Patent Grant
9847611
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to electrical wiring devices, and particularly to tamper-resistant electrical wiring devices.
2. Technical Background
Electrical power is provided to users by way of electrical distribution systems that typically include electrical wiring from a utility power source to a breaker panel disposed in a house, building or some other facility. The breaker panel distributes AC power to one or more branch electric circuits installed in the structure. The electric circuits may typically include one or more electrical wiring devices that regulate, monitor or provide AC power to other devices. Each electrical wiring device is equipped with electrical terminals that provide a means for connecting the device to the source of AC power and a means for connecting the device to a load. Specifically, line terminals couple the device to the source of AC electrical power, whereas load terminals couple power to the load. Load terminals may also be referred to as “feed-through” or “downstream” terminals because the wires connected to these terminals may be coupled to a daisy-chained configuration of receptacles or switches.
Thus, an electric circuit may include many different electrical wiring devices disposed at various locations throughout a structure. Outlet receptacles, switches and protective devices are examples or types of electrical wiring devices. Ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), and are fault circuit interrupters (AFCIs) are examples of protective devices in electric circuits. Switches, protective devices and other types of electrical devices are often provided in combination with receptacles. For example, outlet receptacles are disposed in duplex receptacles, raceways, multiple outlet strips, power taps, extension cords, light fixtures, appliances, and the like. When the wiring terminations of these devices (i.e., wiring terminals, plugs, etc.) of these devices are connected to the electrical distribution system, the receptacle contacts may be energized. When the power cord of an electrical appliance is inserted into the receptacle outlet, the device is also energized.
When a foreign object is inserted into a receptacle opening it may represent a safety hazard. Specifically, young children and toddlers are known to have a proclivity toward inserting objects such as paper clips or screwdriver blades into receptacle contact openings. (This should be a cause for alarm, especially in light of the fact that, e.g., GFCIs are configured to trip in response to a mere 6 mA current). Even a small current (in the mA range) passing through a human body to ground can result in an electric shock, burns, or electrocution (a fatal shock event). As a result, the use of shuttered openings in electrical receptacles has long been in use in an attempt to prevent the insertion of foreign objects into the receptacle contact openings. One drawback to this approach relates to the ineffectiveness of related art designs. In many conventional designs, when objects are placed into both openings, the shutter will typically operate, exposing the child to a shock hazard. What is needed is a shutter mechanism that only opens when an actual corded plug is inserted into the receptacle.
Another drawback to this approach relates to the complexity of related art shutters. Many shutter designs comprise multiple parts and spring elements. For example, in one conventional approach that has been considered, the shutter must be intricately installed within a base platform (by hand) after positioning a delicate leaf spring element within the base. The cost and time of assembling the shutter mechanism, and the space taken up by their multiple parts, limit the usage of these designs. Moreover, automated environments often generate vibrations and mechanical forces that tend to introduce failure modes. Specifically, vibrations tend to cause the leaf spring to become dislodged or otherwise become separated from the platform. In addition, when objects are inserted into the receptacle opening, the shutter is forced to press against the leaf spring while moving upwardly and downwardly within the base platform. This type of movement increases the likelihood that the leaf spring will be dislodged. Once this happens, the receptacle device is either inoperable or unprotected.
What is needed is a shutter assembly that is configured to operate smoothly (and robustly) even when foreign objects or uneven plug blades are forcefully inserted. What is also needed is relatively simple protective shutter assembly that is easy to install within an electrical wiring device.
The present invention addresses the needs described above by providing a shutter assembly that is configured to operate smoothly (and robustly) even when foreign objects or uneven plug blades are forcefully inserted and robustly. The present invention also provides a relatively simple protective shutter assembly that is easy to install within an electrical wiring device.
