Claims
- 1. An electrochromic system comprising: a first electrode disposed on a transparent or translucent substrate; a second electrode; an electrolyte; an electron donor in solution in the electrolyte; and a nanoporous-nanocrystalline film comprising a semiconducting metallic oxide having a redox chromophore adsorbed thereto, intermediate the first and second electrodes.
- 2. An electrochromic system according to claim 1, wherein the nanoporous-nanocrystalline film comprises a semiconducting metal oxide having a redox chromophore adsorbed thereto, wherein the redox chromophore comprises a compound of the formula
- 3. An electrochromic system according to claim 1, wherein the nanoporous-nanocrystalline film comprises a semiconducting metal oxide having a redox chromophore adsorbed thereto, wherein the redox chromophore comprises a compound of the formula
- 4. An electrochromic system according to claim 1, wherein the nanoporous-nanocrystalline film comprises a semiconducting metal oxide having a redox chromophore adsorbed thereto, wherein the redox chromophore comprises a compound of the formula
- 5. The electrochromic system according to claim 1, where m is 1 or 2 and n is an integer of from 1 to 5 .
- 6. An electrochromic system according to claim 1, wherein the nanoporous-nanocrystalline film comprises a semiconducting metal oxide having a redox chromophore adsorbed thereto, wherein the redox chromophore comprises a compound of the formula
- 7. An electrochromic system according to claim 1, wherein the nanoporous-nanocrystalline film comprises a semiconducting metal oxide having a redox chromophore adsorbed thereto, wherein the redox chromophore comprises a compound of the formula
- 8. An electrochromic system according to claim 1, wherein the semiconducting metallic oxide of the nanoporous-nanocrystalline film is an oxide of a metal selected from titanium, zirconium, hafnium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, silver, zinc, strontium, (Fe2+ and Fe3+) and nickel and perovskites thereof, preferably TiO2, WO3, MoO3, ZnO or SnO2.
- 9. An electrochromic system according to claim 2, wherein the semiconducting metallic oxide of the nanoporous-nanocrystalline film is an oxide of a metal selected from titanium, zirconium, hafnium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, silver, zinc, strontium, iron (Fe2+ and Fe3+) and nickel and perovskites thereof, preferably TiO2, WO3, MoO3, ZnO or SnO2.
- 10. An electrochromic system according to claim 3, wherein the semiconducting metallic oxide of the nanoporous-nanocrystalline film is an oxide of a metal selected from titanium, zirconium, hafnium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, silver, zinc, strontium, iron (Fe2+ and Fe3+) and nickel and perovskites thereof, preferably TiO2, WO3, MoO3, ZnO or SnO2.
- 11. An electrochromic system according to claim 4, wherein the semiconducting metallic oxide of the nanoporous-nanocrystalline film is an oxide of a metal selected from titanium, zirconium, hafnium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, silver, zinc, strontium, iron (Fe2+ and Fe3+) and nickel and perovskites thereof, preferably TiO2, WO3, MoO3, ZnO or SnO2.
- 12. An electrochromic system according to claim 1, wherein the electrolyte is in liquid form, preferably comprising at least one electrochemically inert salt optionally in molten form or in solution in a solvent, the salt preferably being selected from hexafluorophosphate, bis-trifluoromethanesulfonate, bis-trifluoromethyl-sulfonylamidure, tetraalkylammonium, dialkyl-1,3-imidazolium and lithium perchlorate or a mixture thereof and/or is a salt in molten form selected from trifluoromethanesulfonate, 1-ethyl, 3-methyl imidazolium bis-trifluoromethyl-sulfonylamidure and 1-propyl-dimethyl imidazolium bis-trifluoromethyl-sulfonylamidure or a mixture thereof, preferably lithium perchlorate; and/or the solvent is selected from acetonitrile, butyronitrile, glutaronitrile, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, N-methyloxazolidinone, dimethyl-tetrahydropyrimidinone and γ-butyrolactone or a mixture thereof.
