Electrode composite material, method for making the same, and lithium ion battery using the same

Abstract

An anode composite material includes an anode active material particle having a surface and a continuous aluminum phosphate layer. The continuous aluminum phosphate layer is coated on the surface of the anode active material particle. The present disclosure also relates to a lithium ion battery that includes the cathode composite material.

Description

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to electrode active materials used in rechargeable lithium ion batteries and, particularly, to an electrode composite material, a method for making the same, and a rechargeable lithium ion battery using the same.

2. Description of Related Art

A common method to improve the properties of cathode active materials of lithium batteries is to treat the surface of the materials. For example, compared to untreated LiFePO₄, the carbon coated LiFePO₄ particles has improved conductivity. In another example, research has shown that composite material having AlPO₄ coated LiCoO₂ has a relatively high thermodynamic stability.

The method for forming the composite material includes preparing an amount of dispersed small AlPO₄ particles in water, adding large LiCoO₂ particles in the water having the small AlPO₄ particles. The small AlPO₄ particles adhere to the surface of the large LiCoO₂ particles. The water is then evaporated and the LiCoO₂ particles with the AlPO₄ particles absorbed thereon are heated at about 700° C. to form the composite material.

However, AlPO₄ is insoluble in water. Therefore, in the above method, small AlPO₄ particles may not disperse sufficiently in the water and could aggregate together. Further, when a large amount of the LiCoO₂ particles is added in the water, the LiCoO₂ particles added earlier in time will absorb the majority of the AlPO₄ particles in the water, and the subsequently added LiCoO₂ particles may not have enough AlPO₄ particles to absorb. The uneven absorption occurs most often when adding a relatively large amount of LiCoO₂ particles, which is a problem for industrialization of this composite material. Furthermore, even though it may appear that the LiCoO₂ is coated well, a microscopic view of the AlPO₄ may show that the small particles coated on the surface of the LiCoO₂ large particle do not form a uniform AlPO₄ substance layer. Accordingly, the lithium ion battery using the composite material formed by the above method in the cathode electrode has a low cycling stability, especially in industry use.

What is needed, therefore, is to provide an electrode composite material having a uniform protective layer coated on the electrode active materials, a method for making the same, and a lithium ion battery using the same.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

Many aspects of the present disclosure can be better understood with reference to the following drawings. The components in the drawings are not necessarily to scale, the emphasis instead being placed upon clearly illustrating the principles of the present embodiments.

FIG. 1 is a view of an embodiment of an electrode composite material of a lithium ion battery.

FIG. 2 shows a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image of an embodiment of AlPO₄ coated LiCoO2 particles.

FIG. 3 shows a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) image of an embodiment of a AlPO₄ coated LiCoO₂ particle surface.

FIG. 4 shows a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image on high magnification of a comparative example of AlPO₄ coated LiCoO₂ particles.

FIG. 5 shows a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image on low magnification of the comparative example of AlPO₄ coated LiCoO₂ particles.

FIG. 6 is a graph comparing cycle performance testing results of half cells using the cathode electrode including AlPO₄ coated LiCoO₂ particles in Examples 1-4.

FIG. 7 is a graph comparing cycle performance testing results of half cells using the cathode electrode including AlPO₄ coated LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ particles in Example 6 and uncoated LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ particles.

FIG. 8 is a graph showing a cycle performance testing result of a half cell using the cathode electrode including AlPO₄ coated LiNi_1/3CO_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ particles in Example 9 charged to 4.2V.

FIG. 9 is a graph showing a cycle performance testing result of a half cell using the cathode electrode including AlPO₄ coated LiNi_1/3CO_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ particles in Example 9 charged to 4.3V.

FIG. 10 is a graph showing a cycle performance testing result of a half cell using the cathode electrode including AlPO₄ coated LiNi_1/3CO_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ particles in Example 9 charged to 4.4V.

FIG. 11 is a graph showing a cycle performance testing result of a half cell using the cathode electrode including AlPO₄ coated LiNi_1/3CO_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ particles in Example 9 charged to 4.5V.

