrode locations or positions, e.g., at locations 240 and 244 or 240 and 250 to selectively apply stimulation to the internal anal sphincter 210 and the external anal sphincter 212. Alternatively, one or more stimulation electrodes may be placed at locations 252 and other stimulation electrodes may be placed at the other locations, e.g., at location 254 adjacent or within the perineal floor muscle fibers.
Moreover, the medical electrical leads of certain embodiments of the present invention employ passive electrode stabilization or fixation mechanisms to maintain the stimulation electrodes disposed in the above-described and depicted electrode locations or positions 240, 242, 244, 246, 248, 250, 252, and 254. The preferred passive fixation mechanism comprises a mesh that the stimulation electrode(s) is affixed to. A single stimulation electrode or a plurality of stimulation electrodes may be supported on the mesh and the electrode(s) may be exposed on both sides of the porous mesh or insulation may be applied to the surfaces of the electrodes on one side of the mesh to enable stimulation in only one direction. The stimulation electrodes may also comprise electrically conductive strands of the mesh. Multiple stimulation electrodes may be distributed in a pattern and spacing to ensure distribution in the locations or positions extending around the anal canal 206 or the levator ani 230 or the perineal floor.
For example, in reference to
The two medical electrical leads 242 and 262 are provided in the exemplary implantable electronic stimulator system or device 20′ so that the porous mesh 250 and electrodes 252, 254 can be placed in one location or position and the other porous mesh 280 and electrodes 281, 283 can be placed in one location or position selected from among the depicted electrode locations or positions 240, 242, 244, 246, 248, 250, 252, and 254. For example, the porous mesh 280 and electrodes 281, 283 can be placed at location 240 or 242 to selectively apply stimulation to the internal anal sphincter 210. The porous mesh 280 and electrodes 281, 283 can be placed in another location or position e.g., at location 244, 246, or 250 to selectively apply stimulation to the external anal sphincter 212. Alternatively, stimulation electrode 281, 283 may be placed at location 252 on, adjacent or within the levator ani 230 and the other stimulation electrodes 272, 274 may be placed at the other locations, e.g., at location 254 adjacent or within the perineal floor muscle fibers. Additional medical electrical leads may be provided to locate stimulation electrodes and mesh at additional separate locations or positions.
In one variation of the embodiment depicted in
In another variation of the embodiment depicted in
In any of the above variations, the implantation routes may be selected to implant electrodes 281 and 283 in operative relation to a first one of the internal anal sphincter, the external anal sphincter, the levator ani, and the pelvic floor muscle fibers and to implant electrodes 272 and 274 in operative relation with a second one different than the first one of the internal anal sphincter, the external anal sphincter, the levator ani, and the pelvic floor muscle fibers.
An alternative form of medical electrical lead 282 is depicted in
An exemplary implantation procedure for implanting the implantable electronic stimulator system or device 20′ of
Alternatively, in respect to implantable electronic stimulator system or device 20″ of
Furthermore, the medical electrical leads of certain embodiments of the present invention may be supported on a center support portion of an elongated fecal incontinence sling or fecal sling of the type described in the above-referenced U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0021650 as shown in
The implantable electronic stimulator system or device 20′″ comprises a control unit 22′ having a single connector port but otherwise the same as the above-described control unit 22, the optional fecal presence sensor 44 and a combined sling and medical electrical lead 300. The medical electrical lead 302 comprises a lead body 304 enclosing a conductor 308 and extending from a proximal lead connector 306 to a distal lead end comprising a plurality N of distal stimulation electrodes 3121 through 312n extending along a central portion of an elongated sling 310 formed of porous mesh 314. The fecal sling 310 extends between sling ends 316 and 318, and the lead body 304 extends alongside the mesh 314 through one end portion of the fecal sling 310. The elongated fecal sling 310 may be of a length and width suitable for positioning around the anal cavity or the levator ani or the perineum in the locations or positions 240, 242, 244, 246, 248, 250, 252, and 254 depicted in
The electrodes 3121 through 312n may be arrayed linearly as depicted in
It will be understood that two sets of stimulation electrodes that are separately coupled through lead conductors to two pulse generators within control unit 22′ to provide electrical stimulation through electrodes 3121, 2122, and 3123 in operative relation to a first one of the internal anal sphincter, the external anal sphincter, the levator ani, and the pelvic floor muscle fibers and through electrodes 312n, 312n-1, and 312n-2 to selected different muscles at locations or positions 240, 242, 244, 246, 248, 250, 252, and 254 depicted in
An exemplary implantation procedure for implanting the implantable electronic stimulator system or device 20′″ of
The tissue pathway depicted In
It will be understood that the implantation route may be selected to implant electrodes 3121, 2122, and 3123 in operative relation to a first one of the internal anal sphincter, the external anal sphincter, the levator ani, and the pelvic floor muscle fibers and to implant electrodes 312n, 312n-1, and 312n-2 in operative relation with a second one different than the first one of the internal anal sphincter, the external anal sphincter, the levator ani, and the pelvic floor muscle fibers.