One aspect of the present invention is directed to an electrical device that includes a housing having a front cover coupled to at least one body member. The front cover includes a plurality of receptacle openings in a major front surface thereof. The plurality of receptacle openings is configured to receive a plurality of plug blades of a corded electrical plug. The at least one body member includes at least one set of receptacle contacts having a hot receptacle contact and a neutral receptacle contact configured to mate with the plurality of plug blades when the corded electrical plug is inserted into the plurality of receptacle openings. A set of electrical terminations is accessible via at least one aperture in the housing, the at least one set of receptacle contacts being configured to receive electrical power from the at least a portion of the set of electrical terminations. A guidance structure corresponding to the at least one set of receptacles is coupled to the front cover, the guidance structure including a first guidance portion and a second guidance portion. A shutter assembly includes a shutter element coupled to the first guidance portion in a return position when not engaged by an object and rotatable about the first guidance portion from the return position to a shutter blocking position in response to being engaged by an object via one of the plurality of receptacle openings. The object is prevented from obtaining access to the at least one set of receptacle contacts in the blocking position. The shutter element is translated from the return position on the first guidance portion to an open position on the second guidance portion in response to being engaged by the plurality of plug blades via the plurality of receptacle openings. The shutter is coupled to the guidance structure so that the shutter rotationally self-aligns to the plurality of plug blades when the shutter element is translated from the return position to the open position wherein the plurality of plug blades are allowed to mate with the hot receptacle contact and the neutral electrical contact, respectively.
In one embodiment of the device, the shutter element is configured to rotationally self-align with end portions of the plurality of plug blades in response to an asymmetry in respective lengths of the plurality of plug blades.
In one embodiment of the device, the guidance structure includes a first rail and a second rail configured to couple the shutter element therebetween, each of the first rail and the second rail includes a first rail portion extending from an interior major surface of the front cover in a substantially perpendicular direction to a pivot position to form the first guidance portion, each of the first rail and the second rail further includes a second rail portion extending from the pivot position at a predetermined angle relative the first rail portion to form the second guidance portion.
In one version of the embodiment, the predetermined angle is greater than about thirty five degrees.
In one embodiment of the device, the shutter element includes a first major surface disposed on one side thereof and configured to be engaged by the plurality of plug blades, the shutter element further includes a second major surface disposed on a second side thereof, the first major surface being substantially parallel to the second major surface.
In one embodiment of the device, the shutter element includes a first major surface configured to be engaged by the plurality of plug blades, the shutter element further includes a first lateral rib portion disposed at a first edge of the first major surface and a second lateral rib portion disposed at a second edge of the first major surface parallel to the first edge, the first lateral rib portion and the second lateral rib portion being configured to prevent the first major surface from abutting an interior major surface of the front cover when the shutter assembly is disposed in the return position.
In one version of the embodiment, the shutter element is configured to move from the return position to the translational portion via the pivot position when the shutter element is engaged by the plurality of plug blades.
In one embodiment of the device, the guidance structure is configured as a yoke structure, the yoke structure includes a first railed bearing portion substantially disposed in parallel with a second railed bearing portion.
In one version of the embodiment, the shutter element includes a first lateral opening and a second lateral opening configured to be coupled to the yoke structure, the first lateral opening includes a first substantially radial bearing interface and the second lateral opening includes a second substantially radial bearing interface configured to ride the first railed bearing portion and the second railed bearing portion, respectively, from substantially the return position to the open position in response to being engaged by the plurality of plug blades.
In one embodiment of the device, the shutter element includes an aperture configured to allow one of the plurality of plug blades to pass through in the open position.
In one embodiment of the device, the shutter element includes a seat portion configured to accommodate a spring, the spring being disposed between the seat portion and an anti-probing portion of the front cover.
In one version of the embodiment, the spring is selected from a group of springs that include a torsion spring or a compression spring.
In one embodiment of the device, the guidance structure is an integrally molded feature of an interior surface of the front cover.
In one embodiment of the device, the housing includes a wiring device housing, a duplex receptacle housing, a decorator housing, an extension cord housing, a multiple outlet strip housing, a combination receptacle and switch housing.
In one embodiment, the device further includes a protection circuit, a ground fault circuit interrupter, an arc fault circuit interrupter, or a surge protective device.
