Patent Application
20200104667
The present invention relates to an electrically shielded article and a method of preparing the same.
Radio frequency (RF) communication enables data to be communicated from a transmitter, such as an RF-actuated chip, to a receiver. Articles and devices across various fields utilize radio frequency communication to communicate data by including an RF-actuated chip in the article or device itself, such that certain receives are capable of receiving the data stored thereon.
As one example, passports (and other identification devices) commonly include an RF-actuated chip including data associated with the user to whom the passport has been issued. Though enabling the user identity to be verified more efficiently, leading to more efficient travel, certain of the data stored on the RF-actuated chip may be sensitive or confidential personal information. However, an identity thief with suitable electronic equipment (e.g., an RF receiver) may have the capability to read and/or write from or to the RF-actuated chip in the user's passport, thus potentially compromising the sensitive or confidential personal information.
Similar concerns arise with respect to data communicated over other wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum, such as in the microwave range, the long radio wave range, and the like.
The present invention is directed to an electrically shielded article, including: a flexible and/or elongatable substrate; and a conductive ink applied over at least a portion of the substrate, the conductive ink including a resin and a conductive material. When the conductive ink is applied over the substrate, the conductive material in the conductive ink is present over the substrate in an amount of at least 5 g/m2. The electrically shielded article exhibits a signal loss of at least 5 dBm at up to 4 mm according to the NFC Detuning Test.
The present invention is also directed to a method of preparing an electrically shielded article, including applying a conductive ink to a flexible and/or elongatable substrate. The conductive ink includes a resin and a conductive material. When the conductive ink is applied over the substrate, the conductive material in the conductive ink is present over the substrate in an amount of at least 5 g/m2. The electrically shielded article provides a signal loss of at least 5 dBm at up to 4 mm according to the NFC Detuning Test.
The present invention further includes the subject matter of the following clauses:
Clause 1: An electrically shielded article, comprising: a flexible and/or elongatable substrate; and a conductive ink applied over at least a portion of the substrate, the conductive ink comprising a resin and a conductive material, wherein when the conductive ink is applied over the substrate, the conductive material in the conductive ink is present over the substrate in an amount of at least 5 g/m2, wherein the electrically shielded article exhibits a signal loss of at least 5 dBm at up to 4 mm according to the NFC Detuning Test.
Clause 2: The electrically shielded article of clause 1, wherein when the conductive ink is applied over the substrate to form the electrically shielded article, the conductive material from of the conductive ink is present in an amount of from 5 g/m2 to 500 g/m2 over a surface of the substrate.
Clause 3: The electrically shielded article of clause 1 or 2, wherein the conductive ink is prepared from a mixture comprising the resin, the conductive material, and a solvent.
Clause 4: The electrically shielded article of clause 3, wherein the solvent comprises at least one of an aromatic compound, a ketone, an ester, and an alcohol.
Clause 5: The electrically shielded article of clause 3 or 4, wherein the solvent is free of an amine containing compound.
Clause 6: The electrically shielded article of any of clauses 1-5, wherein a ratio of the conductive material to the resin in the conductive ink is from 0.25:1 to 6:1.
Clause 7: The electrically shielded article of any of clauses 1-6, wherein a ratio of the conductive material to the resin in the conductive ink is from 1.5:1 to 2.5:1.
Clause 8: The electrically shielded article of any of clauses 1-7, wherein the resin comprises at least one of a rubber-containing resin, a vinyl chloride-containing resin, and a polyester.
Clause 9: The electrically shielded article of any of clauses 1-8, wherein the resin comprises a styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene block co-polymer.
Clause 10: The electrically shielded article of any of clauses 1-8, wherein the resin comprises a vinyl chloride/acrylate co-polymer.
Clause 11: The electrically shielded article of any of clauses 1-10, wherein the resin comprises at least one of a polystyrene, an acrylic, a polyurethane, a polyvinyl polymer, natural and/or synthetic rubber, and co-polymers thereof.
Clause 12: The electrically shielded article of any of clauses 1-11, wherein the conductive material comprises at least one of silver, gold, nickel, aluminum, copper, ferric materials, alloys, and carbon based materials.
Clause 13: The electrically shielded article of any of clauses 1-12, wherein the substrate comprises at least one of a silicone, a polyurethane, and a polyolefin.
Clause 14: The electrically shielded article of any of clauses 1-13, wherein the substrate is elongatable by at least 50%.
Clause 15: The electrically shielded article of any of clauses 1-14, wherein the substrate comprise pores.
Clause 16: The electrically shielded article of clause 15, wherein the substrate comprises a filler.
Clause 17: The electrically shielded article of clause 16, wherein the filler comprises a siliceous material.
Clause 18: The electrically shielded article of any of clauses 1-17, wherein the conductive ink is applied to the substrate using at least one of the following application processes: screen printing, spray coating, slot die coating, gravure printing, flexo printing, ink jet printing, digital printing, and 3D printing.
Clause 19: The electrically shielded article of any of clauses 1-18, wherein the conductive ink is applied over the substrate in a pattern.
Clause 20: The electrically shielded article of any of clauses 1-19, wherein the conductive ink is applied over the substrate as a continuous coating over a region of the substrate.
Clause 21: The electrically shielded article of any of clauses 1-20, wherein, when a force is applied to the electrically shielded article, the electrically shielded article is stretchable from a first orientation having a first signal loss to a second orientation having a second signal loss.
Clause 22: The electrically shielded article of clause 21, wherein when the force is removed, the electrically shielded article relaxes to substantially the first orientation and substantially the first signal loss.
Clause 23: The electrically shielded article of any of clauses 1-22, wherein the conductive material has a D50 particle size from 0.5 μm to 100 μm.
Clause 24: A method of preparing an electrically shielded article, comprising: applying a conductive ink to a flexible and/or elongatable substrate, wherein the conductive ink comprises a resin and a conductive material, wherein when the conductive ink is applied over the substrate, the conductive material in the conductive ink is present over the substrate in an amount of at least 5 g/m2, wherein the electrically shielded article provides a signal loss of at least 5 dBm at up to 4 mm according to the NFC Detuning Test.
Clause 25: The method of clause 24, wherein the conductive ink is applied to the substrate using at least one of the following application processes: screen printing, spray coating, slot die printing, gravure printing, flexo printing, ink jet printing, digital printing, and 3D printing.
