The present invention relates to an electrochemical biosensor that can be used for the quantitation of a specific component (analyte) in a liquid sample. Electrochemical biosensors of the type under consideration are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,120,420 and 5,264,103. These devices have an insulating base upon which carbon electrodes are printed with the electrodes being covered with a reagent layer comprising a hydrophilic polymer in combination with an oxidoreductase specific for the analyte. These patents typically involve a spacer element, a generally U shaped piece and a cover piece, so that when the base, spacer element and cover piece are laminated together, there is created a capillary space containing the electrodes covered by the reagent layer. In addition to the oxidoreductase, there is included an electron acceptor on the reagent layer or in another layer within the capillary space. A hydrophilic polymer, e.g. carboxymethylcellulose, is used to facilitate the drawing of the aqueous test fluid into the capillary space.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,141,868 there is disclosed another sensor in which the electrodes are contained within a capillary space. This reference describes the method of preparing a sensor by mating the base and cover plates which are adhered to the base to form a capillary space into which a fluid test sample such as blood is drawn. An alternative to this design is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,798,031 in which the sensor is comprised of two pieces, a base and a concave lid which, when fused together, form the capillary space. In either embodiment, working and counter electrodes are screen printed onto the base so that an electrochemically created current can flow when these electrodes are electrically connected and a potential created between them.
These devices have a base plate and lid which are laminated together with the U shaped spacer element in between so that the U shaped portion is open to provide a capillary space between the base and the cover. Touching the opening in the side of the sensor to a drop of test fluid such as blood results in the blood being drawn into the capillary space, so that it covers the reaction layer on the surface of the working electrode. An enzymatic reaction between the oxidoreductase creates a flow of electrons which are carried by a mediator such as ferricyanide to the working electrode and flow through the working electrode to a meter which measures the magnitude of the current flow. The counter electrode serves several purposes. First, it provides a fixed potential against which the working electrode is controlled. Second, for a two electrode system, such as that depicted in
A problem which is sometimes associated with this sort of sensor occurs when an insufficient amount of blood is applied to the opening so that the counter and working electrodes are not completely covered with the sample, resulting in an incomplete current flowing across the electrodes. Since the amount of analyte such as glucose detected by the sensor is directly portional to the current flowing through the detection meter, failure to completely cover the sensor's electrodes can result in an artificially low reading of the blood sample's analyte, e.g., glucose concentration. One technique for dealing with this under filling problem is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,628,890 which involves a mechanism for preventing any response from being detected when the sample volume is too low to provide an accurate reading. This device involves a strip comprising an elongated electrode support defining a sample transfer path for directional flow of the sample from a sample application point. There is placed a working electrode in the sample transfer path and a counter or reference electrode down stream from the working electrode in the sample transfer path. Failure of the blood sample to totally cover the working electrode will result in no response from the reading mechanism due to the absence of a closed circuit through which current can flow. Another technique for detecting short fills is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,582,697 where there is described a third electrode located downstream from the working and counter electrode, so that the circuit between the three electrodes will not be completed in the event of a short fill.
It would be desirable and it is an object of the present invention to provide an electrochemical sensor which affirmatively notifies the user when insufficient sample has contacted the electrodes. Upon receiving such a notice the user knows that an accurate reading cannot be obtained and that the sensor should be discarded in favor of a new one.
The present invention is an electrochemical sensor for detecting the concentration of an analyte, e.g. glucose, in a fluid test sample, such as blood. The sensor comprises:
The construction of the electrochemical sensor with which the present invention is concerned is illustrated by
The two parts 39 and 40 of the printed electrode provide the working and counter electrodes necessary for the electrochemical determination of analyte. The electrode ink, which is about 14μ (0.00055″) thick, typically contains electrochemically active carbon. Components of the conductor ink are a mixture of carbon and silver which is chosen to provide a low chemical resistance path between the electrodes and the meter with which they are in operative connection via contact with the conductive pattern at the fish-tail end of the sensor 45. The counter electrode can be comprised of silver/silver chloride although carbon is preferred. The function of the dielectric pattern is to insulate the electrodes from the fluid test sample except in a defined area near the center of the electrode pattern to enhance the reproducibility of the meter reading. A defined area is important in this type of electrochemical determination because the measured current is dependent both on the concentration of the analyte and the area of the reaction layer which is exposed to the analyte containing test sample. A typical dielectric layer 42 comprises a UV cured acrylate modified polymethane which is about 10μ (0.0004″) thick. The lid 46 which provides a concave space 48, and which is typically formed by embossing a flat sheet of deformable material, is punctured to provide air vent 50 and joined to the base 36 in a sealing operation. The lid and base can be sealed together by sonic welding in which the base and lid are first aligned and then pressed together between a vibratory heat sealing member or horn and a stationary jaw. The horn is shaped such that contact is made only with the flat, non-embossed regions of the lid. Ultrasonic energy from a crystal or other transducer is used to excite vibrations in the metal horn. This mechanical energy is dissipated as heat in the plastic joint allowing the bonding of the thermoplastic materials. The embossed lid and base can also be joined by use of an adhesive material on the underside of the lid. The method of joining the lid and base are more fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,798,031 which is incorporated herein by reference.