In another aspect, the present invention is directed to an electrical device that includes a housing having a front cover coupled to at least one body member. The front cover includes a plurality of receptacle openings in a major front surface thereof, the plurality of receptacle openings being configured to receive a hot plug blade and a neutral plug blade of a corded electrical plug. The at least one body member includes at least one set of receptacle contacts having a hot receptacle contact and a neutral receptacle contact configured to mate with the hot plug blade and a neutral plug blade, respectively, when the corded electrical plug is inserted into the plurality of receptacle openings. A set of electrical terminations is accessible via at least one aperture in the housing, the at least one set of receptacle contacts being configured to receive electrical power from the at least a portion of the set of electrical terminations. A railed guidance structure corresponding to the at least one set of receptacle contacts is coupled to the front cover. A shutter assembly includes a shutter element having an interface portion coupled to the railed guidance structure so that the shutter element rides the railed guidance structure from a return position to an open position in response to being engaged by the plurality of plug blades. The interface portion and the railed guidance structure are configured to allow the shutter element to rotationally align with end portions of the plurality of plug blades in response to an asymmetry in respective lengths of the plurality of plug blades. The open position permits electrical engagement of the plurality of plug blades with the plurality of receptacle contacts. The shutter element is directed from the return position to a blocking position in response to being engaged by an object via at least one of the plurality of receptacle openings to prevent the object from obtaining access to the at least one set of receptacle contacts.
In one embodiment of the device, the shutter element includes a first major surface disposed on one side thereof and configured to be engaged by the plurality of plug blades, the shutter element further includes a second major surface disposed on a second side thereof, the first major surface being substantially parallel to the second major surface.
In one embodiment of the device, the shutter element includes a first major surface configured to be engaged by the plurality of plug blades, the shutter element further includes a first lateral rib portion disposed at a first edge of the first major surface and a second lateral rib portion disposed at a second edge of the first major surface parallel to the first edge, the first lateral rib portion and the second lateral rib portion being configured to prevent the first major surface from abutting an interior major surface of the front cover when the shutter assembly is disposed in the return position.
In one embodiment of the device, the shutter element is configured to rotate about a first rail portion of the railed guidance structure when moving from the return position into the blocking position in response to being engaged by the object.
In one version of the embodiment, the shutter element is configured to be translated from the first rail portion to a second rail portion of the railed guidance structure when moving from the return position to the open position when the shutter element is engaged by the plurality of plug blades.
In one version of the embodiment, the railed guidance structure includes a yoke structure coupled to the front cover, the yoke structure including a first railed bearing portion substantially disposed in parallel with a second railed bearing portion.
In one version of the embodiment, the shutter element includes a first indented opening and a second indented opening coupled to the yoke structure. The first indented opening includes a first substantially radial bearing interface and the second indented opening includes a second substantially radial bearing interface configured to ride the first railed bearing portion and the second railed bearing portion, respectively, from substantially the return position to the open position in response to being engaged by the plurality of plug blades, the shutter being coupled to the railed guidance structure so that the shutter rotationally self-aligns to the plurality of plug blades when the shutter element is translated from the return position to the open position wherein the plurality of plug blades are allowed to mate with the hot receptacle contact and the neutral electrical contact, respectively.
In one version of the embodiment, each of the first railed bearing portion and the second railed bearing portion include a first portion extending from an interior major surface of the front cover in a substantially perpendicular direction to a pivot position. Each of the first railed bearing portion and the second railed bearing portion further extend from the pivot position at a predetermined angle relative the first railed bearing portion such that the shutter element translates from the return position to the open position in a direction parallel to the interior major surface of the front cover a distance substantially equal to a width of one of the plurality of receptacle openings.
In one version of the embodiment, the predetermined angle is greater than about thirty five degrees.
In one embodiment of the device, the shutter element includes an aperture configured to allow one of the plurality of plug blades to pass through in the open position.
In one version of the embodiment, the shutter element includes a seat portion configured to accommodate a spring, the spring being disposed between the seat portion and an anti-probing portion of the front cover.
In one version of the embodiment, the spring is selected from a group of springs that include a torsion spring or a compression spring.
In one embodiment of the device, the return position is centered about an axis parallel to a major surface of the front cover and varies within a predetermined angular range.
In one version of the embodiment, the predetermined angular range (ΔR) is about −8°≦ΔR≦+8°.
