Patent Application
20180347055
Several chemical routes for the production of O-alkyl carbamates as precursors for isocyanates are known, e.g. by reaction of primary amines with urea as the carbonyl source and an alcohol and evolution of ammonia. Employing an electrochemical route has the advantage that CO2 as sustainable raw material can be used directly as the carbonyl source and no ammonia is produced as a side-product.
It is known that mono O-alkyl-carbamates can be synthesized electrochemically from mono amines with CO2 as the carbonyl source and an alkyl halide as alkylating agent. The synthesis of bis-O-alkyl-carbamates from primary diamines is not described in the prior art.
Furthermore, the general disadvantage of the electrochemical routes of the state of the art is that ethyl chloride (Zeitschrift fuer Chemie 1988, 28, 372-373 and Pharmazie 1992, 47, 848-851) or ethyl iodide (Chem. Commun., 1996, 2575-2576; J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 200-203; J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 6754-6759; Electrochim. Acta 2011, 56, 5823-5827; Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 963-966; J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 1548-1551 and Appl. Organometal. Chem. 2007, 21, 941-944.), respectively, are used as alkylating agent. Both are impractical to use on a large scale for price, boiling point, and toxicological considerations.
The reactions employing ethyl chloride as alkylating agent have been performed in dimethyl formamide (DMF) containing 0.05 moles per liter of tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) as the supporting electrolyte, on an Hg electrode. Both the solvent and the electrode material are especially impractical on an industrial scale (Zeitschrift fuer Chemie 1988, 28, 372-373 and Pharmazie 1992, 47, 848-851).
The reactions employing ethyl iodide as alkylating agent have been performed with a large excess of the alkylating agent, typically three to five fold over amine, which makes this process particularly unattractive in view of the high price of the iodide.
Generally, the final thermal splitting of the O-alkyl-carbamates in the manufacture of isocyanates would furnish low boiling ethanol as a by-product which makes the whole process difficult to operate under industrial conditions.
Therefore, higher boiling alcohols like n-butanol would be more preferred. This leads to the pre-requisite in the electrochemical process to employ higher boiling and thus longer chained alkylating agents, e.g., n-butyl chloride.
In preliminary experiments (see Comparative Example 1), it has been found, that n-butyl chloride is much less reactive compared to both ethyl chloride and ethyl iodide and the reaction is very sluggish providing for less than 10% of the target O-butyl-N-alkylcarbamate.
Therefore, the aim of the present invention was to develop a process that can also be conducted on an industrial scale with the use of higher alkylating agents.
Surprisingly, it has been found that butyl chloride can be activated at room temperature by addition of an iodide source, as e.g., tetrabutyl ammonium iodide (TBAI) or tetraethyl ammonium iodide (TEN). That increases the isolated yield up to 21% (TBAI) or 40% (TEN), respectively. Most surprisingly, it has been found that butyl chloride can be activated for this synthesis by heat treatment. In this case, the addition of an iodide source is not necessary. The post-treatment with heat yields up to >87% of the desired bis-carbamates. When an iodide source, e.g., TBAI or TEAI are used and the synthesis is carried out under heat treatment the highest yields are reached (up to 95%).
Accordingly the present invention provides an electrochemical process for preparing bis-O-alkyl-carbamates from primary diamines with CO2 as carbonyl source, characterized in that at least one alkyl halide with at least three carbon atoms in the alkyl group is used as alkylating agent in the presence of at least one iodide source and that the process is carried out at 10 to 215° C., preferably 20 to 215° C., more preferably at 6 0 to 215° C., most preferably at 60 to 195° C., utmost particularly preferred at 60 to 150° C.
Suitable iodide sources are, e.g., symmetrically substituted tetraorganyl ammonium iodides, e.g. tetramethyl-, tetraethyl-, tetrapropyl-, tetrabutyl-, and tetraphenyl ammonium iodides, unsymmetrically substituted tetraorganyl ammonium iodides, e.g., triphenyl methyl ammonium iodide, trimethyl benzyl ammonium iodide, triethyl methyl ammonium iodide, or ethyltrimethylammonium iodide. Preferred tetraorganyl ammonium iodides are tetrabutyl ammonium iodide (TBAI) and tetraethyl ammonium iodide (TEAI).
