Patent Application
20240287693
This invention provides a polyoxometalate compound represented by formula (I): (Q)n[XMaMbMc(La)(Lb)(Lc)W9O37] (I) or a solvate thereof; and a method of electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) using the polyoxometalate compound.
Fixation and further utilization of gaseous carbon dioxide is one of the most significant achievements of nature and one of the most important objectives of environmental and energy related chemistry. Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas that is produced by human activity, and has brought the atmospheric CO2 concentration level over the threshold of 400 ppm. This increase is encouraging the search for methods to transform CO2 into valuable chemicals (Cokoja, M.; Bruckmeier, C.; Rieger, B.; Herrmann, W. A.; Kühn, F. E. Transformation of Carbon Dioxide with Homogeneous Transition-Metal Catalysts: A Molecular Solution to a Global Challenge? Angew. Chemie—Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 8510-8537.) One of the most investigated transformations is the photochemical or the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to carbon monoxide as versatile intermediate for further known transformations to usable products. Other reduction products of interest are methanol, and further C—C couple compounds such as ethanol. Unfortunately, the direct electro-assisted reduction of CO2 on a bare electrode is a kinetically slow process that is characterized by large overpotentials due to the multi-electronic nature of the reactions and the fundamental requirement for the reorganization of the CO2 molecular structure (Mikkelsen, M.; Jørgensen, M.; Krebs, F. C. The Teraton Challenge. A Review of Fixation and Transformation of Carbon Dioxide. Energy Environ. Sci. 2010, 3, 43-81; Appel, A. M.; Bercaw, J. E.; Bocarsly, A. B.; Dobbek, H.; Dubois, D. L.; Dupuis, M.; Ferry, J. G.; Fujita, E.; Hille, R.; Kenis, P. J. A.; Kerfeld, C. A.; Morris, R. H.; Peden, C. H. F.; Portis, A. R.; Ragsdale, S. W.; Rauchfuss, T. B.; Reek, J. N. H.; Seefeldt, L. C.; Thauer, R. K.; Waldrop, G. L. Frontiers, Opportunities, and Challenges in Biochemical and Chemical Catalysis of CO2 Fixation. Chem. Rev. 2013, 3, 6621-6658.
In this context, many organometallic complexes have been studied for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (Franke, R.; Schille, B.; Roemelt, M. Homogeneously Catalyzed Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide-Methods, Mechanisms, and Catalysts. Chem. Rev. 2018, 118, 4631-4701), but most have some disadvantages. For example, some transition metals that are commonly studied are rare and expensive; some complexes are not stable during the electrocatalytic reduction reaction and the synthesis of preferred ligands is complicated and not economical. Accordingly, we have invented the use of soluble inorganic metal oxide clusters, that is polyoxometalates, as electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction. Polyoxometalates can be considered as clusters, generally anionic, formed from monomeric oxo species of transition metals with one or more bridging oxygen atoms. The interest in polyoxometalate chemistry is largely due to their structures, size, redox activity, solubility, thermal stability and charge density. Over the years, the modification of the precursors of parent polyoxometalates has led to the development of a new classes of compounds with unique structure and electronic properties. The original polyoxometalates with the substitution of transition additional metal ions are known as “transition metal substituted polyoxometalates” (Pope, M. T. Heteropoly and Isopoly Oxometalates, 8th ed.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin; New York, 1983.).
Polyoxometalates are attractive as catalysts because they are easy to synthesize, thermally and oxidatively stable, their intrinsic properties may be modified easily and they can be used with excellent efficiency in transformations involving electron transfer (Neumann, R. Activation of Molecular Oxygen, Polyoxometalates and Liquid Phase Catalytic Oxidation. Inorg. Chem. 2010, 49, 3594-3601.) Furthermore, many of these polyoxometalates display reversible redox processes that are sensitive to the presence of protons. Although they are weak bases and nucleophiles, polyoxometalates can promote the formation of hydrogen-bond networks in the vicinity of a CO2 coordination center to favor proton coupled electron transfer (Girardi, M.; Blanchard, S.; Griveau, S.; Simon, P.; Fontecave, M.; Bedioui, F.; Proust, A. Electro-Assisted Reduction of CO 2 to CO and Formaldehyde by (TOA)6[α-SiW11O39Co(_)] Polyoxometalate. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2015, 3642-3648). The substitution of a lacunary polyoxometalate with transition metals increases the reactivity of the polyanion, which normally have surfaces that are populated with weakly basic oxygen atoms. As a rational approach to such complexes, lacunary anions such as α- or β-[SiW9O34]9− were prepared (G. Herve and A. Teze, Study of alpha-and. beta.-enneatungstosilicates and-germanates Inorg. Chem., 1977, 16, 2115-2117) and then used to further prepare tri-metal substituted polyoxometalates by inclusion of metal cations into the lacunary positions. In this way polyoxometalate anions, [SiW9M3(L)3O37]n− (
All known molecular and material electrocatalysts require rather high overpotentials for the electroreduction of CO2, where a major objective is to find catalysts with low overpotentials thus requiring less electricity energy to drive the catalytic reactions. Reductions of CO2 are usually coupled with proton transfer in order to overcome the very endergonic transfer of a single electron to CO2 to form the anion radical, CO2•−. These proton coupled electron transfer reactions still have slow kinetics, and require efficient catalysts in order to decrease the overpotentials that needed to drive the reactions. Saveant and co-workers added Mg2+ cations as Lewis acids to increase the rate of the Fe tetraphenylporphyrin (FeTPP) reduction of CO2 to CO and thereby in addition improved the stability of catalyst (Hammouche, M.; Lexa, D.; Momenteau, M.; Savéant, J.-M. Chemical catalysis of electrochemical reactions. Homogeneous catalysis of the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide by iron (“0”) porphyrins. Role of the addition of magnesium cations. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 8455-8466). It is thought that these Lewis acids facilitate the breaking of one of the C—O bonds of a bound CO2 ligand to produce CO. In another paper the use of Lewis acids in place of Brønsted acids, to increase the rate of catalysis for Mn bipyridine type catalysts was reported (Sampson, M. D.; Kubiak, C. P. Manganese Electrocatalysts with Bulky Bipyridine Ligands: Utilizing Lewis Acids To Promote Carbon Dioxide Reduction at Low Overpotentials. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 1386-1393). In fact two catalytic regimes were observed, fast reactions with high trunover at high overpotentials, uneffected by Lewis acids and slower reaction with low turnover at low overpotentials.
In one embodiment, this invention is directed to a polyoxometalate compound represented by formula (I):
In one further embodiment, this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide, formate salt or formic acid, formaldehyde, methanol, ethane, ethylene, ethanol or any combination thereof, wherein the method comprises reacting carbon dioxide with a polyoxometalate compound represented by formula (I):
The subject matter regarded as the invention is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the specification. The invention, however, both as to organization and method of operation, together with objects, features, and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following detailed description when read with the accompanying drawings in which:
It will be appreciated that for simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements shown in the Figures have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements may be exaggerated relative to other elements for clarity. Further, where considered appropriate, reference numerals may be repeated among the Figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements.