Clause 26: An identification device, comprising the electrically shielded article of any of clauses 1-23.
Clause 27: The identification device of clause 26, wherein the identification device comprises a machine readable travel document.
Clause 28: The identification device of clause 26 or 27, comprising: a first page comprising the electrically shielded article; and a second page comprising an antenna.
For the purposes of the following detailed description, it is to be understood that the invention may assume various alternative variations and step sequences, except where expressly specified to the contrary. Moreover, other than in any operating examples, or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing, for example, quantities of ingredients used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about”. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties to be obtained by the present invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.
Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contain certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.
Also, it should be understood that any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein. For example, a range of “1 to 10” is intended to include all sub-ranges between (and including) the recited minimum value of 1 and the recited maximum value of 10, that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1 and a maximum value of equal to or less than 10.
As used herein, the articles “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents, unless expressly and unequivocally limited to one referent.
As used herein, the transitional term “comprising” (and other comparable terms, e.g., “containing” and “including”) is “open-ended” and open to the inclusion of unspecified matter. Although described in terms of “comprising”, the terms “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of” are also within the scope of the invention.
As used herein, the term “electrically shielded article” refers to an article that is capable of providing electrical shielding to itself or some other item by way of the functionality of the article or a component of the article.
The present disclosure is directed to an electrically shielded article, comprising: a flexible and/or elongatable substrate; and a conductive ink applied over the substrate, the conductive ink comprising a resin and a conductive material, wherein when the conductive ink is applied over the substrate, the conductive material in the conductive ink is present over the substrate in an amount of at least 5 g/m2, wherein the electrically shielded article exhibits a signal loss of at least 5 dBm at up to 4 mm according to the NFC Detuning Test.
The electrically shielded article may provide electrical shielding at frequency ranges falling within at least one of the following ranges in the electromagnetic spectrum: ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, microwave, radio wave (including long radio waves). The electrically shielded article may provide electrical shielding within the microwave and/or radio wave (including long radio waves) range. These various ranges are defined as follows:
The substrate may be flexible or elongatable. The substrate may be elongatable by at least 10%, such as at least 50%, such as at least 100% compared to its original length and/or width. The substrate may be elongatable by from 10%-1000%, such as 50%-1000%, such as from 100%-1000% compared to its original length and/or width. The substrate may include at least one of a silicone, a polyurethane, and a polyolefin. The substrate may include a Teslin® membrane (available from PPG Industries, Inc. (Pittsburgh, Pa.)). The substrate may include RhinoHide® separators (available from Entek (Lebanon, Oreg.)) or Daramic® separators (available from Polypore International, LP (Charlotte, N.C.)).
The substrate may comprise pores. The substrate may include a microporous material.
As used herein, “microporous material” or “microporous sheet” means a material having a network of interconnecting pores, wherein, on a treatment-free, coating-free, printing ink-free, impregnant-free, and pre-bonding basis, the pores have a volume average diameter ranging from 0.001 to 1.0 micrometer, and constitute at least 5 percent by volume of the microporous material as discussed herein below.
The polyolefinic polymeric matrix can comprise any of a number of known polyolefinic materials known in the art. In some instances, a different polymer derived from at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer may be used in combination with the polyolefinic polymers. Suitable examples of such polyolefinic polymers can include, but are not limited to, polymers derived from ethylene, propylene, and/or butene, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and polybutene. High density and/or ultrahigh molecular weight polyolefins, such as high density polyethylene, are also suitable. The polyolefin matrix also can comprise a copolymer, for example, a copolymer of ethylene and butene or a copolymer of ethylene and propylene.
Non-limiting examples of ultrahigh molecular weight (UHMW) polyolefin can include essentially linear UHMW polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP). Inasmuch as UHMW polyolefins are not thermoset polymers having an infinite molecular weight, they are technically classified as thermoplastic materials.
The ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene can comprise essentially linear ultrahigh molecular weight isotactic polyethylene. Often, the degree of isotacticity of such polymer is at least 95 percent, e.g., at least 98 percent.
While there is no particular restriction on the upper limit of the intrinsic viscosity of the UHMW polyethylene, in one non-limiting example, the intrinsic viscosity can range from 18 to 39 deciliters/gram, e.g., from 18 to 32 deciliters/gram. While there is no particular restriction on the upper limit of the intrinsic viscosity of the UHMW polypropylene, in one non-limiting example, the intrinsic viscosity can range from 6 to 18 deciliters/gram, e.g., from 7 to 16 deciliters/gram.
For purposes of the present invention, intrinsic viscosity is determined by extrapolating to zero concentration the reduced viscosities or the inherent viscosities of several dilute solutions of the UHMW polyolefin where the solvent is freshly distilled decahydronaphthalene to which 0.2 percent by weight, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamic acid, neopentanetetrayl ester [CAS Registry No. 6683-19-8] has been added. The reduced viscosities or the inherent viscosities of the UHMW polyolefin are ascertained from relative viscosities obtained at 135° C. using an Ubbelohde No. 1 viscometer in accordance with the general procedures of ASTM D 4020-81, except that several dilute solutions of differing concentration are employed.
The nominal molecular weight of UHMW polyethylene is empirically related to the intrinsic viscosity of the polymer in accordance with the following equation:
M=5.37×104[{dot over (η)}]1.37
wherein M is the nominal molecular weight and [{dot over (η)}] is the intrinsic viscosity of the UHMW polyethylene expressed in deciliters/gram. Similarly, the nominal molecular weight of UHMW polypropylene is empirically related to the intrinsic viscosity of the polymer according to the following equation:
M=8.88×104[{dot over (η)}]1.25
wherein M is the nominal molecular weight and [{dot over (η)}] is the intrinsic viscosity of the UHMW polypropylene expressed in deciliters/gram.
A mixture of substantially linear ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene and lower molecular weight polyethylene can be used. The UHMW polyethylene may have an intrinsic viscosity of at least 10 deciliters/gram, and the lower molecular weight polyethylene has an ASTM D 1238-86 Condition E melt index of less than 50 grams/10 minutes, e.g., less than 25 grams/10 minutes, such as less than 15 grams/10 minutes, and an ASTM D 1238-86 Condition F melt index of at least 0.1 gram/10 minutes, e.g., at least 0.5 gram/10 minutes, such as at least 1.0 gram/10 minutes. The amount of UHMW polyethylene used (as weight percent) in this example is described in column 1, line 52 to column 2, line 18 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,196,262, which disclosure is incorporated herein by reference. More particularly, the weight percent of UHMW polyethylene used is described in relation to FIG. 6 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,196,262; namely, with reference to the polygons ABCDEF, GHCI or JHCK of FIG. 6, which Figure is incorporated herein by reference.