FIG. 12 is a graph showing a cycle performance testing result of a half cell using the cathode electrode including AlPO₄ coated LiNi_1/3CO_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ particles in Example 9 charged to 4.6V.

FIG. 13 is a graph showing a cycle performance testing result of a half cell using the cathode electrode including AlPO₄ coated LiNi_1/3CO_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ particles in Example 9 charged to 4.7V.

FIG. 14 is a graph showing cycle performance testing results of half cells using the cathode electrode including AlPO₄ coated LiCoO₂ particles in Comparative Example 1 and uncoated LiCoO₂ particles.

FIG. 15 is a graph showing a cycle performance testing result of a half cell using the cathode electrode including uncoated LiNi_1/3CO_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ particles charged to 4.2V.

FIG. 16 is a graph showing a cycle performance testing result of a half cell using the cathode electrode including uncoated LiNi_1/3CO_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ particles charged to 4.3V.

FIG. 17 is a graph showing a cycle performance testing result of a half cell using the cathode electrode including uncoated LiNi_1/3CO_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ particles charged to 4.4V.

FIG. 18 is a graph showing a cycle performance testing result of a half cell using the cathode electrode including uncoated LiNi_1/3CO_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ particles charged to 4.5V.

FIG. 19 is a graph showing a cycle performance testing result of a half cell using the cathode electrode including uncoated LiNi_1/3CO_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ particles charged to 4.6V.

FIG. 20 is a graph showing a cycle performance testing result of a half cell using the cathode electrode including uncoated LiNi_1/3CO_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ particles charged to 4.7V.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The disclosure is illustrated by way of example and not by way of limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings in which like references indicate similar elements. It should be noted that references to “another,” “an,” or “one” embodiment in this disclosure are not necessarily to the same embodiment, and such references mean at least one.

Referring to FIG. 1, one embodiment of an electrode composite material 10 of a lithium ion battery includes an electrode active material particle 12 and an AlPO₄ layer 14 coated on a surface of the electrode active material particle 12. A mass percentage of the AlPO₄ layer 14 to the electrode composite material 10 can be in a range from about 0.1% to about 3%. A thickness of the AlPO₄ layer 14 can be in a range from about 5 nanometers (nm) to about 20 nm. The AlPO₄ layer 14 is an in situ formed layer on the surface of the electrode active material particle 12, and is a continuous material layer of AlPO₄ having a uniform thickness. Further, the interfacial diffusion may occur at the interface between the AlPO₄ layer 14 and the electrode active material particle 12, and transition metal atoms of the electrode active material particle 12 may diffuse into the AlPO₄ layer 14.

In one embodiment, the electrode composite material 10 is a cathode composite material. The cathode composite material includes a plurality of cathode composite particles. One cathode composite particle includes a cathode active material particle as the electrode active material particle 12 and an AlPO₄ layer 14 coated on a surface of the cathode active material particle.

In another embodiment, the electrode composite material 10 is an anode composite material. The anode composite material includes a plurality of anode composite particles. One anode composite particle includes an anode active material particle as the electrode active material particle 12 and an AlPO₄ layer 14 coated on a surface of the anode active material particle.

The cathode active material particle can be spinel type lithium manganese oxide, olivine type lithium iron phosphate, layered type lithium manganese oxide, layered type lithium nickel oxide, layered type lithium cobalt oxide, layered type lithium nickel manganese oxide, layered type lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide, or any combination thereof. The lithium transition metal oxide can be doped or undoped.