Further suitable iodide sources are, e.g., sodium iodide or potassium iodide. When sodium iodide and/or potassium iodide are used, they are preferably used in pure form or in association with 15-crown-5 or 18-crown-6. Thereby, their solubility can be enhanced.
The iodide source is used in an amount of at least 0.5 mol-%, related to the alkyl halide/ the sum of the alkyl halides. If two or more iodide sources are used the above specified amount of at least 0.5 mol-% refers to the sum of these iodides.
Preferably the following amounts of iodide/es related to the alkyl halide/es are used (in rising preference): at least 0.5 mol-%, 0.5 to 80 mol-%, 0.5 to 50 mol-%, 0.5 to 20 mol-%, 0.5 to 10 mol-%, 0.5 to 5 mol-%, 1 to 5 mol-%.
In an alternative embodiment of the invention at least one alkyl halide with at least three carbon-atoms in the alkyl group is used and the alkyl halide is activated by heat treatment at 60 to 215° C., preferably at 60 to 195° C., more preferably at 60 to 150° C.. In this case no iodide source is added.
Suitable primary diamines for the above described process are aliphatic and aromatic diamines, preferred primary diamines are 1,6-diaminohexane, 4,4′-methylenebis(cyclohexylamine), 5-amino-1,3,3-trimethylcyclohexanemethylamine, 1,4-diaminobenzene, 2,4-diaminotoluene.
The alkyl halides, which are used in the inventive process, have alkyl groups with at least three carbon-atoms, preferably with at least four carbon atoms.
Examples for suitable alkyl halides are alkyl iodides and alkyl chlorides such as, n- or iso-propyl iodide, n- or iso-propyl chloride, n-, iso- or t-butyl iodide and n-, iso- or t-butyl chloride; preferred alkyl halides are alkyl chlorides, particularly preferred is n-, iso- or t-butyl chloride, most preferred is n-butyl chloride.
According to the understanding of the present invention alkyl iodides do not belong to the iodide sources.
The alkyl halides can be used in different amounts. However, it is further preferred that the alkyl halides are used in such amounts that the groups of the alkyl halides are in a 2.5 molar excess, preferably in a 2.0 molar excess, over the amino groups of the primary diamines. Thereby, the efficiency of the whole process can be further improved.
The syntheses are carried out in solvents. Suitable solvents are for example DMF, DMSO, 1,2-dimethoxy ethane or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Another suitable solvent is acetonitrile. Further suitable solvents are ionic liquids, for example 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate.
In the cases wherein the activation of the alkyl halide is carried out under heat treatment, it is preferred to work under reflux.
Moreover the syntheses can be carried out under normal pressure (1 atm), reduced pressure or increased pressure, preferably under normal pressure (1 atm) or increased pressure. The temperatures given above refer to syntheses which are carried out under normal pressure.
Suitable electrode materials are for example copper, platinum, zinc, nickel, iron, steel, graphite, glassy carbon and lead.
Details for the measurements of analytics: Electrolysis under galvanostatic control were carried out with an AMEL 552 potentiostat equipped with an AMEL 721 integrator; 1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on a BRUKER AC 200 spectrometer using CDCl3 as internal standard.
The cell is composed of a beaker, which contains the copper cathode (A≅10 cm2), covered with a three-necked lid. A glass tube, equipped with a glass frit, is filled with methylcellulose gel and contains the platinum anode (apparent area: A≅1 cm2). The gas inlet is provided by a pipette which dips into the solution, while the gas outlet is ensured by a side-necked plug.
Prepared with 1M solution of tetraethylammonium chloride in DMF (7 g methylcellulose/100 mL solution).