In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that this invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, and components have not been described in detail so as not to obscure this invention.
Polyoxometalate Compound of this Invention
In some embodiments, this invention provides a polyoxometalate represented by formula (I):
In some embodiments, this invention provides a polyoxometalate represented by formula (I):
In some embodiments, this invention provides a polyoxometalate represented by formula (I):
In some embodiments, this invention provides a polyoxometalate represented by formula (I):
In another embodiment, non-limiting examples of oxyanion include: borate, carbonate, nitrate, phosphate, sulphate, chlorate, perchlorate, iodate, periodate, tosylate, mesylate and triflate.
In another embodiment, the anion of the polyoxometalate is not [PW9O37{FeIII3-xNix(L)3}]q− (x=1-2), [SiW9(FeIII)2NiII(L)3O37]n−, [SiW9(FeIII)2MnII(L)3O37]n−, or [SiW9(FeIII)2CoII(L)3O37]n−.
In some embodiments Q of (Q)n[XMaMbMc(La)(Lb)(Lc)W9O37] is a cation selected from the group consisting of a proton, an alkali metal cation, an alkaline earth metal cation, a lanthanide cation, a nitrogen centered cation, a phosphorous centered cation and combinations thereof. In other embodiments, Q is a proton. In other embodiments, Q is an alkali metal cation. In other embodiments, Q is an alkaline earth metal cation. In other embodiments, Q is a lanthanide cation. In other embodiments, Q is a nitrogen centered cation. In other embodiments, Q is a phosphorous centered cation. In other embodiments, Q is R1R2R3R4N+ wherein
In some embodiments, Q is R1R2R3R4N+ wherein R2 is CyH2y+1 where y≥8. In other embodiments y is an integer between 8 and 50. In other embodiments, y is an integer between 8 and 40. In other embodiments, y is an integer between 8 and 30. In other embodiments, y is an integer between 8 and 20.
In some embodiments, Q is R1R2R3R4N+ wherein R2 is CzH2z+1COOH where y≥7. In other embodiments z is an integer between 7 and 50. In other embodiments, z is an integer between 7 and 40. In other embodiments, z is an integer between 7 and 30. In other embodiments, z is an integer between 7 and 20.
In some embodiments, Q is R1R2R3R4N+ wherein R3 and R4 are the same or different. In some embodiments, R3 and R4 are each independently (CH2CH2O)mCH2CH2R5 where m≥3. In other embodiments. m is an integer between 3 and 50. In other embodiments, m is an integer between 3 and 40. In other embodiments, m is an integer between 3 and 30. In other embodiments. m is an integer between 3 and 20. In other embodiments. m is an integer between 3 and 15. In other embodiments. m is an integer between 3 and 10.
In some embodiments, Q is R1R2R3R4N+ wherein R1 is ethyl, R2 is CzH2z+1COOH wherein z≥7 and R3 and R4 are (CH2CH2O)mH where m=6-20. In other embodiments, Q is R1R2R3R4N+ wherein R1 is methyl; R2 is tetradecyl, hexadecyl or octadecyl; and R3 and R4 are (CH2CH2O)mH where m=5-10.
In some embodiments, Q of the polyoxometalate of Formula (I)-(Q)n[XMaMbMc(La)(Lb)(Lc)W9O37] is a nitrogen centered cation, non-limiting examples thereof include quaternary ammonium, pyridinium and imidazolium cations.
In one embodiment, quaternary ammonium is selected from the group consisting of tetrahexyl ammonium, tetrabutyl ammonium, trioctylmethylammonium, cetyltrimethyl ammonium, tetraoctyl ammonium, tetraethylammonium, tetramethylammonium, benzyltrimethylammonium, and the like. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of this invention.
In some embodiments, one example of phosphorous centered cation includes phosphonium cations, e.g. tetraphenylphosphonium.
As used herein, the term “alkyl”, used alone or as part of another group, refers, in one embodiment, to a “C1 to C12 alkyl” and denotes linear and branched, saturated or unsaturated (e.g., alkenyl, alkynyl) groups, the latter only when the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain is greater than or equal to two, and can contain mixed structures. Non-limiting examples are alkyl groups containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms (C1 to C6 alkyls), or alkyl groups containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms (C1 to C4 alkyls). Examples of saturated alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, amyl, tert-amyl and hexyl. Examples of alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, vinyl, allyl, butenyl and the like. Examples of alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, propynyl and the like. Similarly, the term “C1 to C12 alkylene” denotes a bivalent radical of 1 to 12 carbons.
The alkyl group can be unsubstituted, or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylaryloxy, heteroaryloxy, oxo, cycloalkyl, phenyl, heteroaryls, heterocycl, naphthyl, amino, alkylamino, arylamino, heteroarylamino, dialkylamino, diarylamino, alkylarylamino, alkylheteroarylamino, arylheteroarylamino, acyl, acyloxy, nitro, carboxy, carbamoyl, carboxamide, cyano, sulfonyl, sulfonylamino, sulfinyl, sulfinylamino, thiol, alkylthio, arylthio, or alkylsulfonyl groups. Any substituents can be unsubstituted or further substituted with any one of these aforementioned substituents.
The term “alkylaryl” used herein alone or as part of another group, refers to, in some embodiments, to an alkyl group as defined above, which is substituted by an aryl as defined herein.
The term “aryl” used herein alone or as part of another group denotes an aromatic ring system containing from 6-14 ring carbon atoms. The aryl ring can be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic and the like. Non-limiting examples of aryl groups are phenyl, naphthyl including 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl, and the like. The aryl group can be unsubstituted or substituted through available carbon atoms with one or more groups such as halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylaryloxy, heteroaryloxy, oxo, cycloalkyl, phenyl, heteroaryls, heterocyclyl, naphthyl, amino, alkylamino, arylamino, heteroarylamino, dialkylamino, diarylamino, alkylarylamino, alkylheteroarylamino, arylheteroarylamino, acyl, acyloxy, nitro, carboxy, carbamoyl, carboxamide, cyano, sulfonyl, sulfonylamino, sulfinyl, sulfinylamino, thiol, alkylthio, arylthio, or alkylsulfonyl groups. Any substituents can be unsubstituted or further substituted with any one of these aforementioned substituents.
In some embodiments n is an integer between 4-13. In other embodiments, n is an integer between 4-6, 4-9, 6-13, 5-10, or any ranges between integers 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 or 13.