The nominal molecular weight of the lower molecular weight polyethylene (LMWPE) is lower than that of the UHMW polyethylene. LMWPE is a thermoplastic material and many different types are known. One method of classification is by density, expressed in grams/cubic centimeter and rounded to the nearest thousandth, in accordance with ASTM D 1248-84 (Reapproved 1989). Non-limiting examples of the densities are found in the following table.
Any or all of the polyethylenes listed in the table above may be used as the LMWPE in the matrix of the microporous material. HDPE may be used because it can be more linear than MDPE or LDPE. Processes for making the various LMWPE's are well known and well documented. They include the high-pressure process, the Phillips Petroleum Company process, the Standard Oil Company (Indiana) process, and the Ziegler process. The ASTM D 1238-86 Condition E (that is, 190° C. and 2.16 kilogram load) melt index of the LMWPE is less than 50 grams/10 minutes. Often, the Condition E melt index is less than 25 grams/10 minutes. The Condition E melt index can be less than 15 grams/10 minutes. The ASTM D 1238-86 Condition F (that is, 190° C. and 21.6 kilogram load) melt index of the LMWPE is at least 0.1 gram/10 minutes. In many cases, the Condition F melt index is at least 0.5 gram/10 minutes, such as at least 1.0 gram/10 minutes.
The UHMWPE and the LMWPE may together constitute at least 65 percent by weight, e.g., at least 85 percent by weight, of the polyolefin polymer of the microporous material. Also, the UHMWPE and LMWPE together may constitute substantially 100 percent by weight of the polyolefin polymer of the microporous material.
The polyolefinic polymeric matrix can comprise a polyolefin comprising ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene, ultrahigh molecular weight polypropylene, high density polyethylene, high density polypropylene, or mixtures thereof.
If desired, other thermoplastic organic polymers also may be present in the matrix of the microporous material provided that their presence does not materially affect the properties of the microporous material substrate in an adverse manner. The amount of the other thermoplastic polymer which may be present depends upon the nature of such polymer. Non-limiting examples of thermoplastic organic polymers that optionally may be present in the matrix of the microporous material include low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, poly(tetrafluoroethylene), polypropylene, copolymers of ethylene and propylene, copolymers of ethylene and acrylic acid, and copolymers of ethylene and methacrylic acid. If desired, all or a portion of the carboxyl groups of carboxyl-containing copolymers can be neutralized with sodium, zinc, or the like. Generally, the microporous material comprises at least 40 percent by weight of UHMW polyolefin, based on the weight of the matrix. The above-described other thermoplastic organic polymer may be substantially absent from the matrix of the microporous material.
The microporous material may further include finely divided, particulate, substantially water-insoluble inorganic filler distributed throughout the matrix.
The inorganic filler may include any of a number of inorganic fillers known in the art. The filler should be finely divided and substantially water insoluble to permit uniform distribution throughout the polyolefinic polymeric matrix during manufacture of the microporous material. Generally, the inorganic filler is selected from the group consisting of silica, alumina, calcium oxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, and mixtures thereof.
The finely divided substantially water-insoluble filler may be in the form of ultimate particles, aggregates of ultimate particles, or a combination of both. At least 90 percent by weight of the filler used in preparing the microporous material has gross particle sizes in the range of from 5 to 40 micrometers, as determined by the use of a laser diffraction particle size instrument, LS230 from Beckman Coulton, capable of measuring particle diameters as small as 0.04 micron. Typically, at least 90 percent by weight of the filler has gross particle sizes in the range of from 10 to 30 micrometers. The sizes of the filler agglomerates may be reduced during processing of the ingredients used to prepare the microporous material. Accordingly, the distribution of gross particle sizes in the microporous material may be smaller than in the raw filler itself.
As mentioned previously, the filler particles may be substantially water-insoluble, and also can be substantially insoluble in any organic processing liquid used to prepare the microporous material. This can facilitate retention of the filler in the microporous material.
In addition to the fillers, other finely divided particulate substantially water-insoluble materials optionally may also be employed. Non-limiting examples of such optional materials can include carbon black, charcoal, graphite, iron oxide, copper oxide, antimony oxide, molybdenum disulfide, zinc sulfide, barium sulfate, strontium sulfate, calcium carbonate, and magnesium carbonate. The filler may be silica and/or any of the aforementioned optional filler materials.
The filler typically has a high surface area allowing the filler to carry much of the processing plasticizer used to form the microporous material. High surface area fillers are materials of very small particle size, materials that have a high degree of porosity, or materials that exhibit both characteristics. The surface area of the filler particles can range from 20 to 900 square meters per gram, e.g., from 25 to 850 square meters per gram, as determined by the Brunauer, Emmett, Teller (BET) method according to ASTM C 819-77 using nitrogen as the adsorbate but modified by outgassing the system and the sample for one hour at 130° C. Prior to nitrogen sorption, filler samples are dried by heating to 160° C. in flowing nitrogen (PS) for 1 hour.
The inorganic filler may include a siliceous material, such as silica, such as precipitated silica, silica gel, or fumed silica.
Silica gel is generally produced commercially by acidifying an aqueous solution of a soluble metal silicate, e.g., sodium silicate at low pH with acid. The acid employed is generally a strong mineral acid, such as sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid, although carbon dioxide can be used. Inasmuch as there is essentially no difference in density between the gel phase and the surrounding liquid phase while the viscosity is low, the gel phase does not settle out, that is to say, it does not precipitate. Consequently, silica gel may be described as a non-precipitated, coherent, rigid, three-dimensional network of contiguous particles of colloidal amorphous silica. The state of subdivision ranges from large, solid masses to submicroscopic particles, and the degree of hydration from almost anhydrous silica to soft gelatinous masses containing on the order of 100 parts of water per part of silica by weight.