Suitable materials for the insulating base include polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate and dimensionally stable vinyl and acrylic polymers as well as polymer blends such as polycarbonate/polyethylene terephthalate and metal foil structures such as a nylon/aluminum/polyvinyl chloride laminate. The lid is typically fabricated from a deformable polymeric sheet material such as polycarbonate or an embossable grade of polyethylene terephthalate, glycol modified polyethylene terephthalate or a metal foil composition such as an aluminum foil structure. The dielectric layer can be fabricated from an acrylate modified polyurethane which is curable by UV light or moisture or a vinyl polymer which is heat curable.
The construction of a sensor according to the present invention is accomplished according to the following example:
The base stock, typically of polycarbonate, is printed with various inks to form the electrodes 39 and 40 and then overcoated with a dielectric layer 42 in a predetermined pattern designed to leave a desired surface of the electrode exposed to contact by the fluid test sample as it enters the space formed by the mating of lid 46 and base 36. The particular configuration of the dielectric layer 42 as depicted in
A large number of sensors according to the present invention are fabricated from a rolled sheet of polycarbonate which has been unrolled to provide a flat surface. This sheet is referred to as the lid stock since it serves as the source for a multiplicity of lids. There is typically placed a layer of thermoplastic adhesive on the underside of the lidstock after which concave areas 48 (
The present invention introduces the advantage of providing an electrochemical sensor in which the counter and working electrodes can be configured so that in the event of a short fill, the result will be affirmative as opposed to a neutral response, i.e. a failure of the detector to give any signal. Thus, when the amount of test fluid which enters the capillary space is sufficient to cover the sub-element of the counter electrode 40a, or 40b in the preferred embodiment, and that portion of the working electrode 39a which lies upstream from the main portion of the counter electrode 40, the detector will sense the values of error checking parameters derived from multiple current measurements exceeding their tolerance limits if the working electrode is not completely covered with the test fluid. The detector can be connected with the reading means to provide an error signal which will alert the user to the occurrence of a sort fill. The means of error checking are accomplished by algorithmically programming the meter to detect the short fill by measuring the current at a definite time period after the test fluid has electrically connected the sub-element of the counter electrode with the working electrode. The ratio of the currents for the measurements is used to determine if the sensor has filled properly. Thus, a short fill is determined by employing the following steps:
For example, in a sensor system which applied a 0.4 V potential for 10 seconds after a blood sample is applied (known as the burn-off period), opens the circuit (OV potential) for 10 seconds (known as the wait period) and then applies a 0.4 V potential during the 10 second read period; the steps are carried out as follows:
Referring to Step A in the above paragraph, three current measurements are made during the test sequence: 1) at the end of the burn-off period denoted as Ir10Ib10; 2) at the 5 second during the read period denoted as Ir5; and 3) at the end of the read period denoted as Ir10.
Then in Step B, two parameters are determined from the three current measurements. These two parameters are used to determine if the sensor's capillary space has filled properly. The first parameter is the Decay factor, which describes the shape of current time course. The second parameter is the Read-to-Burn ratio that characterizes the magnitude of initial current in relation to the final current. The decay factor, k, is defined as:
Note: k characterizes how the current decays in a general current-glucose relationship I=c·G·t−k, where I is the current, c is a constant, G is the glucose concentration, and t is the time.
The Read-to-Burn ratio, R/B is defined as:
R/B=Ir10/Ib10 Eq. 2
In Step C, the values of these two parameters are checked against their tolerance limits to determine if a short fill occurred. The tolerance limits are not constant. They change as glucose level changes. The tolerance-limit checking is described as Conditions 1 and 2 below. The criteria for a short fill are either Condition 1 or Condition 2 is true.
Condition 1 (Decay factor checking):
if |k−(ak1+bk1·G)|>wk is true when G≦dk1, or
if |k−(ak2+bk2·G)|>wk is true when dk1<G≦dk2, or
if |k−(ak3+bk3·G)|>wk is true when G>dk2 Eq. 3
where ak1, ak2, ak3, bk1, bk2, bk3, wk, dk1, dk2 and dk3 are predetermined constants, G is the glucose measurement.
Condition 2 (R/B ratio checking):
if |R/B−(ac1+bc1·G)|>wc is true when G≦dc, or
if |R/B−(ac2+bc2·G)|>wc is true when G>dc Eq. 4
where ac1, ac2, bc1, bc2, wc, and dc are predetermined constants, G is the glucose measurement.
The constants ak's, bk's, dk's and wk in Eq. 3 are predetermined experimentally:
This is a continuation reissue application of reissue application Ser. No. 12/257,031, filed on Oct. 23, 2008, which is a reissue of U.S. Pat. No. 7,125,481, issued on Oct. 24, 2006, which is a Divisional application of co-pending application Ser. No. 09/861,437 filed May 21, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,841,052 which in turn is a Continuation-In-Part of application Ser. No. 09/731,943 filed Dec. 8, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,531,040 B2, which is in turn a Continuation-In-Part of application Ser. No. 09/366,269, filed on Aug. 2, 1999, now abandoned.
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Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 09861437 | May 2001 | US |
Child | 10864011 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 12257031 | Oct 2008 | US |
Child | 10864011 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 09731943 | Dec 2000 | US |
Child | 09861437 | US | |
Parent | 09366269 | Aug 1999 | US |
Child | 09731943 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 10864011 | Jun 2004 | US |
Child | 14022189 | US | |
Parent | 10864011 | Jun 2004 | US |
Child | 12257031 | US |