In yet another aspect of the present invention, an electrical wiring device includes a housing having a front cover coupled to at least one body member, the front cover including a plurality of receptacle openings in a major front surface thereof. The plurality of receptacle openings is configured to receive a hot plug blade and a neutral plug blade of a corded electrical plug. The at least one body member includes at least one set of receptacle contacts including a hot receptacle contact and a neutral receptacle contact configured to mate with the hot plug blade and the neutral plug blade, respectively, when the corded electrical plug is inserted into the plurality of receptacle openings. A set of electrical terminations is accessible via at least one aperture in the housing, the at least one set of receptacle contacts being configured to receive electrical power from the at least a portion of the set of electrical terminations. A yoke structure is coupled to the front cover, the yoke structure includes a first railed bearing portion substantially disposed in parallel with a second railed bearing portion, the yoke structure defining a first portion and a translational portion. A shutter assembly includes a shutter element having a first indented opening and a second indented opening coupled to the first railed bearing portion and the second railed bearing portion respectively. The first indented opening includes a first substantially radial bearing interface and the second indented opening includes a second substantially radial bearing interface configured to ride the first railed bearing portion and the second railed bearing portion, respectively, from a return position to an open position in response to being engaged by the plurality of plug blades. The open position permits electrical engagement of the plurality of plug blades with the plurality of receptacle contacts. The yoke structure is configured to rotate the shutter element from the return position to a blocking position when disposed on the first portion in response to being engaged by an object via at least one of the plurality of receptacle openings to prevent the object from obtaining access to the at least one set of receptacle contacts.
In one embodiment of the device, the shutter element includes a first major surface disposed on one side thereof and configured to be engaged by the plurality of plug blades, the shutter element further includes a second major surface disposed on a second side thereof, the first major surface being substantially parallel to the second major surface.
In one embodiment of the device, the shutter element includes a first major surface configured to be engaged by the plurality of plug blades, the shutter element further includes a first lateral rib portion disposed at a first edge of the first major surface and a second lateral rib portion disposed at a second edge of the first major surface parallel to the first edge, the first lateral rib portion and the second lateral rib portion being configured to prevent the first major surface from abutting an interior major surface of the front cover when the shutter assembly is disposed in the return position.
In one embodiment of the device, the each of the first railed bearing portion and the second railed bearing portion include a first portion extending from an interior major surface of the front cover in a substantially perpendicular direction to a pivot position, each of the first railed bearing portion and the second railed bearing portion further extending from the pivot position along the translational portion at a predetermined angle relative the first portion, wherein the shutter element is translated from the return position to the open position in a direction parallel to the interior major surface of the front cover a distance substantially equal to a width of one of the plurality of receptacle openings.
In one version of the embodiment, the predetermined angle is greater than about thirty five degrees.
In one embodiment of the device, the shutter element includes an aperture configured to allow one of the plurality of plug blades to pass through in the open position.
In one embodiment of the device, the shutter element includes a seat portion configured to accommodate a spring, the spring being disposed between the seat portion and an anti-probing portion of the front cover.
In one version of the embodiment, the spring is selected from a group of springs that include a torsion spring or a compression spring.
In one embodiment of the device, the housing includes a wiring device housing, a duplex receptacle housing, a decorator housing, an extension cord housing, a multiple outlet strip housing, a combination receptacle and switch housing.
In one embodiment the device further includes a protection circuit, a ground fault circuit interrupter, an arc fault circuit interrupter, or a surge protective device.
In one embodiment of the device, the shutter element is configured to rotationally align with end portions of the plurality of plug blades in response to an asymmetry in respective lengths of the plurality of plug blades.
Reference is made to U.S. Pat. No. 8,044,299, which is incorporated herein by reference as though fully set forth in its entirety, for a more detailed explanation of an electrical device being configured to accommodate a shutter assembly in the front cover thereof. To be specific, U.S. Pat. No. 8,044,299 discloses a GFCI electrical device, an AFCI electrical device, 15 A electrical device, 20 A electrical device, a GFCI/switch combination electrical device, GFCI/Night light combination electrical device, a TVSS electrical device, a power outlet strip electrical device, a portable electrical device, and a raceway electrical device, all of which are configured to accommodate a shutter assembly in the front cover thereof and all of which are incorporated herein by reference as though fully set forth in their entirety.
Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the detailed description which follows, and in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from that description or recognized by practicing the invention as described herein, including the detailed description which follows, the claims, as well as the appended drawings.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are merely exemplary of the invention, and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the invention as it is claimed. It should be appreciated that all combinations of the foregoing concepts and additional concepts discussed in greater detail below (provided such concepts are not mutually inconsistent) are contemplated as being part of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein. In particular, all combinations of claimed subject matter appearing at the end of this disclosure are contemplated as being part of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein. It should also be appreciated that terminology explicitly employed herein that also may appear in any disclosure incorporated by reference should be accorded a meaning most consistent with the particular concepts disclosed herein.