Precipitated silica generally is produced commercially by combining an aqueous solution of a soluble metal silicate, ordinarily alkali metal silicate such as sodium silicate, and an acid so that colloidal particles of silica will grow in a weakly alkaline solution and be coagulated by the alkali metal ions of the resulting soluble alkali metal salt. Various acids may be used, including but not limited to mineral acids. Non-limiting examples of acids that can be used include hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, but carbon dioxide can also be used to produce precipitated silica. In the absence of a coagulant, silica is not precipitated from solution at any pH. The coagulant used to effect precipitation of silica may be the soluble alkali metal salt produced during formation of the colloidal silica particles, or it may be an added electrolyte, such as a soluble inorganic or organic salt, or it may be a combination of both.
Precipitated silica can be described as precipitated aggregates of ultimate particles of colloidal amorphous silica that have not at any point existed as macroscopic gel during the preparation. The sizes of the aggregates and the degree of hydration may vary widely. Precipitated silica powders differ from silica gels that have been pulverized in that the precipitated silica powders generally have a more open structure, that is, a higher specific pore volume. However, the specific surface area of precipitated silica, as measured by the Brunauer, Emmet, Teller (BET) method using nitrogen as the adsorbate, is often lower than that of silica gel.
Many different precipitated silicas can be employed as the filler used to prepare the microporous material. Precipitated silicas are well-known commercial materials, and processes for producing them are described in detail in many United States patents, including U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,940,830, 2,940,830, and 4,681,750. The average ultimate particle size (irrespective of whether or not the ultimate particles are agglomerated) of precipitated silicas used is generally less than 0.1 micrometer, e.g., less than 0.05 micrometer or less than 0.03 micrometer, as determined by transmission electron microscopy. Non-limiting examples of suitable precipitated silicas include those sold under the Hi-Sil® tradename by PPG Industries, Inc. (Pittsburgh, Pa.).
The inorganic filler particles can constitute from 10 to 90 percent by weight of the microporous material. For example, such filler particles can constitute from 25 to 90 percent by weight of the microporous material, such as from 30 percent to 90 percent by weight of the microporous material, or from 40 to 90 percent by weight of the microporous material, or from 50 to 90 percent by weight of the microporous material, and even from 60 percent to 90 percent by weight of the microporous material. The filler typically is present in the microporous material in an amount ranging from 50 percent to 85 percent by weight of the microporous material. Often, the weight ratio of filler to polyolefin in the microporous material ranges from 0.5:1 to 10:1, such as 1.7:1 to 3.5:1. The weight ratio of filler to polyolefin in the microporous material may be greater than 4:1.
The microporous material may include a network of interconnecting pores communicating throughout the microporous material.
On a treatment-free, coating free, or impregnant-free basis, such pores can comprise at least 5 percent by volume, e.g., from 5 to 95 percent by volume, or from 15 to 95 percent by volume, or from 20 to 95 percent by volume, or from 25 to 95 percent by volume, or from 35 to 70 percent by volume of the microporous material. Often, the pores comprise at least 35 percent by volume, or even at least 45 percent by volume of the microporous material.
As used herein, the porosity (also known as void volume) of the microporous material, expressed as percent by volume, is determined according to the following equation:
Porosity=100[1−d1/d2]
wherein d1 is the density of the sample, which is determined from the sample weight and the sample volume as ascertained from measurements of the sample dimensions, and d2 is the density of the solid portion of the sample, which is determined from the sample weight and the volume of the solid portion of the sample. The volume of the solid portion of the sample is determined using a Quantachrome Stereopycnometer (Quantachrome Instruments (Boynton Beach, Fla.)) in accordance with the accompanying operating manual.
Porosity also can be measured using a Gurley Densometer, model 4340, manufactured by GPI Gurley Precision Instruments of Troy, N.Y. The porosity values reported are a measure of the rate of air flow through a sample or it's resistance to an air flow through the sample. The unit of measure for this method is a “Gurley second” and represents the time in seconds to pass 100 cc of air through a 1 inch square area using a pressure differential of 4.88 inches of water. Lower values equate to less air flow resistance (more air is allowed to pass freely). For purposes of the present invention, the measurements are completed using the procedure listed in the manual for MODEL 4340 Automatic Densometer.
The volume average diameter of the pores of the microporous material can be determined by mercury porosimetry using an Autopore III porosimeter (Micromeritics (Norcross, Ga.)) in accordance with the accompanying operating manual. The volume average pore radius for a single scan is automatically determined by the porosimeter. In operating the porosimeter, a scan is made in the high pressure range (from 138 kilopascals absolute to 227 megapascals absolute). If approximately 2 percent or less of the total intruded volume occurs at the low end (from 138 to 250 kilopascals absolute) of the high pressure range, the volume average pore diameter is taken as twice the volume average pore radius determined by the porosimeter. Otherwise, an additional scan is made in the low pressure range (from 7 to 165 kilopascals absolute) and the volume average pore diameter is calculated according to the equation:
d=2[v1r1/w1+v2r2w2]/[v1/w1+v2/w2]
wherein d is the volume average pore diameter, v1 is the total volume of mercury intruded in the high pressure range, v2 is the total volume of mercury intruded in the low pressure range, r1 is the volume average pore radius determined from the high pressure scan, r2 is the volume average pore radius determined from the low pressure scan, w1 is the weight of the sample subjected to the high pressure scan, and w2 is the weight of the sample subjected to the low pressure scan.
In the course of determining the volume average pore diameter of the above procedure, the maximum pore radius detected is sometimes noted. This is taken from the low pressure range scan, if run; otherwise, it is taken from the high pressure range scan. The maximum pore diameter is twice the maximum pore radius. Inasmuch as some production or treatment steps, e.g., coating processes, printing processes, impregnation processes and/or bonding processes, can result in the filling of at least some of the pores of the microporous material, and since some of these processes irreversibly compress the microporous material, the parameters in respect of porosity, volume average diameter of the pores, and maximum pore diameter are determined for the microporous material prior to the application of one or more of such production or treatment steps.
To prepare the microporous materials, filler, polyolefin polymer (typically in solid form such as powder or pellets), processing plasticizer, and minor amounts of lubricant and antioxidant may be mixed until a substantially uniform mixture is obtained. The weight ratio of filler to polymer employed in forming the mixture is essentially the same as that of the microporous material substrate to be produced. The mixture, together with additional processing plasticizer, is introduced to the heated barrel of a screw extruder. Attached to the extruder is a die, such as a sheeting die, to form the desired end shape.