The layered type lithium nickel oxide can be represented by a chemical formula of Li_xNi_1−yL_yO₂ (1). The layered type lithium cobalt oxide can be represented by a chemical formula of Li_xCo_1−yL_yO₂ (2). The layered type lithium manganese oxide can be represented by a chemical formula of Li_xMn_1−yL_yO₂ (3). The olivine type lithium iron phosphate can be represented by a chemical formula of Li_xFe_1−yL_yPO₂ (4). The layered type lithium nickel manganese oxide can be represented by a chemical formula of Li_xNi_0.5+z−aMn_1.5−z−bL_aR_bO₄ (5). The layered type lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide can be represented by a chemical formula of Li_xNi_cCo_dMn_eL_fO₂ (6). The spinel type lithium manganese oxide can be represented by a chemical formula of Li_xMn_2−iL_iO₄ (7). In the aforementioned chemical formulas (1) through (7), 0.1≦x≦1.1, 0≦y<1, 0≦z<1.5, 0≦a−z<0.5, 0≦b+z<1.5, 0<c<1, 0<d<1, 0<e<1, 0≦f≦0.2, c+d+e+f=1, and 0≦i<2. M and R represent at least one of the chemical elements of alkali metal elements, alkaline-earth metal elements, Group-13 elements, Group-14 elements, transition metal elements, and rare-earth elements. In one embodiment, L and R represent at least one of the chemical elements of manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), vanadium (V), titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), gallium (Ga), neodymium (Nd), and magnesium (Mg). In one embodiment, 0≦z<0.1. In another embodiment, 0.1<y<0.5.

The anode active material particle can be lithium titanate, graphite, acetylene black, organic cracking carbon, mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB), or any combination thereof. More specifically, the lithium titanate can be doped or undoped spinel lithium titanate. The undoped lithium titanate can be represented by a chemical formula of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂. The doped lithium titanate can be represented by a chemical formula of Li_(4−g)A_gTi₅O₁₂ (8) or Li₄A_hTi_(5−h)O₁₂ (9), wherein 0<g≦0.33 and 0<h≦0.5. In the formulas (8) and (9), A represents at least one of the chemical elements of alkali metal elements, alkaline-earth metal elements, Group-13 elements, Group-14 elements, transition metal elements, and rare-earth elements. In one embodiment, A represents at least one of the chemical elements of Mn, Ni, Cr, Co, V, Ti, Al, Fe, Ga, Nd, and Mg.

In one embodiment, the material of the electrode active material particle 12 can be layered type lithium cobalt oxide (Li_xCoO₂), layered type lithium manganese oxide (Li_xMnO₂), or olivine type lithium iron phosphate (Li_xFePO₄). In another embodiment, the material of the electrode active material particle 12 can be represented by one of chemical formulas of LiNi_0.5Mm_1.5O₄, LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂, and LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂.

A diameter of the electrode active material particle 12 can be in a range from about 100 nanometers to about 100 microns. In one embodiment, the diameter of the electrode active material particle 12 can be in a range from about 1 micron to about 20 microns.

One embodiment of a method for preparing the electrode composite material 10 of the lithium ion battery includes steps of:

• • S1, providing an aluminum nitrate (Al(NO₃)₃) solution;
  • S2, introducing a plurality of electrode active material particles 12 into the Al(NO₃)₃ solution, and mixing the plurality of electrode active material particles 12 with the Al(NO₃)₃ solution to form a mixture;
  • S3, adding a phosphate solution into the mixture to react with the Al(NO₃)₃ solution and form an aluminum phosphate layer on surfaces of the electrode active material particles 12; and
  • S4, heat treating the electrode active material particles 12 with the aluminum phosphate layer formed on the surfaces thereof.

The Al(NO₃)₃ solution includes liquid phase solvent and Al(NO₃)₃ dissolved in the solvent. The solvent can dissolve the Al(NO₃)₃, dissociating the Al(NO₃)₃ into Al³⁺and NO₃⁻. Therefore, the solvent is not limited to water, and can be other volatile organic solvent. In one embodiment, the solvent can be at least one of ethanol, acetone, chloroform, diethyl ether, dichloromethane, and ethylidene chloride. A reaction may occur between the electrode active material particles 12 and the water thereby deteriorating the performance of the electrode active material particles 12. The organic solvent may avoid this unwanted reaction.