In some embodiments, Ma, Mb and Mc or M″ of the compound of Formula (I) or (Ia) are each independently selected from the group consisting of: Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Ga, Sn, Sb, In, Sc, Sr, Mg, Y, Yb, Ba and Ca. In some embodiments, Ma, Mb and Mc are different. In some embodiments, at least two of Ma, Mb and Mc are different. In some embodiments, at least one of Ma, Mb and Mc is Cr. In some embodiments, at least one of Ma, Mb and Mc is Mn. In some embodiments, at least one of Ma, Mb and Mc is Fe. In some embodiments, at least one of Ma, Mb and Mc is Co. In some embodiments, at least one of Ma, Mb and Mc is Ni. In some embodiments, at least one of Ma, Mb and Mc is Cu. In some embodiments, at least one of Ma, Mb and Mc is Zn. In some embodiments, at least one of Ma, Mb and Mc is Al. In some embodiments, at least one of Ma, Mb and Mc is Ga. In some embodiments, at least one of Ma, Mb and Mc is Sn. In some embodiments, at least one of Ma, Mb and Mc is Sb. In some embodiments, at least one of Ma, Mb and Mc is In. In some embodiments, at least one of Ma, Mb and Mc is Sc. In some embodiments, at least one of Ma, Mb and Mc is Sr. In some embodiments, at least one of Ma, Mb and Mc is Mg. In some embodiments, at least one of Ma, Mb and Mc is Y. In some embodiments, at least one of Ma, Mb and Mc is Yb. In some embodiments, at least one of Ma, Mb and Mc is Ba. In some embodiments, at least one of Ma, Mb and Mc is Ca. In some embodiments, at least one of Ma, Mb and Mc is Sn, Al, Zn or Ga.
In some embodiments, the polyoxometalate of Formula (I) is (Q)n[XCu2M″LaLbLcW9O37], wherein M″ is selected from the group consisting of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Ga, Sn, Sb, In, Sc, Sr, Mg, Y, Yb, Ba and Ca. In one embodiment, M″ is Fe, Ni, Al, Ga, Sn or Zn. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of this invention.
In some embodiments, the polyoxometalate of Formula (I) is (Q)n[XCuFeZn LaLbLcW9O37], (Q)n[XCu2FeLaLbLcW9O37], (Q) [XCuFe2LaLbLcW9O37], (Q)n[XCu2NiLaLbLcW9O37], (Q)n[XCuNi2LaLbLcW9O37], (Q) [XCu2ZnLaLbLcW9O37], (Q)n[XCu2AlLaLbLcW9O37], (Q)n[XCu2GaLaLbLcW9O37], (Q)n[XCu2SnLaLbLcW9O37], (Q)n[XCu2InLaLbLcW9O37], (Q)n[XCu2SbLaLbLcW9O37], (Q)n[XCuFeNiLaLbLcW9O37], (Q)n[XCuFeAlLaLbLcW9O37], (Q)n[XCuFeGaLaLbLcW9O37], (Q)n[XCuFeSnLaLbLcW9O37], (Q)n[XCuNiZnLaLbLcW9O37], (Q)n[XCuNiAlLaLbLcW9O37], (Q)n[XCuCoZnLaLbLcW9O37], (Q)n[XCuCoAlLaLbLcW9O37], (Q)n[XCuMnZnLaLbLcW9O37] or (Q)n[XCuMnAlLaLbLcW9O37]. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of this invention.
In some embodiments, X of the polyoxometalate of Formula (I) is Si or P.
In some embodiments, La, Lb and Lc of the polyoxometalate of Formula (I) or (Ia) are each independently selected from the group consisting of H2O, carboxylates, oxyanions, halides or pseudohalides, carbonate, bicarbonate or absent. In other embodiments, La, Lb and Lc of the polyoxometalate of Formula (I) are each independently H2O. In other embodiments, La, Lb and Lc of the polyoxometalate of Formula (I) are each independently carboxylates. In other embodiments, La, Lb and Lc of the polyoxometalate of Formula (I) are each independently oxyanions. In other embodiments, La, Lb and Lc of the polyoxometalate of Formula (I) are each independently halides. In other embodiments, La, Lb and Lc of the polyoxometalate of Formula (I) are each independently pseudohalides. In other embodiments, La, Lb and Lc of the polyoxometalate of Formula (I) are each independently carbonate. In other embodiments, La, Lb and Lc of the polyoxometalate of Formula (I) are each independently bicarbonate. In other or absent.
In some embodiments, the polyoxometalate of Formula (I) is (Q)9[SiCu2Fe(H2O)3W9O37], (Q)8[SiCuFe2(H2O)3W9O37], (Q)10[SiCu2Ni(H2O)3W9O37], (Q)10[SiCuNi2(H2O)3W9O37], (Q)9[SiCuFeNi(H2O)3W9O37], (Q)8[SiFe2Al(H2O)3W9O37], (Q)9[SiFeGa2(H2O)3W9O37], (Q)10[SiCu2Zn(H2O)3W9O37], (Q)9[SiCu2Al(H2O)3W9O37], (Q)9[SiCu2Ga(H2O)3W9O37], (Q)8[SiCu2Sn(H2O)3W9O37], (Q)9SiCuFeZn(H2O)3W9O37], (Q)8[SiCuFeAl(H2O)3W9O37], (Q)8[SiCuFeGa(H2O)3W9O37], (Q)7[SiCuFeSn(H2O)3W9O37], (Q)10[SiCuNiZn(H2O)3W9O37] or (Q)9[SiCuNiAl(H2O)3W9O37]. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of this invention.
In one further embodiment, this invention provides a method for the reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide, formate salt or formic acid, formaldehyde, methanol, ethane, ethylene, ethanol or any combination thereof, comprising contacting the carbon dioxide with a polyoxometalate compound represented by formula (I):
In some embodiments, the methods for the reduction of carbon dioxide provided herein comprises contacting the carbon dioxide with a polyoxometalate compound represented by formula (I), wherein Ma, Mb and Mc are each independently selected from the group consisting of: Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Ga, Sn, Sb, In, Sc, Sr, Mg, Y, Yb, Ba and Ca and at least one of Ma, Mb and Mc is Sn, Al, Zn or Ga. In other embodiments, Ma, Mb and Mc are each independently selected from the group consisting of: Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Ga, Sn, Sb, In, Sc, Sr, Mg, Y, Yb, Ba and Ca and at least two of Ma, Mb and Mc are different. In other embodiments, Ma, Mb and Mc are each independently selected from the group consisting of: Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Ga, Sn, Sb, In, Sc, Sr, Mg, Y, Yb, Ba and Ca and Ma, Mb and Mc are different.
In some embodiments, the methods for the reduction of carbon dioxide provided herein is directed to reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide. In some embodiments, the reduction of carbon dioxide provided herein is directed to reduction of carbon dioxide to formate salt or formic acid. In some embodiments, the reduction of carbon dioxide provided herein is directed to reduction of carbon dioxide to formaldehyde. In some embodiments, the reduction of carbon dioxide provided herein is directed to reduction of carbon dioxide to methanol. In some embodiments, the reduction of carbon dioxide provided herein is directed to reduction of carbon dioxide to ethane, ethylene or ethanol or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the electrochemical cell of this invention comprises a working (cathode), a counter (anode) and optionally a reference electrode. In one embodiment, the electrochemical cell of this invention comprises a working, a counter and a reference electrode. In one embodiment, any material and shape of an electrode known in the art can be used in this invention.
In one embodiment the electrochemical is a gas diffusion electrolyser.
In some embodiments, the electrolyte of the electrochemical cell is any electrolyte as known in the art.