In an exemplary manufacturing process, when the material is formed into a sheet or film, a continuous sheet or film formed by a die is forwarded to a pair of heated calendar rolls acting cooperatively to form a continuous sheet of lesser thickness than the continuous sheet exiting from the die. The final thickness may depend on the desired end-use application. The microporous material may have a thickness ranging from 0.7 to 18 mil (17.8 to 457.2 μm), such as 0.7 to 15 mil (17.8 to 381 μm), or 1 to 10 mil (25.4 to 254 μm), or 5 to 10 mil (127 to 254 μm), and demonstrates a bubble point of 1 to 80 psi based on ethanol. For example, the microporous material may have a thickness of 6 mil (145 μm), 7 mil (178 μm), 8 mil (203 μm), 10 mil (254 μm), 12 mil (305 μm), 14 mil (356 μm), or 18 mil (457 μm).
Optionally, the sheet exiting the calendar rolls may then be stretched in at least one stretching direction above the elastic limit. Stretching may alternatively take place during or immediately after exiting from the sheeting die or during calendaring, or multiple times during the manufacturing process. Stretching may take place before extraction, after extraction, or both. Additionally, stretching may take place during the application of the first and/or second treatment compositions, described in more detail below. Stretched microporous material substrate may be produced by stretching the intermediate product in at least one stretching direction above the elastic limit. Usually, the stretch ratio is at least 1.1. In many cases, the stretch ratio is at least 1.5. Preferably, it is at least 2. Frequently, the stretch ratio is in the range of from 1.2 to 15. Often, the stretch ratio is in the range of from 1.5 to 10. Usually, the stretch ratio is in the range of from 2 to 6.
The temperatures at which stretching is accomplished may vary widely. Stretching may be accomplished at ambient room temperature, but usually elevated temperatures are employed. The intermediate product may be heated by any of a wide variety of techniques prior to, during, and/or after stretching. Examples of these techniques include radiative heating, such as that provided by electrically heated or gas fired infrared heaters; convective heating, such as that provided by recirculating hot air; and conductive heating, such as that provided by contact with heated rolls. The temperatures which are measured for temperature control purposes may vary according to the apparatus used and personal preference. For example, temperature-measuring devices may be placed to ascertain the temperatures of the surfaces of infrared heaters, the interiors of infrared heaters, the air temperatures of points between the infrared heaters and the intermediate product, the temperatures of circulating hot air at points within the apparatus, the temperature of hot air entering or leaving the apparatus, the temperatures of the surfaces of rolls used in the stretching process, the temperature of heat transfer fluid entering or leaving such rolls, or film surface temperatures. In general, the temperature or temperatures are controlled such that the intermediate product is stretched substantially evenly so that the variations, if any, in film thickness of the stretched microporous material are within acceptable limits and so that the amount of stretched microporous material outside of those limits is acceptably low. It will be apparent that the temperatures used for control purposes may or may not be close to those of the intermediate product itself since they depend upon the nature of the apparatus used, the locations of the temperature-measuring devices, and the identities of the substances or objects whose temperatures are being measured.
In view of the locations of the heating devices and the line speeds usually employed during stretching, gradients of varying temperatures may or may not be present through the thickness of the intermediate product. Also, because of such line speeds, it is impracticable to measure these temperature gradients. The presence of gradients of varying temperatures, when they occur, makes it unreasonable to refer to a singular film temperature. Accordingly, film surface temperatures, which can be measured, are best used for characterizing the thermal condition of the intermediate product.
These are ordinarily the same across the width of the intermediate product during stretching although they may be intentionally varied, as, for example, to compensate for intermediate product having a wedge-shaped cross section across the sheet. Film surface temperatures along the length of the sheet may be the same or they may be different during stretching.
The film surface temperatures at which stretching is accomplished may vary widely, but in general they are such that the intermediate product is stretched substantially evenly, as explained above. In most cases, the film surface temperatures during stretching are in the range of from 20° C. to 220° C. Often, such temperatures are in the range of from 50° C. to 200° C. From 75° C. to 180° C. is preferred.
Stretching may be accomplished in a single step or a plurality of steps as desired. For example, when the intermediate product is to be stretched in a single direction (uniaxial stretching), the stretching may be accomplished by a single stretching step or a sequence of stretching steps until the desired final stretch ratio is attained. Similarly, when the intermediate product is to be stretched in two directions (biaxial stretching), the stretching can be conducted by a single biaxial stretching step or a sequence of biaxial stretching steps until the desired final stretch ratios are attained. Biaxial stretching may also be accomplished by a sequence of one of more uniaxial stretching steps in one direction and one or more uniaxial stretching steps in another direction. Biaxial stretching steps where the intermediate product is stretched simultaneously in two directions and uniaxial stretching steps may be conducted in sequence in any order. Stretching in more than two directions is within contemplation. It may be seen that the various permutations of steps are quite numerous. Other steps, such as cooling, heating, sintering, annealing, reeling, unreeling, and the like, may optionally be included in the overall process as desired.
Various types of stretching apparatus are well known and may be used to accomplish stretching of the intermediate product. Uniaxial stretching is usually accomplished by stretching between two rollers, wherein the second or downstream roller rotates at a greater peripheral speed than the first or upstream roller. Uniaxial stretching can also be accomplished on a standard tentering machine. Biaxial stretching may be accomplished by simultaneously stretching in two different directions on a tentering machine. More commonly, however, biaxial stretching is accomplished by first uniaxially stretching between two differentially rotating rollers as described above, followed by either uniaxially stretching in a different direction using a tenter machine or by biaxially stretching using a tenter machine. The most common type of biaxial stretching is where the two stretching directions are approximately at right angles to each other. In most cases where the continuous sheet is being stretched, one stretching direction is at least approximately parallel to the long axis of the sheet (machine direction) and the other stretching direction is at least approximately perpendicular to the machine direction and is in the plane of the sheet (transverse direction).
Stretching the sheets prior to extraction of the processing plasticizer allows for thinner films with larger pore sizes than in microporous materials conventionally processed. It is also believed that stretching of the sheets prior to extraction of the processing plasticizer minimizes thermal shrinkage after processing. It also should be noted that stretching of the microporous material can be conducted at any point prior to, during, or subsequent to application of the first treatment composition (as described herein below), and/or prior to, during, or subsequent to application of the second treatment composition. Stretching of the microporous material can occur once or multiple times during the treatment process.