The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the invention, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate various embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principles and operation of the invention.
In the drawings, like reference characters generally refer to the same parts throughout the different views. Also, the drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention.
Reference will now be made in detail to the present exemplary embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts. An exemplary embodiment of an electrical device with a shutter assembly of the present invention is shown in
With reference to
Receptacle 10 includes a cover 12 and a back body 14. The receptacle 10 is a duplex device and thus provides two sets of plug blade openings, one set at each end thereof. Each set of plug blade openings includes a ground prong aperture 12-1, a hot opening 12-2 and a neutral opening 12-3. The cover 12 is configured to mate with a back body 14 that includes a ground strap 14-1, a hot conductor that includes hot contacts 14-2 and a neutral conductor that includes neutral contacts 14-3. The ground aperture 12-1 is thus in communication with a ground contact 14-12 formed in the ground strap 14-1, the hot aperture 12-2 is in communication with a hot contact 14-2 and the neutral aperture 12-3 is in contact with a neutral contact 14-3. The shutter 20 is positioned between each set of hot and neutral plug blade openings (12-2, 12-3 respectively) and their corresponding hot and neutral contacts (14-2, 14-3, respectively). Shutter 20 may also be employed in receptacle configurations in which a ground contact and aperture are omitted, referred to as a “two opening receptacle.” Each shutter 20 is equipped with a dual-torsion return spring 30 that is configured to move the shutter to a “return” position when no external force is applied to the shutter (either by corded plug blades or by a foreign object).
In reference to
The interior portion of the cover 12 includes a plurality of gussets (i.e., structural ribs) 12-7, 12-8, 12-9, 12-40 and 12-50 that are configured to provide the cover 12 with a certain amount of rigidity so that it resists bending and deformation due to twisting or torsional forces. Gusset 12-50 is also employed to electrically isolate the ground opening 12-1 from the hot and neutral conductors (14-2, 14-3, not shown). In addition, gussets 12-40 and 12-50 are spaced apart to accommodate a shutter 20 therebetween. To be clear, the shutter 20 is not retained or confined between ribs 12-40 and 12-50 by frictional fit. As described in greater detail below, there is functional clearance between the gussets 12-40 and 12-50 that allows the shutter 20 to move side-to-side. The interior face of each gusset 12-40, 12-50 is used to support a guide rib 12-4. Attached to each guide rib 12-4 and extending along substantially parallel to gusset 12-40, 12-50 is a shutter catch 12-5. Extending substantially perpendicular from the each guide rib 12-4 and shutter catch 12-5 is a return rib 12-30. The return rib 12-30 is formed on the interior major surface of front cover 12 as shown. The interior portion of the cover 12 also includes a plurality of stand-off elements 12-6, anti-probing walls 12-10, and 12-51.
The purpose and unique functionality of the guide rib 12-4, shutter catch 12-5, return rib 12-30, stand-off elements 12-6, and anti-probing walls 12-10, 12-20, and 12-51, are explained in further detail below with reference to
Referring to
Referring now to
A lateral opening 20-4, i.e., a recessed region or indentation, is formed in each side of shutter 20 to accommodate the guide ribs 12-4 therewithin. Specifically, the opening 20-4 provides a sufficient amount of clearance so that the shutter 20 can move freely about the guide rails 12-4 as it translates from the return position to the open position. Thus, during this translational movement, the bearing surfaces 20-9 make glancing or tangential contact with the guide ribs 12-4 so that the shutter 20 moves in two dimensions x, z about the guide rib 12-4. (
Referring to
In
With reference to
Referring to
Referring to
For example,
When an object is inserted into the hot aperture 12-2, anti-probing wall 12-51 disengages from anti-probing slot 20-54 so that the far edge of 20-2 will disengage from stand-off elements 12-6. After the shutter rotates from the return position and into the hot blocking position, the return ribs 12-30 engage with gussets 20-7 (see
As described and illustrated in the foreign object probing scenarios provided above, when the bearing surface 20-9 engages the guide rail bend, the shutter 20 cannot translate any significant distance in the x-direction (no relative movement to the left or right in
Note again that the pivot region 12-4-1 is so named because the bearings 20-9 may be displaced over this region, or range, simply because the bearing 20-9 is not fixed or pinned to the rail. There can be movement, therefore, of the shutter bearing 20-9 in the z-direction as it slides along the vertical portion of its respective guide rib 12-4 (between the return position and the guide rib bend in a blocking position). Stated differently, once the bearing surfaces 20-9 reach their respective guide rib bends, the shutter 20 stops moving in the z-direction and rotates into the blocking position. In one embodiment, the radiuses of the bearing surfaces 20-9 are substantially the same as the radiuses at the inside of each of the bends in the guide ribs 12-4.