In the step S2, the electrode active material particles 12 cannot be dissolved in the Al(NO₃)₃ solution. A mixing of the electrode active material particles 12 and the Al(NO₃)₃ solution forms a mixture containing both liquid phase and solid phase. In the mixture, a layer of Al³⁺is uniformly coated on the surface of the electrode active material particle 12. The Al³⁺ions can be uniformly adhered to the surface of the electrode active material particle 12 to form a coating layer at the atomic level. Further, the amount of the electrode active material particles 12 introduced to the Al(NO₃)₃ solution can be controlled according to the amount of the Al³⁺ions in the Al(NO₃)₃ solution, such that the amount of the Al³⁺ions is just sufficient to coat all the surfaces of the electrode active material particles 12. The mixture can be pasty. The pasty mixture is formed when the amount of the Al(NO₃)₃ solution is just enough to coat the entire surfaces of the electrode active material particles 12. The pasty mixture can be formed by controlling a volumetric ratio of the Al(NO₃)₃ solution and the electrode active material particles 12. In one embodiment, the volumetric ratio of the Al(NO₃)₃ solution and the electrode active material particles 12 can be in a range from about 1:10 to about 1:40. A diameter of the electrode active material particles 12 can be smaller than 20 microns. The amount of the Al(NO₃)₃ in the mixture can be determined from the amount of the aluminum phosphate layer to be formed on the surface of the electrode active material particles 12. In one embodiment, a mass percentage of the aluminum phosphate layer in the electrode composite material 10 can be in a range from about 0.1% to about 3%.

In the step S3, the phosphate solution includes a liquid phase solvent (e.g., water), and a phosphate that can dissolve in the solvent. The phosphate can be monoammonium phosphate (NH₄H₂PO₄), diammonium phosphate ((NH₄)₂HPO₄), ammonium phosphate ((NH₄)₃PO₄), phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄), or combinations thereof. The phosphate solution can include phosphate radical ions such as phosphate ion (PO₄³⁻), dihydrogen phosphate ion (H₂PO₄⁻), hydrogen phosphate ion (HPO₄²⁻), and combinations thereof, dissociated from the phosphate. The phosphate solution is added to the pasty mixture and the phosphate radical ions react with the Al³⁺located about the surface of the electrode active material particle 12. Thus, a uniform aluminum phosphate layer can be formed on the surface of the electrode active material particle 12 in situ. In one embodiment, the phosphate solution can be added to the pasty mixture drop by drop, while stirring the mixture, to react the phosphate radical ions entirely and evenly with the Al³⁺on the surface of the electrode active material particle 12. Similar to the AlPO₄ solution, the amount of the phosphate solution can be determined from the amount of the aluminum phosphate layer to be formed on the surface of the electrode active material particle 12.

In the step S4, the heat treating step can firmly combine the aluminum phosphate layer and the electrode active material particle 12 at the interfaces therebetween, to form the electrode composite material. Meanwhile, the residual solvent and other reacting products (e.g. ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃)) can be removed from the final product. In addition, interface diffusion between the aluminum phosphate layer and the electrode active material particle 12 may be occurred during the heat treating. The transition metal atoms of the electrode active material particle 12 may be diffused into the aluminum phosphate layer. The heat treating temperature can be in a range from about 400° C. to about 800° C. A heat treating time period can be in a range from about 0.5 hours to about 2 hours.

In the method, the electrode active material particles 12 are previously introduced to the Al(NO₃)₃ solution, and then the phosphate is added to react with the Al³⁺on the surfaces of the electrode active material particles 12, to in situ form the AlPO₄ layer coated on the electrode active material particles 12. The liquid phase of Al(NO₃)₃ solution is mixed with the solid phase of electrode active material particles 12. Therefore, the Al³⁺can be uniformly coated on the surfaces of the electrode active material particles 12. Accordingly, the in situ formed aluminum phosphate layer can also be uniformly coated on the surfaces of the electrode active material particles 12. Instead of forming the AlPO₄ particles and then absorbing the AlPO₄ particles by the surfaces of the electrode active material particles 12, the present method avoids the uneven absorption between the solid phase of AlPO₄ and the solid phase of electrode active material particles 12. Therefore, the present method avoids an uneven coating of the electrode active material particles 12. By using the method, the AlPO₄ layer 14 can coat a single electrode active material particle 12, and each of the electrode active material particles 12 that is subsequently introduced can have the AlPO₄ layer 14 coated on the surface thereof. Thus, the method is suitable for industrialization. In addition, the in situ formed AlPO₄ layer 14 is an integrated and continuous material layer having uniform thickness, not just a plurality of AlPO₄ particles joined together. In the lithium ion battery, the AlPO₄ layer 14 can prevent an electron migration between the electrolyte and the electrode active material particles 12 and allow the lithium ions to pass therethrough. Thus, the side reaction during the charge and discharge of the lithium ion battery between the electrolyte and the electrode active material particles 12 can be suppressed. Therefore, the electrode composite material has improved chemical and thermal stabilities, even at a relatively high or low charge/discharge voltage, or a high rate.