The product passes to a first extraction zone where the processing plasticizer is substantially removed by extraction with an organic liquid, which is a good solvent for the processing plasticizer, a poor solvent for the organic polymer, and more volatile than the processing plasticizer. Usually, but not necessarily, both the processing plasticizer and the organic extraction liquid are substantially immiscible with water. The product then passes to a second extraction zone where the residual organic extraction liquid is substantially removed by steam and/or water. The product is then passed through a forced air dryer for substantial removal of residual water and remaining residual organic extraction liquid. From the dryer, the microporous material may be passed to a take-up roll, when it is in the form of a sheet.
The processing plasticizer has little solvating effect on the thermoplastic organic polymer at 60° C., only a moderate solvating effect at elevated temperatures on the order of 100° C., and a significant solvating effect at elevated temperatures on the order of 200° C. It is a liquid at room temperature and usually it is processing oil, such as paraffinic oil, naphthenic oil, or aromatic oil. Suitable processing oils include those meeting the requirements of ASTM D 2226-82, Types 103 and 104. Those oils which have a pour point of less than 22° C., or less than 10° C., according to ASTM D 97-66 (reapproved 1978) are used most often. Examples of suitable oils include Shellflex® 412 and Shellflex® 371 oil (Shell Oil Company (Houston, Tex.)) which are solvent refined and hydrotreated oils derived from naphthenic crude. It is expected that other materials, including the phthalate ester plasticizers such as dibutyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, diisodecyl phthalate, dicyclohexyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, and ditridecyl phthalate will function satisfactorily as processing plasticizers. The processing oil may be a white mineral oil, such as Sonneborn Britol 50T (Sonneborn LLC (Petrolia, Pa.)) and/or Citgo Tufflo 6056 (Citgo Petroleum Corporation (Houston, Tex.)).
There are many organic extraction liquids that can be used in the process of manufacturing the microporous material. Examples of suitable organic extraction liquids include, but are not limited to, 1,1,2-trichloroethylene; perchloroethylene; 1,2-dichloroethane; 1,1,1-trichloroethane; 1,1,2-trichloroethane; methylene chloride; chloroform; 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane; isopropyl alcohol; diethyl ether; acetone; hexane; heptane and toluene. One or more azeotropes of halogenated hydrocarbons selected from trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoropentane, and/or 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane also can be employed. Such materials are available commercially as VERTREL™ MCA (a binary azeotrope of 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-dihydrodecafluoropentane and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene: 62%/38%) and VERTREL™ CCA (a ternary azeotrope of 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-dihydrodecafluorpentane, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorbutane, and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene: 33%/28%/39%); Vertrel™ SDG (80-83% trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, 17-20% hydrofluorocarbon mixture) all available from MicroCare Corporation (New Britain, Conn.).
In the above-described process for producing the microporous material, extrusion and calendaring are facilitated when the filler carries much of the processing plasticizer. The capacity of the filler particles to absorb and hold the processing plasticizer is a function of the surface area of the filler. Therefore, the filler typically has a high surface area as discussed above. Inasmuch as it is desirable to essentially retain the filler in the microporous material substrate, the filler should be substantially insoluble in the processing plasticizer and substantially insoluble in the organic extraction liquid when microporous material substrate is produced by the above process. The residual processing plasticizer content is usually less than 15 percent by weight of the resulting microporous material and this may be reduced even further to levels such as less than 5 percent by weight, by additional extractions using the same or a different organic extraction liquid. The resulting microporous materials may be further processed depending on the desired application.
The conductive ink may include a resin and a conductive material. The conductive ink may be prepared from a mixture comprising the resin, the conductive material, and a solvent. The mixture may include at least one of: a drying additive, a plasticizer, a rheology modifier, and an adhesion promoter.
The solvent may include at least one of an aromatic compound, a ketone, an ester, an ether, and an alcohol. The solvent may solubilize the resin. The solvent may have an evaporation rate in the range of 0.005-6.3, such as 1-6.3, as compared to butyl acetate (evaporation rate=1). The solvent may be free of an amine containing compound. Examples of solvents that may be used include, but are not limited to: diethylene glycol monoethyl acetate (e.g., DE Acetate from Eastman Chemical Company (Kingsport, Tenn.)), gamma-butyrolactone, propylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate (e.g., PM Acetate from Eastman Chemical Company (Kingsport, Tenn.)), ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate (e.g., EB acetate from Eastman Chemical Company (Kingsport, Tenn.)), 2-butoxyethanol, dibasic ester, propylene carbonate, and a heavy aromatic naphtha solvent (e.g., Aromatic 150 and/or Aromatic 200).
The resin may include a flexible or elongatable material. The resin, when applied to the substrate and coalesced (cured and/or dried) to form a coating, may be elongatable by at least 50%, such as at least 100% compared to its original length and/or width. The resin, when applied to the substrate and coalesced (cured and/or dried) to form a coating, may be elongatable by from 50-1000%, such as from 100-1000% compared to its original length and/or width.
The resin may include at least one of a rubber-containing resin (e.g., styrene butadiene rubber, methyl butadiene rubber, and the like), a vinyl chloride-containing resin (e.g. a vinyl chloride co-polymer), and a polyester. The resin may include a styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene block co-polymer. The resin may include a vinyl chloride/acrylate co-polymer. The resin may include at least one of a polystyrene, an acrylic, a polyurethane, a polyvinyl polymer, natural and/or synthetic rubber, and co-polymers thereof. The resin may include a mixture of a vinyl chloride-containing resin and a polyester. The resin may include a mixture of a vinyl chloride-containing resin and a polyester. The resin may include a halogenated polymer, chlorinated polyolefin, polyester, acrylic, rubber like polymer, and their hybrids. The polymers can be waterborne and/or solvent-borne.