The steps further include: coupling the lead connector 306 to a control unit 22′; implanting the control unit 22′ within the body; and operating the control unit 22′ to selectively generate electrical stimulation and to apply the electrical stimulation through the stimulation electrodes 3121 through 312n to the respective one or more of the internal anal sphincter, the external anal sphincter, and the levator ani. Of course testing of the response to electrical stimulation would be conducted to confirm the stimulation parameters set forth in Table 1.
It will be understood that the control unit 22 or 22′ of
In a related embodiment illustrated in
Referring to
In addition, a set of stimulation electrodes 470, 472, 474, 476, for example, are depicted mounted to or formed as part of the central support portion 428. The stimulation electrodes are coupled either together to a single electrical conductor or through separate electrical conductors within the electrical medical lead 480 to the connector header of the control unit 22 or 22′. Stimulation generated by the control unit 22, 22′ is conducted to tissue through electrodes 470, 472, 474, 476, to the electrode locations or positions 240, 242, 244, 246, 248, 250 as described above.
Tissue anchors 420, 422 are designed for anchoring the fecal sling ends (or mesh patch ends) to tissue rather than bone in an implantation procedure optionally employing instrument 460. In an exemplary embodiment, tissue anchors 420 and 422 can be placed through the incision and into tissue of the obturator foramen (e.g., the obturator internus muscle, the obturator membrane, or the obturator external muscle). Tissue anchors 420 and 422 may be driven to the desired position by the surgeon's finger or by using an insertion tool such as introducer 460.
Introducer 460 may be any type of insertion tool that can engage tissue anchor 420 to drive tissue anchor 420 through and into pelvic tissue of a desired location. Such an introducer 460 may include a durable biocompatible, curved or straight needle portion 462, made, e.g., of stainless steel, titanium, Nitinol, polymers, plastics, or other individual or combinations of materials. Handle 461 is attached at a proximal end of needle portion 462, and distal end 464 of needle portion 462 is designed to engage self-fixating tips 420 and 422, e.g., by being sized and shaped to fit within an interior channel of each tip 420, 422. Introducer 460 should have sufficient structural integrity to position tissue anchor 420 as desired. Introducer 460 may mate with or engage tissue anchor 420 by any manner, including fitting within an internal channel of a body or base of tissue anchor 420, alternately on an external portion of a body or base of a tissue anchor 420, or by interacting with fixation wings 436. Tissue anchor 420, 422 may be situated inside or outside of sleeve 450 and introducer 460.
Once a first tissue anchor 420 is placed into a desired position, a second tissue anchor 422 may be inserted through the same incision and placed in a desired position on an opposite side of the patient. As with the first tissue anchor 420, the second tissue anchor 422 may be positioned with or without the assistance of an introducer 460 and may be placed, e.g., into tissue of the obturator foramen (obturator internus muscle, obturator membrane, obturator externus muscle). Sling body 428 may be properly oriented into the desired position in relation to the urethra. It may be desirable to ensure that the sling 400 is not twisted during implantation. Positioning of implant 400 can be accomplished by selecting the point of entry and depth of each tissue anchor 420, 422.