In some embodiments the electrolyte is Q-Z wherein Z is and oxyanion, halide, peusdo halide, PF6− or BF4− and Q is as defined in formula (I).
In some embodiments, there is a solvent in the electrochemical cell wherein the solvent is any solvent known in the art.
In some embodiments the solvent is water at basic, neutral or acidic pH.
In some embodiments the solvent is an organic solvent or combinations of organic solvents. Non limiting examples of organic solvents include acetonitrile, glutaronitrile, adiponitrile, dimethyformamide, dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfone, dimethylsulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran, glyme, diglyme, ethylene glycol oligomers, ethylene glycol polymers, mono alkylated ethylene glycol oligomers, mono alkylated ethylene glycol polymers, di alkylated ethylene glycol oligomers, di alkylated ethylene glycol polymers or combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the cathode of the electrochemical cell is carbon, such as a carbon disc, a carbon rod, carbon cloth or carbon paper.
In some embodiments, the cathode of the electrochemical cell is metal, such as titanium, iron or copper.
In some embodiments, the anode of the electrochemical cell is a Pt wire, carbon, iridium oxide, ruthenium oxide, iron, nickel, iron-nickel combinations, or cobalt containing compounds.
In some embodiments, the membrane of the electrochemical cell is any membrane as known in the art.
In some embodiments the membrane is anionic, in some embodiments is Nafion, in some embodiments the membrane is a ceramic material such a zirconia and alumina, in some embodiments the membrane is a porous organic polymer.
In some embodiments, the applied potential of the electrochemical cell is between −3.5 to 0.0 V, −3.0 to 0.0 V, −2.5 to 0.0 V, −2.0 to 0.0 V or −1.5 to 0.0 V vs Fc/Fc+. In one specific embodiment, the applied potential is −2.5 V or −1.5 V vs Fc/Fc+.
In another embodiment, the following setup is utilized: a glassy carbon disc (d=3 mm) as a working electrode, a 15 mm Pt wire separated by a glass frit as a counter electrode and Fc/Fc+ as a reference electrode. In another embodiment, the following setup is utilized: a titanium metal working electrode, a carbon cloth counter electrode and a Nafion membrane. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention.
In one embodiment, the electrochemical cell comprises a cathode, an anode, the polyoxometalate compound (the compound of Formula (I)) and an electrolyte.
In one embodiment, the electrochemical cell comprises a cathode, an anode, the polyoxometalate compound, a reference electrode and an electrolyte.
In one embodiment, the electrocatalytic reaction is carried out in an undivided cell in an organic solvent.
In one embodiment, the electrocatalytic reaction is carried out in a divided cell configuration with a polymer membrane electrolyte separating the anode and cathode compartments.
In one embodiment, the electrocatalytic reaction is carried out in a divided cell configuration in an organic solvent, an electrolyte with a polymer membrane electrolyte separating the anode and cathode compartments.
In one embodiment, the electrocatalytic reaction is carried out in a flow cell membrane electrolyzer where the polyoxometalate is dissolved in a solvent.
In one embodiment, the electrocatalytic reaction is carried out in a gas diffusion electrolyzer.
In one embodiment, the electrochemical cell of this invention comprises a cathode and an anode, and a polyoxometalate compound (represented by formula (I)). In one embodiment, the compound is used in a solid form. In one embodiment, the compound is dissolved in a solution. In one embodiment, the solution comprises a solvent and a solute, the solute being the polyoxometalate compound of this invention and optionally an electrolyte. In one embodiment, the solvent is acetonitrile. In one embodiment, the concentration of the polyoxometalate compound ranges between 0.1 to 5 mM, 0.1 to 1 mM, 0.1 to 2 mM or 1 to 5 mM. In another embodiment, the compound's concentration is 2 mM. In one embodiment, the electrolyte concentration in the solution is between 0.01 to 1 M or 0.05-1M. In another embodiment, the electrolyte's concentration is 0.1M. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention.
In one embodiment, the electrolyte further comprises additives, stabilizers, salts, ions, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the pH of the electrolyte is adjusted. In one embodiment, the pH of the solution comprising water and the compound ranges between 0-14. In one embodiment, the pH value of the solution is acidic. In one embodiment, the pH of the solution is basic. In one embodiment, the solution pH ranges between 6-8, between 5-9, between 4-10, 3-11, 2-12 or 1-13. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention.
In one embodiment, the method of this invention comprises contacting the polyoxometalate compound of this invention with carbon dioxide in an electrochemical cell for a period of between 0.1-72 hours. In another embodiment, for 0.1-2 hours. In another embodiment, for 2-5 hours. In another embodiment, for 5-10 hours. In another embodiment, for 10-15 hours. In another embodiment, for 10-20 hours. In another embodiment, for 15-30 hours. In another embodiment, the step is conducted for 20-50 hours. In another embodiment, for 25-72 hours. In another embodiment, for 1 hour. In another embodiment, for 15 hours. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention.
Preparation of the Compounds of this Invention
In one embodiment, the anion of polyoxometalate of formula (I) of this invention is prepared by the following methods. In one embodiment, [XMaMbMc(LaLbLc)W9O37]n− (the anion of formula (I)) is prepared by reacting a water soluble α- or β-[XW9O34]9− anion in water with a mixture of up to three salts wherein each salt is represented by MwLy·zH2O or with the compound MaMbMc(La)na(Lb)nb(Lc)nc (Formula (Ia); see further embodiments thereof below) to yield the anion [XMaMbMc(LaLbLc)W9O37]n−, where X, Ma-Mc, La-Lc and n are as described hereinabove, w and y are each independently an integer between 1-5, z is an integer between 0 and 10, na, nb and nc are each independently an integer between 1-5, M is Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Ga, Sc, Sr, Mg, Y, Ba or Ca and L is a carboxylate, an oxyanion, a halide or a pseudohalide, a carbonate, a bicarbonate or absent.
In one embodiment, this invention provides a method of preparing [XMaMbMc(LaLbLc)W9O37]n−, comprising reacting a water soluble α- or β-[XW9O34]9− anion in water with a mixture of up to three salts wherein each salt is represented by MwLy·zH2O or with MaMbMc(La)na(Lb)nb(Lc)nc, thereby providing [XMaMbMc(LaLbLc)W9O37]n−, where X, Ma-Mc, La-Lc and n are as described hereinabove, w and y are each independently an integer between 1-5, z is an integer between 0 and 10, na, nb and nc are each independently an integer between 1-5, M is Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Ga, Sc, Sr, Mg, Y, Ba or Ca and L is a carboxylate, an oxyanion, a halide or a pseudohalide, a carbonate, a bicarbonate or absent.
The Following Provides Specific Methods for the Preparation of Q′n[XMaMbMc(LaLbLc)W9O37]
In one embodiment, Na9[β-[SiW9O34] is reacted in water with a mixture up to three salts wherein each salt is represented by MwLy·zH2O to yield Q′n[SiMaMbMc(LaLbLc)W9O37] where w, y, z, M, Ma-Mc, La-Lc and n are as described hereinabove; Q′ is a cation such as a proton, an alkali metal cation, or a combination thereof and L is a carboxylate, an oxyanion, a halide or a pseudohalide, a carbonate, a bicarbonate or absent.