Suitable commercial examples of resins for inclusion in the conductive ink include styrene based polymers, non-limited examples of which are available under the tradenames, C-FLEX® (Concept Polymer Technologies, Inc. (Apple Valley, Calif.)), DYLENE® (Nova Chemicals (Calgary, Canada)), KRATON® G (Kraton Corporation (Houston, Tex.)), MULTIPLEX® by Multibase (Dow Corning), VALTRA® (Chevron Phillips Chemical), and VECTOR® (Dexco Polymers (Plaquemine, La.)). Vinyl chloride copolymers such as vinyl chloride/acrylate copolymers such as VINNOL® E/A grades (Wacker Polymers (Calvert City, Ky.)), vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate and vinyl chloride/hydroxyl modified vinyl acetate copolymers such as products available from Kunshan PG Chem Company, Ltd. (Huizhou, China).
The conductive material may include at least one of silver, gold, nickel, aluminum, copper, ferric materials, alloys, and carbon based materials (e.g., organic conductive materials, such as polyaniline (PANI) or polypyrrole, graphite/graphene, carbon nanotube types). The conductive material may include a metal flake morphology, or the conductive material may have a spherical, spear like, or tubular morphology. The conductive material may include a silver flake or a silver coated copper flake or any flake containing any of the other above described conductive materials. The conductive material may include a multi-modal distribution of conductive particles, including but not limited to a mixture of spheres and flakes, a mixture of spheres, flakes, and tubular morphologies.
Suitable examples of silver and silver coated copper conductive materials include, but are not limited to, those available from Ferro Advanced Materials (Mayfield Heights, Ohio), Ames Goldsmith (South Glens Falls, N.Y.), Johnson Matthey (London, United Kingdom), Technic Inc. (Cranston, R.I.), and Metalor (Neuchatel, Switzerland).
The conductive material may have a D50 particle size less than 100 μm, as measured by Microtrac S3500 particle size analyzer. The conductive material may have a D50 particle size greater than 0.5 μm. The conductive material may have a D50 particle size from 0.5-100 μm, such as from 30-40 μm, from 33-37 μm, from 10-70 μm. The conductive material may have a D50 particle size less than 70 μm, such as less than 50 μm, less than 40 μm, less than 30 μm, less than 20 μm, or less than 15 μm.
The ratio of the conductive material to the resin in the conductive ink may range from 0.25:1 to 20:1, such as from 0.25:1 to 6:1, from 1:1 to 6:1, from 1:1 to 3.5:1, for example from 1.5:1 to 2.5:1.
When the conductive ink is applied over the substrate to form the electrically shielded article, the conductive material from of the conductive ink may be present in an amount of from 5 g/m2 to 500 g/m2, such as 7 g/m2 to 500 g/m2 over a surface of the substrate. When the conductive ink is applied over the substrate to form the electrically shielded article, the conductive material from of the conductive ink may be present in an amount at least 5 g/m2, such as at least 7 g/m2 over a surface of the substrate. The conductive ink may be present over the surface of the substrate in this range over the region of the substrate over which the conductive ink is applied.
The conductive ink may be applied over the substrate in a pattern, such as a grid pattern (see
The conductive ink may be applied over the substrate so as to form a film thickness of the conductive ink ranging from 0.25 mils-5.0 mils (approximately 6.25 μm-130 μm), such as from 0.25 mils-2.0 mils (approximately 6.25 μm-51 μm), such as when the conductive ink is applied via flood coating, slot die coating, spray coating or other printing/coating technique. The film thickness of the conductive ink may range from 1-20 μm, such as when the conductive ink is applied in a pattern (e.g., a grid pattern) over the substrate.
As previously described, the electrically shielded article may include the substrate and the conductive ink applied over the substrate.
When a force is applied to the electrically shielded article, the electrically shielded article may be stretchable from a first orientation having a first signal loss to a second orientation having a second signal loss. When the force is removed, the article may relax to substantially the first orientation (within 5%, such as within 1%) and substantially the first signal loss (within 5%, such as within 1%).
The electrically shielded article may exhibit (in the first orientation, the second orientation, or both) a signal loss of at least 5 dBm, such as at least 10 dBm, at least 15 dBm or at least 25 dBm at up to 4 mm Signal loss, may be determined by the following NFC Attenuation Test. The following materials were used in the NFC Attenuation Test:
The UFL cables were connected to the coils. One of the UFL cables was connected to Port 1 of the network analyzer, and the other of the UFL cables was connected to Port 2 of the network analyzer. The wooden spacers were set up on either side of the acrylic paper holder. Each coil was placed in the plastic spacer on opposite sides of the acrylic paper holder, each coil 4 inches from the acrylic paper holder. The network analyzer was set to Sweep CW time at a frequency of 13.56 MHz and a power level of 0 dBm. The NFC Attenuation Test was then performed as follows:
The electrically shielded article may exhibit a detuning effect, such that the proximity of the substrate coated with the conductive ink may change the tuning characteristics (e.g., the resonance frequency or Q factor associated with the antenna) compared to the same article not including the substrate coated with the conductive ink.
Detuning effect and signal loss may be determined by the following NFC Detuning Test. The following materials were used in the NFC Detuning Test:
The UFL cables were connected to the coils. An adhesive was used to attach a coil to each end of the piece of PVC pipe, cut 2 inches in length. Small notches were cut into the PVC pipe for the cables to rest in the notches. This assembly was placed on a flat surface with the PVC pipe in an upright position so that one coil is near top of the assembly and the other coil is at the bottom of the PVC pipe. The coil at the bottom of the assembly was connected to Port 1 on the network analyzer and the coil at the top of the PVC pipe was connected to Port 2 of the network analyzer. The network analyzer was set to sweep from 10 MHz to 25 MHz at a power of 0 dBm. The NFC Detuning Test was then performed as follows:
According to the above-described NFC Detuning Test, the electrically shielded article may exhibit a (in the first orientation, the second orientation, or both) signal loss of at least 5 dBm, such as at least 10 dBm, at least 15 dBm or at least 25 dBm at 0 mm, up to 2 mm, or up to 4 mm from the assembly.
The electrically shielded article may be in the form of a sheet. The electrically shielded article may be rolled in a master roll or a slit roll.
The electrically shielded article may be subjected to any number of finishing techniques, such as folding, molding, perforating, stitching, and/or gluing without substantially altering the shielding effectiveness (altered less than 5%, such as less than 1%, such as 0% compared to its unaltered state) of the electrically shielded article.
The electrically shielded article may be printable. Graphics may be applied to both coated and uncoated surfaces of the electrically shielded article by various printing techniques including, but not limited to: offset lithography, flexography, digital, inkjet, laser, intaglio, and/or gravure.