As illustrated in
In one embodiment, anchor 420 may include a body (or “base”) 430 with a first (distal) end 432 and a second (proximal) end 434. A number of fixation wings (or “lateral extensions”) 436 may be attached to body 430 at some point or along a length between first end 432 and second end 434. In the embodiment illustrated, anchor 420 includes four fixation wings 436 spaced evenly about a perimeter of body 430. In alternate embodiments, anchor 420 may include a greater or lesser number of fixation wings 436, positioned in any desired pattern around the body 430. Fixation wings 436 may also be referred to as or may include barbs, extensions, fins, tines, spikes, teeth, or pins.
Fixation wings 436 may according to certain embodiments be in the form of relatively thin (a thickness in the range of millimeters or less) wing-type structures that extend generally perpendicularly from the surface of body 430. Fixation wings 436 may extend away from body 430 to form a smoothly angled surface 438. Surface (or “edge”) 438 may extend further from body 430 when traveling from first end 432 toward second end 434 in a continuous or other angular, curved, arcuate, concave, convex, or other pattern. The form of surface (or “edge”) 438 can be one that allows for anchor 420 to be implanted through tissue in an implantation direction with reduced or minimal damage to the tissue, and reduced or minimal insertion force. Fixation wings 436 may further include tip 440. Tip 440 may be a barbed-like structure at the tail end of sloping surface 438. Tip 440 may allow for anchor 420 to resist being withdrawn from a desired anchoring position. Tip 440 may form a pointed tip 440 or may form a more rounded tip. In either case, tip 440 provides anchor 420 with a structure that helps to bind anchor 420 in a desired position in a pelvic tissue.
In alternate embodiments, fixation wing 436 may take other forms such as a barb, spike, (optionally fixed) etc., that can effectuate the implantation of anchors 420, 422 in the desired location. In addition, body 430 of anchor 420 may include barbs and spikes in addition to the fixation wing 436.
Sling body 428 may be made by being woven, knitted, sprayed, or punched from a blank. In one aspect of the invention, sling body 428 may include one or more woven, knitted, or inter-linked filaments or fibers that form multiple fiber junctions. The fiber junctions may be formed via weaving, knitting, braiding, or through other techniques, including combinations thereof. In addition, the size of the resultant openings or pores of the mesh may be sufficient to allow tissue in-growth and fixation within surrounding tissue.
The material used to make the sling body 428, arms 424 and 426, and anchors 420 and 422, may include a variety of different plastics or other materials that are strong but conducive to being used in the body, such as, but not limited to, polypropylene, cellulose, polyvinyl, silicone, polytetrafluoroethylene, polygalactin, Silastic, carbon-fiber, polyethylene, nylon, polyester (e.g. dacron) PLLA, acetols, EPTFE and PGA. Sling body 428, arms 424 and 426, and anchors 420 and 422, each may independently be any of resorbable, absorbable or non-absorbable; optionally, some portions may be absorbable and other portions may be non-absorbable. In further embodiments the material used to make the sling body 428 may include a non-synthetic material or a synthetic and non-synthetic blend of materials. In addition, it may be preferable that the sling body 428 be relatively elastic. In other embodiments the sling may be relatively inelastic.
Some example of commercially available materials may include MarleX™ (polypropylene) available from Bard of Covington, R.I., Prolene™ (polypropylene) and Mersilene (polyethylene terephthalate) Hernia Mesh available from Ethicon, of New Jersey, Gore-TeX™ (expanded polytetrafluoroethylene) available from W. L. Gore and associates, Phoenix, Ariz., and the polypropylene sling available in the SPARC™ sling system, available from American Medical Systems, Inc. of Minnetonka, Minn. Commercial examples of absorbable materials include Dexon™ (polyglycolic acid) available from Davis and Geck of Danbury, Conn., and Vicryl™ available from Ethicon.