In one embodiment, Na9[α-[SiW9O34] is reacted in water with a mixture of up to three salts wherein each salt is represented by MwLy·zH2O to yield Q′n[SiMaMbMc(LaLbLc)W9O37] where w, y, z, M, Ma-Mc, La-Lc and n are as described hereinabove; Q′ is a cation such as a proton, an alkali metal cation, or a combination thereof; and L is a carboxylate, an oxyanion, a halide or a pseudohalide, a carbonate, a bicarbonate or absent.
In one embodiment, Na9[PW9O34] is reacted in water with a mixture of up to three salts wherein each salt is represented by MwLy·zH2O to yield Q′n[PMaMbMc(LaLbLc)W9O37] where w, y, z, M, Ma-Mc, La-Lc and n are as described hereinabove; Q′ is a cation such as a proton, an alkali metal cation, or a combination thereof; and L is a carboxylate, an oxyanion, a halide or a pseudohalide, a carbonate, a bicarbonate or absent.
In one embodiment, Na9[β-[SiW9O34] is reacted in water with the compound MaMbMc(La)na(Lb)nb(Lc)ne to yield Q′n[SiMaMbMc(LaLbLc)W9O37] where y, Q′, Ma-Mc, La-Le and n are as described hereinabove. In another embodiment, na+nb+nc=9.
In one embodiment, Na9[α-[SiW9O34] is reacted in water with the compound MaMbMc(La)na(Lb)nb(Lc)nc to yield Q′n[SiMaMbMc(LaLbLc)W9O37] where y, Q′, Ma-Mc, La-Lc and n are as described hereinabove. In another embodiment, na+nb+nc=9.
In one embodiment, Na9[PW9O34] is reacted in water with the compound MaMbMc(La)na(Lb)nb(Lc)nc to yield Q′n[PMaMbMc(LaLbLc)W9O37] where w, y, Q′, Ma-Mc, La-Lc and n are as described hereinabove. In another embodiment, na+nb+nc=9.
The following provides specific methods for the preparation of XMaMbMc(LaLbLc)W9O37]n−:
In one embodiment, [XMaMbMc(LaLbLc)W9O37]n− is prepared by reacting a water soluble α- or β-[XW9O34]9− anion in water with a mixture of up to three salts wherein each salt is represented by MwLy·zH2O to yield the anion [XMaMbMc(LaLbLc)W9O37]n−, where w, y, z, X, M, Ma-Mc, La-Lc and n are as described hereinabove; and L is a carboxylate, an oxyanion, a halide or a pseudohalide, a carbonate, a bicarbonate or absent.
In one embodiment, [XMaMbMc(LaLbLc)W9O37]n− is prepared by reacting a water soluble α- or β-[XW9O34]9− anion in water with the compound MaMbMc(La)na(Lb)nb(Lc)nc to yield the anion [XMaMbMc(LaLbLc)W9O37]n− where y, X, Ma-Mc, La-Le and n are as described hereinabove. In another embodiment, na+nb+nc=9.
The following provides specific methods for cation exchange from Q′ to Q of XMaMbMc(LaLbLc)W9O37]n−
In one embodiment, (Q)n[XMaMbMc(La)(Lb)(Lc)W9O37], wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of: an alkaline earth metal salt, a lanthanide salt, a quaternary ammonium salt or a quaternary phosphonium salt and any combination thereof, is prepared by reacting (Q′)n[XMaMbMc(La)(Lb)(Lc)W9O37] with an alkaline earth metal salt, a lanthanide salt, a quaternary ammonium salt or a quaternary phosphonium salt including combinations thereof, where Q′, X, Ma-Mc, La-Lc and n are as described hereinabove.
In one embodiment, Qn[SiMaMbMc(LaLbLc)W9O37], wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of: an alkaline earth metal salt, a lanthanide salt, a quaternary ammonium salt or a quaternary phosphonium salt and any combination thereof, is prepared by reacting Q′n[SiMaMbMc(LaLbLc)W9O37] with an alkaline earth metal salt, a lanthanide salt, a quaternary ammonium salt or a quaternary phosphonium salt including combinations thereof, where Q′, Ma-Mc, La-Lc, n are as described hereinabove.
In one embodiment, Qn[PMaMbMc(LaLbLc)W9O37], wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of: an alkaline earth metal salt, a lanthanide salt, a quaternary ammonium salt or a quaternary phosphonium salt and any combination thereof, is prepared by reacting Q′n[PMaMbMc(LaLbLc)W9O37] with an alkaline earth metal salt, a lanthanide salt, a quaternary ammonium salt or a quaternary phosphonium salt including combinations thereof, where Q′, Ma-Mc, La-Lc and n are as described hereinabove.
The MaMbMc(La)na(Lb)nb(Lc)nc Compounds
In one embodiment, this invention provides a mixed metal salt compound represented by Formula (Ia) anion:
MaMbMc(La)na(Lb)nb(Lc)nc (Ia)
In other embodiments, Ma, Mb and Mc are each independently selected from the group consisting of: Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Ga, Sn, Sb, In, Sc, Sr, Mg, Y, Yb, Ba and Ca and at least one of Ma, Mb and Mc is Sn, Al, Zn or Ga. In other embodiments, Ma, Mb and Mc are each independently selected from the group consisting of: Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Ga, Sn, Sb, In, Sc, Sr, Mg, Y, Yb, Ba and Ca and at least two of Ma, Mb and Mc are different. In other embodiments, Ma, Mb and Mc are each independently selected from the group consisting of: Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Ga, Sn, Sb, In, Sc, Sr, Mg, Y, Yb, Ba and Ca and Ma, Mb and Mc are different (representing three different metal selected from the group above).
In another embodiment, the sum of na, nb and nc (i.e. na+nb+nc) is between 3-15, 3-5, 3-10, 10-15, 12-15, 5-15, 7-12 or 8-11. In another embodiment, na+nb+nc=9.
In one embodiment, Formula (Ia) is represented by: CuFeZn(La)na(Lb)nb(Lc)nc, Cu2Fe(La)na(Lb)nb(Lc)nc, CuFe2(La)na(Lb)nb(Lc)nc, Cu2Ni(La)na(Lb)nb(Lc)nc, CuNi2(La)na(Lb)nb(Lc)nc, Cu2Zn(La)na(Lb)nb(Lc)nc, Cu2Ga(La)na(Lb)nb(Lc)nc, Cu2Al(La)na(Lb)nb(Lc)nc, Cu2SC(La)na(Lb)nb(Lc)nc, Cu2Mg(La)na(Lb)nb(Lc)nc, Fe2Ni(La)na(Lb)nb(Lc)nc, FeNi2(La)na(Lb)nb(Lc)nc, CuFeNi(La)na(Lb)nb(Lc)nc, CuFeAl(La)na(Lb)nb(Lc)nc, CuNiZn(La)na(Lb)nb(Lc)nc, CUNiAl(La)na(Lb)nb(Lc)nc, CuCoZn(La)na(Lb)nb(Lc)ncCuCoAl(La)na(Lb)nb(Lc)ncCuMnZn(La)na(Lb)nb(Lc)nc, or CuMnAl(La)na(Lb)nb(Lc)nc.