In a two-compartment electrochemical cell, 20 to 30 mL of 0.1 M of tetraethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate in CH3CN were added to the cathodic compartment and gaseous CO2 was bubbled in. A 25 mA current was applied (J=25 mA·cm−2) until the consumption of 300 C (3.0 Faradays per mole of amino-group). The current was stopped, the anodic compartment was removed and the solution was flushed with a nitrogen stream for 10 seconds. The diamine (0.5 mmol) was added to the catholyte and the solution was kept under nitrogen atmosphere while stirring. After 1 hour, the cathode was removed and n-butyl chloride (5.0 mmol) was added. In the control experiment (Comparative Example 1) the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. In the experiments according to the invention the reaction mixture was refluxed for 3 hours and subsequently stirred overnight at room temperature.
The catholyte was transferred thereafter into a round-bottom flask and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The remaining solid was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 times) and the organic layers were combined and evaporated in vacuo. The crude reaction was purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, AcOEt:n-hexane) to afford the pure carbamate diesters.
White powder
Example 2, according to the invention: 82% yield
1H-NMR (200 MHz, CDCl3) δ4.83; (bs, 2H), 4.00; (t, 4H), 3.12; (app. q, 4H), 1.58-1.26; (m, 16H, overlapped with H2O signal), 0.89; (t, 6H); 13C-NMR (200 MHz, CDCl3) δ156.9, 64.5, 40.7, 31.1, 29.9, 26.3, 19.1, 13.7.
Rf=0.3 (n-hexane: ethyl acetate 7:3).
Off-white waxy solid, ≥85% yield
1H-NMR (200 MHz, CDCl3) δ4.80; (bd, 1H), 4.55; (bd, 1H), 4.02; (bt, 4H), 3.75; (bs, 1H), 3.39; (bs, 1H), 1.99-1.94; (m, 2H), 1.73-1.00; (m, 26H, overlapped with H2O signal), 0.91; (t, 6H);
13C-NMR (200 MHz, CDCl3) δ156.0, 64.5, 50.3, 46.9, 44.0, 42.9, 33.7, 33.6, 33.4, 32.7, 32.0, 31.1, 29.7, 28.0, 19.1, 13.8.
Rf=0.3 (n-hexane: ethyl acetate 8:2).
Yellowish oil, ≥87% yield
1H-NMR (200 MHz, CDCl3) δ4.77; (bt, 1H), 4.50; (bd, 1H), 4.07-4.00; (m, 4H), 3.77; (bs, 1H), 3.26; (d, J=6.2 Hz, 0.4H), 2.9; (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1.5H), 1.74-1.16; (m, 11 H, overlapped with H2O signal), 1.05 (app s, 6H), 0.95-0.88; (m, 12H);
13C-NMR (200 MHz, CDCl3) δ157.2, 157.1*, 156.0, 64.7, 64.5, 54.8, 47.5*, 47.1, 46.4, 44.5, 42.7*, 41.9, 36.4, 35.0, 31.9, 31.8*, 31.1, 29.7, 27.6, 23.2, 19.1, 17.7*, 13.8, 12.3*.
Rf=0.3 and 0.2—pair of diastereomers—(n-hexane: ethyl acetate 8:2)
*minor diastereomers
White solid, 82% yield
1H NMR (200 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.22-7.11; (m, 4H), 5.41; (bs, 2H), 4.24; (d, J=5.8 Hz, 4H), 4.01; (t, J=6.5 Hz, 4H), 1.58-1.47; (m, 4H), 137-1.25; (m, 4H), 0.88; (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H); 13C NMR (200 MHz, CDCl3) δ156.9, 139.2, 128.8, 126.4, 64.8, 44.8, 31.0, 19.0, 13.7. Rf=0.1 (n-hexane: ethyl acetate 8:2).