Referring to
Referring to
A same page and/or cover of the identification device 20 may include both the electrically shielded article 10 and the antenna 28, or the electrically shielded article 10 and the antenna 28 may be included on separate pages and/or covers. The electrically shielded article 10 may be included on a front cover 22 of the identification device 20, the e-data page 26 of the identification device 20, another interceding page of the identification device 20, and/or a back cover 24 of the identification device 20. The identification device 20 may include a machine readable travel document (e.g., a passport), a government issued national identification card, a driver's license, a voter registration card, a birth certificate, a social security card, a health insurance card, a university identification card, an employee identification card, a university diploma, certificate, or transcript, or any other device including personally identifiable information.
The electrically shielded article may be included in a system to at least partially shield a space. The electrically shielded article may be included as tape on a package, such as a package to be shipped, to electrically shield the contents of the package. The electrically shielded article may be included as a wallpaper over a wall and/or a ceiling and/or a floor in a residence or building to shield a space (e.g., a safe room) of the residence or building. The electrically shielded article may include a pouch for an electronic payment card (e.g., debit or credit card), cell phone, and/or an electronic toll pass, a grounding tape, a circuit board, an actuated chip, an antenna, an electronic device, or any other product for which RF (or other range of electromagnetic wavelengths) protection may be beneficial.
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
The electrically shielded article as described herein may be prepared by applying the conductive ink to the flexible and/or elongatable substrate. When the conductive ink is applied over the substrate, the conductive material in the conductive ink may be present over the substrate in an amount of at least 5 g/m2. The electrically shielded article may provide a signal loss of at least 5 dBm at up to 4 mm according to the NFC Detuning Test.
The following examples are presented to demonstrate the general principles of the invention. The invention should not be considered as limited to the specific examples presented.
1A blend of vinyl chloride/2-hydroxypropyl acrylate copolymer with CAS# [53710-52-4].
2A modified polypropylene wax available from The Lubrizol Corporation (Wickliffe, OH).
3A silver flake pigment with D50 of approximately 4 μm.
The PVC resin was first dissolved in the first quantity of 2-butoxyethyl acetate according to Table 1 with high sheer mixing. Once the PVC was dissolved, the wax was added, followed by addition of the silver pigment under low to moderate agitation. The resulting suspension was passed through a 3 roll mill for a single pass, then the last quantity of 2-butoxyethyl acetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate and hydroquinine were added to produce the final ink composition comprising a Pigment to PVC resin (“binder”) of 10.56.
4A triblock styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS) linear polymer with a tri-block structure comprising approximately 29-30% styrene.
5A 15% silver coated copper flake with D50 particle size of approximately 30 to 40 μm.
The first three ingredients in Table 2 were combined and agitated until the resin was fully dissolved. The solids were adjusted to 16% with additional toluene. The metal flake was then added slowly to avoid dust, the sides of the vessel washed down with the isopropyl alcohol. The resulting mixture was stirred at moderate agitation to incorporate the pigment. The remaining toluene and xylene were added to provide a final ink composition with a solids of 35% and a pigment to binder ratio of 3.0.
The ink formulation of Example 1 was applied via a rotary screen in a roll-to-roll process. The ink formulation was delivered to the substrate by using a wiper blade to push the material through the desired grid screen at a line speed of 15 FPM. The coated material was passed through a heated oven for a total residence time of 3 minutes at 120° C. to yield a screen printed substrate with a grid pattern which was then taken up in a second roll. The samples listed in Table 3 were prepared by the screen printing process. The line width for each grid was between 7-10 microns.
6All Teslin ® substrates were obtained from PPG Industries, Inc. (Pittsburgh, PA).
The ink formula of Example 2 was added to a tank pressurized with a pad of air. The ink was pushed into a slot die and delivered to the substrate passing beneath at a rate to give the desired film thickness. The coated substrate was dried in an oven at 120° C. for 2 minutes to yield a full (flood) coated substrate. The samples listed in Table 4 were prepared by the slot-die procedure:
Tables 5 and 6 below show certain properties associated with the control (unshielded Teslin SP1400) compared to Samples 5 and 6.
Elongation and tensile strength are both increased for Samples 5 and 6 compared to the control sample. Tensile strength in Samples 5-6 increased by 20-30%. Machine direction elongation and cross direction elongation were determined using an Instron Universal Testing Machine model 3343 or 3345, manufactured by Instron (Norwood, Mass.).
Stiffness for Samples 5 and 6 increased compared to the control sample by 40-85%. Tear resistance for Samples 5 and 6 increased compared to the control sample by 15-30%. Thermal shrinkage for Samples 5 and 6 decreased compared to the control sample by approximately 30%. Stiffness was measured using the Handle-O-Meter model 211-300, manufactured by Thwing Albert Company (Philadelphia, Pa.). Tear resistance was measured using an Elemendorf Tearing Tester, Model 60-2001, manufactured by Thwing Albert Company (Philadelphia, Pa.).
Thermal shrink was measured by cutting the sample in the machine direction or cross direction, such that the sheet has a length of 355.5 mm. The cut sheet was placed in an oven preheated to 135° C. between two pre-heated stainless steel sheets and left in the oven for 15 minutes. The samples were removed from the oven, separated, and left to cool for 5 minutes. A ruler was used to measure the length of the sheet (in millimeters) to determine percent shrinkage.
For Sample 4, signal loss as a function of % elongation was calculated. Signal loss was calculated by assuming a linear relationship between resistance (measured as described hereinafter) and signal loss obtained by fitting resistance v. signal loss from the tests done in connection with
For Sample 4, resistance was measured using a four point probe as a function of % elongation was measured in the cross direction (
Whereas particular embodiments of this invention have been described above for purposes of illustration, it will be evident to those skilled in the art that numerous variations of the details of the present invention may be made without departing from the invention as defined in the appended claims.
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/856,306, filed on Jun. 3, 2019, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/829,403, filed on Apr. 4, 2019, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/827,560, filed on Apr. 1, 2019, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/738,089, filed on Sep. 28, 2018, the disclosures of which are each hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62856306 | Jun 2019 | US | |
| 62829403 | Apr 2019 | US | |
| 62827560 | Apr 2019 | US | |
| 62738089 | Sep 2018 | US |