In one embodiment, Formula (Ia) is represented by: [Cu2Fe(MeCOO)6(H2O)3], [Cu2Ni(MeCOO)6(H2O)3], [Cu2Zn(MeCOO)6(H2O)3], [Cu2Ga(MeCOO)6(H2O)3], [Cu2Al(MeCOO)6(H2O)3], [Cu2Sc(MeCOO)6(H2O)3], [Cu2Mg(MeCOO)6(H2O)3], [CuFeNi(MeCOO)6(H2O)3], [CuFeZn(MeCOO)6(H2O)3], [CuFeAl(MeCOO)6(H2O)3], [CuNiZn(MeCOO)6(H2O)3] or [CuNiAl(MeCOO)6(H2O)3]. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention.
In one embodiment, MaMbMc(La)na(Lb)nb(Lc)nc (Ia) is prepared by reacting up to three salts such as MwLy·zH2O, and isolating the obtained salt as MaMbMc(La)na(Lb)nb(Lc)nc (Ia), wherein w and y are each independently an integer between 1-5, z is an integer between 0 and 10, La, Lb, Lc is each independently a carboxylate, an oxyanion, a halide or a pseudohalide, a carbonate, a bicarbonate or absent and Ma, Mb, Mc is each independently Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Ga, Sn, Sb, In, Sc, Sr, Mg, Y, Yb, Ba or Ca.
In one embodiment, this invention provides a method of preparing MaMbMc(La)na(Lb)nb(Lc)nc (Ia), comprising mixing a solution(s) of up to three salts wherein each salt is represented by MwLy·zH2O, and isolating the obtained salt as MaMbMc(La)na(Lb)nb(Lc)nc (Ia), wherein w, y, z, La, Lb, Lc and Ma, Mb, Mc are described hereinabove.
In another embodiment, the solutions are aqueous or any other as known in the art. In another embodiment, the solutions of the salts are filtered prior to the mixing thereof. In other embodiments, the isolation of MaMbMc(La)na(Lo)nb(Lc)nc (Ia) comprises any isolation step as known in the art (non-limiting examples include evaporation, precipitation/crystallization, extraction, sublimation etc.). In another embodiment, the isolation comprises vacuum evaporation of the mixture obtained by mixing the MwLy·zH2O salts. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention.
In one embodiment, this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[XCu2M″LaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell and where M″ is Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Ga, Sn, Sb, In, Sc, Sr, Mg, Y, Yb, Ba and Ca.
In one embodiment, this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[SiCu2M″LaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[PCu2M″LaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[XCuFeZnLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[SiCuFeZnLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[PCuFeZnLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[XCuFeAlLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[SiCuFeAlLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[PCuFeAlLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[XCuFeGaLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[SiCuFeGaLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[PCuFeGaLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[XCuFeSnLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[SiCuFeSnLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[PCuFeSnLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[XCuNiZnLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[SiCuNiZnLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[PCuNiZnLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[XCuNiAlLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[SiCuNiAlLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[PCuNiAlLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[XCuNiGaLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[SiCuNiGaLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[PCuNiGaLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[XCuCoZnLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[SiCuCoZnLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[PCuCoZnLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[XCuCoAlLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[SiCuCoAlLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[PCuCoAlLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[XCuMnZnLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[SiCuMnZnLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[PCuMnZnLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[XCuMnAlLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[SiCuMnAlLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In one embodiment this invention provides a method of reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by reacting polyoxometalate compound (Q)n[PCuMnAlLaLbLcW9O37] or solvates thereof with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell.
In some embodiments, within the above specific embodiments, X, Q, La-Lc and n are as described hereinabove for the compound of formula (I).
Synthesis of {SiW9O37[Cu2Ga(L)]3}9− as a cesium salt, where L=H2O or OAc−:
A solution of sodium acetate trihydrate (0.32 mol) in water (70 mL) was added to a filtered, stirred solution of copper(II) nitrate trihydrate (0.02 mol) and gallium(III) nitrate hydrate (0.01 mol) in water (70 mL). This resulted in a blue solution, which was evaporated and dried under vacuum to yield [Cu2Ga(MeCOO)6(H2O)3]. To a solution of [Cu2Ga(MeCOO)6(H2O)3] (1.75 mmol) in water (15 mL), Na9[β-SiW9O34H]·23H2O (1.75 mmol, prepared according to: G. Herve and A. Teze, Study of alpha-and. beta.-enneatungstosilicates and-germanates Inorg. Chem., 1977, 16, 2115-2117) dissolved in NaOAc/HOAc solution (pH 6) was added in small amounts with vigorous stirring, and was heated to 50° C. for 1 hour. After adding CsCl (0.33 g/ml) solution at room temperature, this produced a light green precipitate of Cs9[SiW9O37{Cu2Ga(L)3}]. The compound was characterized by Infra-red and High Resolution Mass Spectroscopy, Yield—48%.
Synthesis of {SiW9O37[Cu2Zn(L)]3}10— as a cesium salt, where L=H2O or OAc−:
A solution of sodium acetate trihydrate (0.32 mol) in water (70 mL) was added to a filtered, stirred solution of copper(II) nitrate trihydrate (0.02 mol) and zinc(II) nitrate hexahydrate (0.01 mol) in water (70 mL). This resulted in a blue solution, which was evaporated and dried under vacuum to yield [Cu2Zn(MeCOO)6(H2O)3]. To a solution of [Cu2Zn(MeCOO)6(H2O)3] (1.75 mmol) in water (15 mL), Na9[β-SiW9O34H]·23H2O (1.75 mmol, prepared according to: G. Herve and A. Teze, Study of alpha-and. beta.-enneatungstosilicates and-germanates Inorg. Chem., 1977, 16, 2115-2117) dissolved in NaOAc/HOAc solution (pH 6) was added in small amounts with vigorous stirring, and was heated to 50° C. for 1 hour. After adding CsCl (0.33 g/ml) solution at room temperature, this produced a light green precipitate of Cs10[SiW9O37{Cu2Zn(L)3}]. The compound was characterized by Infra-red and High Resolution Mass Spectroscopy, Yield—57%.
Synthesis of {SiW9O37[Cu2Sn(L)]3}8− as a cesium salt, where L=H2O or OAc:
A solution of sodium acetate trihydrate (0.32 mol) in water (70 mL) was added to a filtered, stirred solution of copper(II) nitrate trihydrate (0.02 mol) and tin(IV) acetate (0.01 mol) in water (70 mL). This resulted in a blue solution, which was evaporated and dried under vacuum to yield [Cu2Zn(MeCOO)6(H2O)3]. To a solution of [Cu2Sn(MeCOO)6(H2O)3] (1.75 mmol) in water (15 mL), Na9[β-SiW9O34H]·23H2O (1.75 mmol, prepared according to: G. Herve and A. Teze, Study of alpha-and. beta.-enneatungstosilicates and-germanates Inorg. Chem., 1977, 16, 2115-2117) dissolved in NaOAc/HOAc solution (pH 6) was added in small amounts with vigorous stirring, and was heated to 50° C. for 1 hour. After adding CsCl (0.33 g/ml) solution at room temperature, this produced a light green precipitate of Cs8[SiW9O37{Cu2Sn(L)3}]. The compound was characterized by Infra-red and High Resolution Mass Spectroscopy, Yield—49%.