In one embodiment, when a foreign object is inserted into either the hot receptacle aperture 12-2 or the neutral receptacle aperture 12-3 as described with respect to
Referring to
In reference to
In reference to
In conventional shutter mechanism designs, the assumption is that the keyed receptacle openings force the plug blades to be inserted into the receptacle openings simultaneously. While this is true to a certain extent, there is still a great deal of room for skewing and side-to-side movement until the blades are captured by the receptacle contacts. For example, when a person attempts to insert a corded plug into a receptacle opening, he/she very often wiggles the plug in an effort to align the plug blades with the cover apertures. These back and forth skewing movements cause the plug blades to strike the shutter with varying amounts of force at different instants of time (not simultaneously). Similar issues can be caused by plug blades that are bent or not of the same length. Conventional shutters typically employ a linear slide motion and become jammed and inoperative after they absorb repeated nicks and gouges. The present invention seeks to address this issue by allowing the shutter 20 to freely float in the return position and as it traverses the various portions/regions of the guide rail 12-4. Accordingly, the counter-intuitive wobbling motion prevents damage to the shutter during plug insertion.
Turning to the embodiment of
Referring to
In reference to
Referring to
Thus, the shutter assembly of the present invention features four shutter positions (return, blocking (hot and neutral) and open) that correspond to two guide rail regions (pivotal region 12-4-1 and translational region 12-4-2).
Turning to
Referring to
Turning to
Another difference between the embodiment of
Referring to
Turning to
Referring to
Accordingly, when a corded plug is inserted into the cover apertures 12-2, 12-3, the applied forces are more than enough to overcome the spring force of compression spring 30′, as discussed above. As described with other embodiments herein, this alternative embodiment allows for a side-to-side translation of the shutter in the x-z plane to the open position.
While several inventive embodiments have been described and illustrated herein, those of ordinary skill in the art will readily envision a variety of other means and/or structures for performing the function and/or obtaining the results and/or one or more of the advantages described herein, and each of such variations and/or modifications is deemed to be within the scope of the inventive embodiments described herein. More generally, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that all parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations described herein are meant to be exemplary and that the actual parameters, dimensions, materials, and/or configurations will depend upon the specific application or applications for which the inventive teachings is/are used. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific inventive embodiments described herein. There is no intention to limit the invention to the specific form or forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents falling within the spirit and scope of the invention, as defined in the appended claims. It is, therefore, to be understood that the foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only and that, within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto; inventive embodiments may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described and claimed.
All references, including publications, patent applications, and patents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein.
All definitions, as defined and used herein, should be understood to control over dictionary definitions, definitions in documents incorporated by reference, and/or ordinary meanings of the defined terms.
The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context.
As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the phrase “at least one,” in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase “at least one” refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, “at least one of A and B” (or, equivalently, “at least one of A or B,” or, equivalently “at least one of A and/or B”) can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other elements); etc.
It should also be understood that, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, in any methods claimed herein that include more than one step or act, the order of the steps or acts of the method is not necessarily limited to the order in which the steps or acts of the method are recited.
Approximating language, as used herein throughout the specification and claims, may be applied to modify any quantitative representation that could permissibly vary without resulting in a change in the basic function to which it is related. Accordingly, a value modified by a term or terms, such as “about” and “substantially”, are not to be limited to the precise value specified. In at least some instances, the approximating language may correspond to the precision of an instrument for measuring the value. Here and throughout the specification and claims, range limitations may be combined and/or interchanged; such ranges are identified and include all the sub-ranges contained therein unless context or language indicates otherwise.
The recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein.
All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate embodiments of the invention and does not impose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed.
No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.
In the claims, as well as in the specification above, all transitional phrases such as “comprising,” “including,” “carrying,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” “holding,” “composed of,” and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of” shall be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively, as set forth in the United States Patent Office Manual of Patent Examining Procedures, Section 2111.03.
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