- 13. An electrochromic system according to claim 2, wherein the electrolyte is in liquid form, preferably comprising at least one electrochemically inert salt optionally in molten form or in solution in a solvent, the salt preferably being selected from hexafluorophosphate, bis-trifluoromethanesulfonate, bis-trifluoromethyl-sulfonylamidure, tetraalkylammonium, dialkyl-1,3-imidazolium and lithium perchlorate or a mixture thereof and/or is a salt in molten form selected from trifluoromethanesulfonate, 1-ethyl, 3-methyl imidazolium bis-trifluoromethyl-sulfonylamidure and 1-propyl-dimethyl imidazolium bis-trifluoromethyl -sulfonylamidure or a mixture thereof, preferably lithium perchlorate; and/or the solvent is selected from acetonitrile, butyronitrile, glutaronitrile, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, N-methyloxazolidinone, dimethyl-tetrahydropyrimidinone and γ-butyrolactone or a mixture thereof.
- 14. An electrochromic system according to claim 3, wherein the electrolyte is in liquid form, preferably comprising at least one electrochemically inert salt optionally in molten form or in solution in a solvent, the salt preferably being selected from hexafluorophosphate, bis-trifluoromethanesulfonate, bis-trifluoromethyl-sulfonylamidure, tetraalkylammonium, dialkyl-1,3-imidazolium and lithium perchlorate or a mixture thereof and/or is a salt in molten form selected from trifluoromethanesulfonate, 1-ethyl, 3-methyl imidazolium bis-trifluoromethyl-sulfonylamidure and 1-propyl-dimethyl imidazolium bis-trifluoromethyl -sulfonylamidure or a mixture thereof, preferably lithium perchlorate; and/or the solvent is selected from acetonitrile, butyronitrile, glutaronitrile, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, N-methyloxazolidinone, dimethyl-tetrahydropyrimidinone and γ-butyrolactone or a mixture thereof.
- 15. An electrochromic system according to claim 4, wherein the electrolyte is in liquid form, preferably comprising at least one electrochemically inert salt optionally in molten form or in solution in a solvent, the salt preferably being selected from hexafluorophosphate, bis-trifluoromethanesulfonate, bis-trifluoromethyl-sulfonylamidure, tetraalkylammonium, dialkyl-1,3-imidazolium and lithium perchlorate or a mixture thereof and/or is a salt in molten form selected from trifluoromethanesulfonate, 1-ethyl,3-methyl imidazolium bis-trifluoromethyl-sulfonylamidure and 1-propyl-dimethyl imidazolium bis-trifluoromethyl -sulfonylamidure or a mixture thereof, preferably lithium perchlorate; and/or the solvent is selected from acetonitrile, butyronitrile, glutaronitrile, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, N-methyloxazolidinone, dimethyl-tetrahydropyrimidinone and γ-butyrolactone or a mixture thereof.
- 16. An electrochromic system according to claim 1, wherein the electrolyte is in liquid form and/or the electron donor is a metallocene or a derivative thereof, preferably ferrocene.
- 17. An electrochromic system according to claim 2, wherein the electrolyte is in liquid form and/or the electron donor is a metallocene or a derivative thereof, preferably ferrocene.
- 18. An electrochromic system according to claim 3 wherein the electrolyte is in liquid form and/or the electron donor is a metallocene or a derivative thereof, preferably ferrocene.
- 19. An electrochromic system according to claim 4, wherein the electrolyte is in liquid form and/or the electron donor is a metallocene or a derivative thereof, preferably ferrocene.
Priority Claims (1)
Number |
Date |
Country |
Kind |
S970082 |
Feb 1997 |
IE |
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CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/952,867, filed Sep. 12, 2001, which is a continuation of U.S. Pat. No. 6,301,038, issued Oct. 9, 2001, which was based on a International application No. PCT/IE98/00008, with an international filing date Feb. 6, 1998, having a priority based on Irish patent application no. S970082, filed Feb. 6, 1997.
Divisions (1)
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Number |
Date |
Country |
Parent |
09952867 |
Sep 2001 |
US |
Child |
10425349 |
Apr 2003 |
US |
Continuations (1)
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Number |
Date |
Country |
Parent |
09367024 |
Oct 1999 |
US |
Child |
09952867 |
Sep 2001 |
US |