In a two-compartment electrochemical cell (copper cathode and platinum anode) 25 mL of 0.1 M of tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate in DMF were added to the cathodic compartment and gaseous CO2 was bubbled in. A 25 mA current was applied (J=25 mA·cm−2) until the consumption of 300 C (3.0 Faradays per mole of amino-group). The current was stopped, the anodic compartment and the copper cathode were removed and the solution was flushed with a nitrogen stream for 10 minutes. The diamine (0.5 mmol hexamethylenediamine) was added to the catholyte and the solution was kept under nitrogen atmosphere while stirring. After 1 hour, n-butyl chloride (5.0 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was kept for 3 hours at 130° C. and subsequently stirred overnight at room temperature. The catholyte was transferred thereafter into a round-bottom flask and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The remaining solid was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 times) and the organic layers were combined and evaporated in vacuo. The crude reaction was purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, AcOEt:n-hexane) to afford the pure carbamate diester in 95% yield.
In a two-compartment electrochemical cell, 20 to 30 mL of 0.1 M of tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate in CH3CN were added to the cathodic compartment and gaseous CO2 was bubbled in. A 25 mA current was applied (J=25 mA·cm−2) until the consumption of 300 C (3.0 Faradays per mole of amino-group). The current was stopped, the anodic compartment was removed and the solution was flushed with a nitrogen stream for 10 seconds. Hexamethylenediamine (0.5 mmol) was added to the catholyte and the solution was kept under nitrogen atmosphere while stirring. After 1 hour, the cathode was removed and n-butyl chloride (5.0 mmol) was added along with tetrabutylammonium iodide (1-5 mol %). The solution was allowed to stand overnight at room temperature under constant stirring. The catholyte was transferred into a round-bottom flask and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The remaining solid was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 times) and the organic layers were combined and evaporated in vacuo. The crude reaction was purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexane:AcOEt 8:2) to afford the pure carbamate diester as a white powder in 21% yield.
In a two-compartment electrochemical cell typically 20 to 30 mL of 0.1 M of tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate in CH3CN were added to the cathodic compartment and gaseous CO2 was bubbled in. A 25 mA current was applied (J=25 mA·cm−2) until the consumption of 300 C (3.0 Faradays per mole of amino-group). The current was stopped, the anodic compartment was removed and the solution was flushed with a nitrogen stream for 10 seconds. Hexamethylenediamine (0.5 mmol) was added to the catholyte and the solution was kept under nitrogen atmosphere while stirring. After 1 hour, the cathode was removed and n-butyl chloride (5.0 mmol) was added along with tetrabutylammonium iodide (1-5 mol %). The solution was heated to 80° C., then the catholyte was transferred into a round-bottom flask and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The remaining solid was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 times) and the organic layers were combined and evaporated in vacuo. The crude reaction was purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexane:AcOEt 8:2) to afford the pure carbamate diester as a white powder in >90% yield.
In a two-compartment electrochemical cell typically 20 to 30 mL of 0.1 M of tetraethylammonium iodide in CH3CN were added to the cathodic compartment and gaseous CO2 was bubbled in. A 25 mA current was applied (J=25 mA·cm−2) until the consumption of 300 C (3.0 Faradays per mole of amino-group). The current was stopped, the anodic compartment was removed and the solution was flushed with a nitrogen stream for 10 seconds. Hexamethylenediamine (0.5 mmol) was added to the catholyte and the solution was kept under nitrogen atmosphere while stirring. After 1 hour the cathode was removed, n-butyl chloride (5.0 mmol) was added and the solution was allowed to stand overnight at room temperature under constant stirring. The catholyte was transferred into a round-bottom flask and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The remaining solid was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 times) and the organic layers were combined and evaporated in vacuo. The crude reaction was purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexane:AcOEt 8:2) to afford the pure carbamate diester as a white powder in about 40% yield.