First and second arms 424, 426 may likewise be made by weaving, knitting or in any of the other ways previously discussed in reference to sling body 428. First and second arms 424, 426 may be made of the same or different material as sling body 428 and may include the same or different physical characteristics, such as, for example, reabsorbability. In one embodiment, first and second anchoring arms 424, 426 may be a weave that results in a stronger or denser material than the weave used to make the sling body 428 so as to support more weight over a given surface area. In one embodiment the arms 424, 426 may not be woven. In further embodiments, sling body 428 and the first and second arms 424, 426 may be made of one continuous weave structure of the same or different weave densities.
Referring to
The artificial anal sphincter 330 may comprise the Acticon® Neosphincter that simulates normal sphincter function to give the patient control over defecation. The inflatable cuff 332 is depicted implanted around a segment of the anal sphincter surrounding the anal canal 206 to occlude the anal canal 206 when the cuff 332 is inflated. A pressure regulating balloon/inflation fluid source or simply balloon 334 is implanted in the prevesical space. A manually activated pump 336 is adapted to be implanted in the scrotum of the male patient. Tubes 338 and 340 interconnect the interior fluid chambers of the cuff 332, balloon 334, and the pump 336 for fluid transfer therebetween.
The amount of fluid in the balloon 334 and cuff 332 controls the amount of pressure exerted by the cuff 332 against the anal canal to inhibit a bowel movement. The pump 336 features a deactivation option so that the cuff 332 can be deflated for a prolonged period of time, and a septum port so that fluid can be added percutaneously to the artificial anal sphincter 330 using a syringe. The lower part of the pump 336 is soft and squeezable, whereas the upper part containing the deactivation button is hard. The deactivation button can be felt on the upper, hard part of the pump and depressed to activate or deactivate the pump 336. The septum port can be felt at the tip of the lower, soft part of the pump 336 and allows the physician to add additional fluid, if needed, without surgery.
The control unit 22′ generates stimulation pulses that are delivered through medical electrical lead 342 to the array of stimulation electrodes on cuff 332. The control unit 22′ is coupled to a pressure sensor 44 disposed in relation to the lower part of the rectum to provide a signal to the control unit circuitry that processes the signal to detect filling of the rectum. The generation of stimulation pulses may be made dependent on sensing pressure in the rectum and may be correlated to the patient's operation of the deactivation option.
In each of the embodiments of control unit 22 and 22′, control unit logic and/or algorithms are provided to analyze the signal output by the sensor 44 or 160 so as to distinguish between: (a) a first signal, indicative of imminent fecal incontinence, and (b) a second signal, indicative of voluntary voiding by the patient. For example, the control unit logic and/or algorithms may be adapted to distinguish between the first and second signals responsive to a rate of change of the signal generated by the sensor. Alternatively or additionally, the control unit logic and/or algorithms are adapted to gather information regarding the signal over an extended period and to analyze the information to find a pattern characteristic of the patient, for use in determining when imminent fecal incontinence is likely. In this case, the control unit logic or algorithms are typically adapted to associate with the pattern a time-varying threshold to which a level of the signal is compared.
It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather, the scope of the present invention includes both combinations and sub-combinations of the various features described hereinabove, as well as variations and modifications thereof that are not in the prior art and that would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading
It will be understood that certain of the above-described structures, functions and operations of the above-described preferred embodiments are not necessary to practice the present invention and are included in the description simply for completeness of an exemplary embodiment or embodiments. It will also be understood that there may be other structures, functions and operations ancillary to the typical surgical procedures that are not disclosed and are not necessary to the practice of the present invention.
This application claims priority under 35 USC §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/803,954 filed 5 Jun. 2006, and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/805,036 filed 16 Jun. 2006, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Reference is hereby made to commonly assigned, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/497,397, filed 28 Nov. 2002, in the name of Ehud Cohen et al., entitled, “Pelvic Disorder Treatment Device,” which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/996,668, filed 29 Nov. 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,862,480, and which are incorporated herein by reference.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US07/13190 | 6/5/2007 | WO | 00 | 11/21/2008 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60803954 | Jun 2006 | US | |
| 60805036 | Jun 2006 | US |