Synthesis of {SiW9O37[Cu2Al(L)]3}9− as a cesium salt, where L=H2O or OAc−:
A solution of sodium acetate trihydrate (0.32 mol) in water (70 mL) was added to a filtered, stirred solution of copper(II) nitrate trihydrate (0.02 mol) and aluminium(III) nitrate nonahydrate (0.01 mol) in water (70 mL). This resulted in a blue solution, which was evaporated and dried under vacuum to yield [Cu2Al(MeCOO)6(H2O)3] To a solution of [Cu2Al(MeCOO)6(H2O)3] (1.75 mmol) in water (15 mL), Na9[β-SiW9O3H]·23H2O (1.75 mmol, prepared according to: G. Herve and A. Teze, Study of alpha-and. beta.-enneatungstosilicates and-germanates Inorg. Chem., 1977, 16, 2115-2117) dissolved in NaOAc/HOAc solution (pH 6) was added in small amounts with vigorous stirring, and was heated to 50° C. for 1 hour. After adding CsCl (0.33 g/ml) solution at room temperature, this produced a light green precipitate of Cs9[SiW9O37{Cu2Al(L)3}]. The compound was characterized by Infra-red and High Resolution Mass Spectroscopy, Yield—51%.
Synthesis of {SiW9O37[Cu2Sc(L)]3}9− as a cesium salt, where L=H2O or OAc−:
A solution of sodium acetate trihydrate (0.32 mol) in water (70 mL) was added to a filtered, stirred solution of copper(II) nitrate trihydrate (0.02 mol) and scadium(III) nitrate hexahydrate (0.01 mol) in water (70 mL). This resulted in a blue solution, which was evaporated and dried under vacuum to yield [Cu2Sc(MeCOO)6(H2O)3] To a solution of [Cu2Sc(MeCOO)6(H2O)3] (1.75 mmol) in water (15 mL), Na9[β-SiW9O34H]·23H2O (1.75 mmol, prepared according to: G. Herve and A. Teze, Study of alpha-and. beta.-enneatungstosilicates and-germanates Inorg. Chem., 1977, 16, 2115-2117) dissolved in NaOAc/HOAc solution (pH 6) was added in small amounts with vigorous stirring, and was heated to 50° C. for 1 hour. After adding CsCl (0.33 g/ml) solution at room temperature, this produced a light green precipitate of Cs9[SiW9O37{Cu2Sc(L)3}]. The compound was characterized by Infra-red and High Resolution Mass Spectroscopy, Yield—36%.
Synthesis of {SiW9O37[Cu2Mg(L)]3}10− as a cesium salt, where L=H2O or OAc−:
A solution of sodium acetate trihydrate (0.32 mol) in water (70 mL) was added to a filtered, stirred solution of copper(II) nitrate trihydrate (0.02 mol) and magnesium (II) nitrate hexahydrate (0.01 mol) in water (70 mL). This resulted in a lightblue solution, which was evaporated and dried under vacuum to yield [Cu2Mg(MeCOO)6(H2O)3]. To a solution of [Cu2Mg(MeCOO)6(H2O)3] (1.75 mmol) in water (15 mL), Na9[β-SiW9O34H]·23H2O (1.75 mmol, prepared according to: G. Herve and A. Teze, Study of alpha-and. beta.-enneatungstosilicates and-germanates Inorg. Chem., 1977, 16, 2115-2117) dissolved in NaOAc/HOAc solution (pH 6) was added in small amounts with vigorous stirring, and was heated to 50° C. for 1 hour. After adding CsCl (0.33 g/ml) solution at room temperature, this produced a light green precipitate of Cs10[SiW9O37{Cu2Mg(L)3}]. The compound was characterized by Infra-red and High Resolution Mass Spectroscopy, Yield—35%.
Synthesis of {SiW9O37[CuFeNi(L)]3}9− as a cesium salt, where L=H2O or OAc−:
A solution of sodium acetate trihydrate (0.32 mol) in water (70 mL) was added to a filtered, stirred solution of copper(II) nitrate trihydrate (0.01 mol), iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate (0.01 mol) and nickel(II) nitrate hexahydrate (0.01 mol) in water (70 mL). This resulted in a yellow-green solution, which was evaporated and dried under vacuum to yield [CuFeNi(MeCOO)6(H2O)3]. To a solution of [CuFeNi(MeCOO)6(H2O)3] (1.75 mmol) in water (15 mL), Na9[β-SiW9O34H]·23H2O (1.75 mmol, prepared according to: G. Herve and A. Teze, Study of alpha-and. beta.-enneatungstosilicates and-germanates Inorg. Chem., 1977, 16, 2115-2117) dissolved in NaOAc/HOAc solution (pH 6) was added in small amounts with vigorous stirring, and was heated to 50° C. for 1 hour. After adding CsCl (0.33 g/mL) solution at room temperature, this produced a light yellow-green precipitate of Cs9[SiW9O37{CuFeNi(L)3}]. The compound was characterized by Infra-red and High Resolution Mass Spectroscopy, Yield—47%.
Synthesis of {SiW9O37[CuFeZn(L)]3}9− as a cesium salt, where L=H2O or OAc−:
A solution of sodium acetate trihydrate (0.32 mol) in water (70 mL) was added to a filtered, stirred solution of copper(II) nitrate trihydrate (0.01 mol), iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate (0.01 mol) and zinc(II) nitrate hexahydrate (0.01 mol) in water (70 ml). This resulted in a brown solution, which was evaporated and dried under vacuum to yield [CuFeZn(MeCOO)6(H2O)3].
To a solution of [CuFeZn(MeCOO)6(H2O)3] (1.75 mmol) in water (15 mL), Na9[β-SiW9O34H]·23H2O (1.75 mmol, prepared according to: G. Herve and A. Teze, Study of alpha-and. beta.-enneatungstosilicates and-germanates Inorg. Chem., 1977, 16, 2115-2117) dissolved in NaOAc/HOAc solution (pH 6) was added in small amounts with vigorous stirring, and was heated to 50° C. for 1 hour. After adding CsCl (0.33 g/mL) solution at room temperature, this produced a light yellow-green precipitate of Cs9[SiW9O37{CuFeZn(L)3}]. The compound was characterized by Infra-red and High Resolution Mass Spectroscopy, Yield—37%.