In a two-compartment electrochemical cell typically 20 to 30 mL of 0.1 M of tetraethylammonium iodide in CH3CN were added to the cathodic compartment and gaseous CO2 was bubbled in. A 25 mA current was applied (J=25 mA·cm−2) until the consumption of 300 C (3.0 Faradays per mole of amino-group). The current was stopped, the anodic compartment was removed and the solution was flushed with a nitrogen stream for 10 minutes. Hexamethylenediamine (0.5 mmol) was added to the catholyte and the solution was kept under nitrogen atmosphere while stirring. After 1 hour the cathode was removed, n-butyl chloride (5.0 mmol) was added and the solution was heated at 80° C. for 2 hours. The catholyte was transferred into a round-bottom flask and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The remaining solid was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 times) and the organic layers were combined and evaporated in vacuo. The crude reaction was purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexane:AcOEt 8:2) to afford the pure carbamate diester as a white powder in >95% yield.
Dibutyl hexane-1,6-diyldicarbamate.1H NMR (200 MHz, CDCl3) 54.83; (bs, 2H), 4.00; (t, 4H), 3.12; (app. q, 4H), 1.58-1.26; (m, 16H, overlapped with H2O signal), 0.89; (t, 6H); 13C NMR (200 MHz, CDCl3) 5156.9, 64.5, 40.7, 31.1, 29.9, 26.3, 19.1, 13.7. Rf=0.3 (n-hexane: ethyl acetate 7:3).
In a two-compartment electrochemical cell (copper cathode and platinum anode) 25 mL of 0.1 M of tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate in DMF were added to the cathodic compartment and gaseous CO2 was bubbled in. A 25 mA current was applied (J=25 mA·cm−2) until the consumption of 300 C (3.0 Faradays per mole of amino-group). The current was stopped, the anodic compartment and the copper cathode were removed and the solution was flushed with a nitrogen stream for 10 minutes. The diamine (0.5 mmol hexamethylenediamine) was added to the catholyte and the solution was kept under nitrogen atmosphere while stirring. After 1 hour, n-butyl chloride (5.0 mmol) was added along with tetrabutylammonium iodide (3 mol %) and the reaction mixture was kept for 3 hours at 130° C. and subsequently stirred overnight at room temperature. The catholyte was transferred thereafter into a round-bottom flask and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The remaining solid was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 times) and the organic layers were combined and evaporated in vacuo. The crude reaction was purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, AcOEt:n-hexane) to afford the pure carbamate diester in 93% yield.
Electrochemical cell. The cell is an H-type glass tube endowed with a glass frit (porosity: 2). Each of the two sides (internal diameter=1.4 cm) contains one electrode: a copper bar—as the cathode—and a glassy carbon bar—as the anode—(A=3 cm2, depending on the amount of solvent).
The gas inlet is provided by glass pipettes on both sides of the cell.
In an H-type electrochemical cell (as described above), 10 mL of 0.1 M of tetraethylammonium chloride in CH3CN were added to both the sides. Gaseous CO2 was bubbled to the cathodic side, while nitrogen to the anodic one. A 50 mA current was applied J=15 mA·cm−2 until the consumption of 300 C (3.0 Faradays per mole of amino-group).* The current was stopped, the electrodes removed and the solution in the anodic side was replaced with fresh 0.1 M of tetraethylammonium chloride in CH3CN. The catholyte was flushed with a nitrogen stream for 10 minutes before adding the diamine (0.5 mmol) and then the solution was kept under nitrogen atmosphere while stirring. After 1 hour, the alkylating agent (5.0 mmol) was added. When butyl iodide was used, the solution was allowed to stand overnight at room temperature under constant stirring while, in the case of n-butyl chloride, the reaction mixture was refluxed for 3 hours and subsequently stirred overnight at room temperature. The catholyte was transferred into a round-bottom flask and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The remaining solid was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 times) and the organic layers were combined and evaporated in vacuo. The crude reaction was purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, AcOEt:n-hexane) to afford the pure carbamate diesters. *during the electrolysis, supplement of tetraethylammonium chloride in the anodic side was required to avoid solvent migration towards the cathode.
This specification has been written with reference to various non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments. However, it will be recognized by persons having ordinary skill in the art that various substitutions, modifications, or combinations of any of the disclosed embodiments (or portions thereof) may be made within the scope of this specification. Thus, it is contemplated and understood that this specification supports additional embodiments not expressly set forth herein. Such embodiments may be obtained, for example, by combining, modifying, or reorganizing any of the disclosed steps, components, elements, features, aspects, characteristics, limitations, and the like, of the various non-limiting embodiments described in this specification. In this manner, Applicant(s) reserve the right to amend the claims during prosecution to add features as variously described in this specification, and such amendments comply with the requirements of 35 U.S.C. § 112(a), and 35 U.S.C. § 132(a).
Various aspects of the subject matter described herein are set out in the following numbered clauses:
Clause 1. Electrochemical process for preparing bis-O-alkyl-carbamates from primary diamines with CO2 as carbonyl source, characterized in that at least one alkyl halide with at least three carbon-atoms in the alkyl group is used as alkylating agent in the presence of at least one iodide source and that the process is carried out at 10 to 215° C.
Claus 2. Electrochemical process according to clause 1, wherein the process is carried out at 20 to 215° C., preferably at 60 to 215° C., more preferably at 60 to 195° C. and most preferably at 60 to 150° C.
Clause 3. Electrochemical process according to one of clauses 1 or 2, wherein the iodide source/es is/are used in an amount of at least 0.5 mol-%, more preferably of 0.5 to 5 mol-%, most preferably of 1 to 5 mol-% related to the alkyl halide/ the sum of the alkyl halides.
Clause 4. Electrochemical process according to any of one of clauses 1 to 3, wherein the iodide source/es is/are symmetrically-substituted tetralkyl ammonium iodides, asymmetrically-substituted tetralkyl ammonium iodides and/or sodium iodide, preferably in pure form or in association with 15-crown-5 or 18-crown-6, and/or potassium iodide, preferably in pure form or in association with 15-crown-5 or 18-crown-6.
Clause 5. Electrochemical process according to any of one of clauses 1 to 3, wherein the iodide source(s) is/are tetrabutyl ammonium iodide (TBAI) and/or tetraethyl ammonium iodide (TEN).
Clause 6. Electrochemical process for preparing bis-O-alkyl-carbamates from primary diamines with CO2 as carbonyl source, characterized in that at least one alkyl halide with at least three carbon-atoms in the alkyl group is used and the alkyl halide is activated by heat treatment at 60 to 215° C., preferably at 60 to 195° C., more preferably at 60 to 150° C.
Clause 7. Process according to any of one of clauses 1 to 6, wherein aliphatic and aromatic primary diamines are used.
Clause 8. Process according to any of one of clauses 1 to 6, wherein 1,6-diaminohexane, 4,4′-methylenebis(cyclohexylamine), 5-Amino-1,3,3-trimethylcyclohexanemethyl-amine, 1,4-diaminobenzene and/or 2,4-diaminotoluene are used as primary diamine/s.
Clause 9. Process according to any of one of clauses 1 to 8, wherein alkyl iodides and/or alkyl chlorides, preferably alkyl chlorides, are used as alkyl halides.
Clause 10. Process according to any of one of clauses 1 to 8, wherein n-, iso- and/or t-butyl chloride, preferably n-butyl chloride, is used as alkyl halide.
Clause 11. Process according to any of one of clauses 1 to 10, wherein the synthesis is carried out in a solvent.
Clause 12. Process according to clause 11, wherein DMF, DMSO, 1,2-dimethoxy ethane or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is used as solvent.
Clause 13. Process according to clause 11, wherein acetonitrile is used as solvent.
Clause 14. Process according to any of one of clauses 11 to 13, wherein the heat treatment is carried under reflux.
Clause 15. Process according to any of one of clauses 11 to 14, wherein the synthesis is carried out under normal pressure (1 atm) or increased pressure.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| RM2014A000694 | Nov 2014 | IT | national |
This Application is a National Phase Application of PCT/EP2015/077695, filed Nov. 25, 2015, which claims priority to Italian Application No. RM2014A000694, filed Nov. 28, 2014 each of which are incorporated herein by reference.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2015/077695 | 11/25/2015 | WO | 00 |