Synthesis of {SiW9O37[CuFeAl(L)]3}8− as cesium salt, where L=H2O or OAc−:
A solution of sodium acetate trihydrate (0.32 mol) in water (70 mL) was added to a filtered, stirred solution of copper(II) nitrate trihydrate (0.01 mol), iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate (0.01 mol) and aluminium(III) nitrate nonahydrate (0.01 mol) in water (70 mL). This resulted in a green-brown solution, which was evaporated and dried under vacuum to yield [CuFeAl(MeCOO)6(H2O)3]. To a solution of [CuFeAl(MeCOO)6(H2O)3] (1.75 mmol) in water (15 mL), Na9[β-SiW9O34H]·23H2O (1.75 mmol, prepared according to: G. Herve and A. Teze, Study of alpha-and. beta.-enneatungstosilicates and-germanates Inorg. Chem., 1977, 16, 2115-2117) dissolved in NaOAc/HOAc solution (pH 6) was added in small amounts with vigorous stirring, and was heated to 50° C. for 1 hour. After adding CsCl (0.33 g/mL) solution at room temperature, this produced a yellow-green precipitate of Cs8[SiW9O37{CuFeAl(L)3}]. The compound was characterized by Infra-red and High Resolution Mass Spectroscopy, Yield—54%.
Synthesis of {SiW9O37[CuNiZn(L)]3}−10 as cesium salts, where L=H2O or OAc−:
A solution of sodium acetate trihydrate (0.32 mol) in water (70 mL) was added to a filtered, stirred solution of copper(II) nitrate trihydrate (0.01 mol), nickel(II) nitrate hexahydrate (0.01 mol) and zinc(II) nitrate hexahydrate (0.01 mol) in water (70 ml). This resulted in a blue solution, which was evaporated and dried under vacuum to yield [CuNiZn(MeCOO)6(H2O)3].
To a solution of [CuNiZn(MeCOO)6(H2O)3] (1.75 mmol) in water (15 mL), Na9[β-SiW9O34H]·23H2O (1.75 mmol, prepared according to: G. Herve and A. Teze, Study of alpha-and. beta.-enneatungstosilicates and-germanates Inorg. Chem., 1977, 16, 2115-2117) dissolved in NaOAc/HOAc solution (pH 6) was added in small amounts with vigorous stirring, and was heated to 50° C. for 1 hour. After adding CsCl (0.33 g/mL) solution at room temperature, this produced a light green precipitate of Cs10[SiW9O37{CuNiZn(L)3}]. The compound was characterized by Infra-red and High Resolution Mass Spectroscopy, Yield—52%.
Synthesis of {SiW9O37[CuNiAl(L)]3}−9 as cesium salts, where L=H2O or OAc−:
A solution of sodium acetate trihydrate (0.32 mol) in water (70 mL) was added to a filtered, stirred solution of copper(II) nitrate trihydrate (0.01 mol), nickel(II) nitrate hexahydrate (0.01 mol) and aluminium(III) nitrate nonahydrate (0.01 mol) in water (70 ml). This resulted in a blue solution, which was evaporated and dried under vacuum [CuNiAl(MeCOO)6(H2O)3]. To a solution of r [CuNiAl(MeCOO)6(H2O)3] (1.75 mmol) in water (15 mL), Na9[β-SiW9O34H]·23H2O (1.75 mmol, prepared according to: G. Herve and A. Teze, Study of alpha-and. beta.-enneatungstosilicates and-germanates Inorg. Chem., 1977, 16, 2115-2117) dissolved in NaOAc/HOAc solution (pH 6) was added in small amounts with vigorous stirring, and was heated to 50° C. for 1 hour. After adding CsCl (0.33 g/mL) solution at room temperature, this produced a light green precipitate of Cs9[SiW9O37{CuNiAl(L)3}]. The compound was characterized by Infra-red and High Resolution Mass Spectroscopy, Yield—49%.
Synthesis of {SiW9O37[CuFeGa(L)]3}8− as a cesium salt, where L=H2O or OAc−:
A solution of sodium acetate trihydrate (0.32 mol) in water (70 mL) was added to a filtered, stirred solution of copper(II) nitrate trihydrate (0.01 mol), iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate (0.01 mol) and gallium(II) nitrate (0.01 mol) in water (70 ml). This solution was evaporated and dried under vacuum to yield [CuFeGa(MeCOO)6(H2O)3].
To a solution of [CuFeGa(MeCOO)6(H2O)3] (1.75 mmol) in water (15 mL), Na9[β-SiW9O34H]·23H2O (1.75 mmol, prepared according to: G. Herve and A. Teze, Study of alpha-and. beta.-enneatungstosilicates and-germanates Inorg. Chem., 1977, 16, 2115-2117) dissolved in NaOAc/HOAc solution (pH 6) was added in small amounts with vigorous stirring, and was heated to 50° C. for 1 hour. After adding CsCl (0.33 g/mL) solution at room temperature, this produced a light yellow-green precipitate of Cs8[SiW9O37{CuFeGa(L)3}]. The compound was characterized by Infra-red and High Resolution Mass Spectroscopy, Yield—47%.
Synthesis of {SiW9O37[CuFeSn(L)]3}7− as a cesium salt, where L=H2O or OAc−:
A solution of sodium acetate trihydrate (0.32 mol) in water (70 mL) was added to a filtered, stirred solution of copper(II) nitrate trihydrate (0.01 mol), iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate (0.01 mol) and tin(IV)acetate (0.01 mol) in water (70 ml). This solution was evaporated and dried under vacuum to yield [CuFeGa(MeCOO)6(H2O)3].
To a solution of [CuFeSn(MeCOO)6(H2O)3] (1.75 mmol) in water (15 mL), Na9[β-SiW9O34H]·23H2O (1.75 mmol, prepared according to: G. Herve and A. Teze, Study of alpha-and. beta.-enneatungstosilicates and-germanates Inorg. Chem., 1977, 16, 2115-2117) dissolved in NaOAc/HOAc solution (pH 6) was added in small amounts with vigorous stirring, and was heated to 50° C. for 1 hour. After adding CsCl (0.33 g/mL) solution at room temperature, this produced a light yellow-green precipitate of Cs7[SiW9O37{CuFeSn(L)3}]. The compound was characterized by Infra-red and High Resolution Mass Spectroscopy, Yield—36%.
Representative Exchange of Alkali Metal Cation with Quaternary Ammonium Cation:
Cs10[SiCu3(H2O)3W9O37] (300 mg) was dissolved in a beaker containing 50 mL of deionized water. Tetrahexyl ammonium bromide (3.6 g) was dissolved in 100 mL dichloromethane with sonication for 15 min. After mixing the two solutions, two separate phases were formed: the upper phase was the water phase and the lower phase was the oily phase containing [(n-hexyl)4N]10[SiCu3(H2O)3W9O37] which was extracted and washed several times with deionized water. The clear solution was then evaporated to dryness.
Constant potential electrolysis was carried out for 1 h at room temperature in an electrolyzer (
While certain features of the invention have been illustrated and described herein, many modifications, substitutions, changes, and equivalents will now occur to those of ordinary skill in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of the invention.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 283483 | May 2021 | IL | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IL2022/050551 | 5/25/2022 | WO |