One embodiment of a lithium ion battery includes a cathode, an anode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte disposed between the cathode and the anode. The cathode electrode includes a cathode current collector and a cathode material layer disposed on a surface of the cathode current collector. The anode electrode includes an anode current collector and an anode material layer disposed on a surface of the anode current collector.

In one embodiment, the cathode material layer can include at least one of the aforementioned cathode composite materials, a conductive agent, and a binder. In another embodiment, the anode material layer can include at least one of the aforementioned anode composite materials, a conductive agent, and a binder. The conductive agent can be at least one of acetylene black, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, and graphite. The binder can be at least one of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). The non-aqueous electrolyte can be a solid film or a solution including a lithium salt dissolved in an organic solvent. The lithium salt may be at least one of LiPF₆, LiBOB, LiBF₄, LiSbF₆, LiAsF₆, LiClO₄, LiCF₃SO₃, Li(CF₃SO₂)₂N, LiC₄F₉SO₃, LiSbF₆, LiAlO₄, LiAlCl₄, LiCl, and LiI. The organic solvent can be a cyclic carbonate and linear carbonate, and can be at least one of ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), and dimethyl carbonate (DMC). The lithium ion battery can further include a porous membrane or a separator located between the cathode electrode and the anode electrode. The material of the separator can be polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene (PE). The lithium ion battery can further include an exterior encapsulating structure such as a hard battery case or a soft encapsulating bag. The lithium ion battery can further include a connecting component achieving an electrical connection between the current collector of the lithium ion battery and the external circuit.

EXAMPLES

Cathode Composite Material

Example 1

In Example 1, the cathode composite material is an AlPO₄-LiCoO₂ composite material including LiCoO₂ particles and an AlPO₄ layer 14 coated on a surface of each of the LiCoO₂ particles. The mass percentage of the AlPO₄ layer in the cathode composite material is about 1%.

In the method of preparing the cathode composite material, Al(NO₃)₃ is dissolved in ethanol to form the Al(NO₃)₃ solution. 100 g of LiCoO₂ particles is introduced to the 30 mL and 0.16 mol/L of Al(NO₃)₃ solution, and stirred to form a pasty mixture. Water solution of (NH₄)₂HPO₄ is added to the pasty mixture drop by drop. Then, the mixture is uniformly stirred until the AlPO₄ is totally precipitated on the surfaces of the LiCoO₂ particles. The LiCoO₂ particles coated by the AlPO₄ layer are heated at about 400° C. Referring to FIG. 2 of the SEM photo, in the product, the AlPO₄ layer is uniformly coated on the surface of the LiCoO₂ particle. Referring to FIG. 3 of the TEM photo, the AlPO₄ layer formed is a material layer having uniform thickness coated on the surface of the LiCoO₂ particle.

Example 2

In Example 2, the cathode composite material is an AlPO₄-LiCoO₂ composite material prepared in the same method as in Example 1, except for heating the LiCoO₂ particles coated by the AlPO₄ layer at about 500° C.

Example 3

In Example 3, the cathode composite material is an AlPO₄-LiCoO₂ composite material prepared in the same method as in Example 1, except for heating the LiCoO₂ particles coated by the AlPO₄ layer at about 600° C.

Example 4

In Example 4, the cathode composite material is an AlPO₄-LiCoO₂ composite material prepared in the same method as in Example 1, except that the mass percentage of the AlPO₄ layer in the cathode composite material is about 1.5% and the LiCoO₂ particles coated by the AlPO₄ layer are heated at about 600° C.

Example 5

In Example 5, the cathode composite material is an AlPO₄-LiMn₂O₄ composite material including LiMn₂O₄ particles and an AlPO₄ layer 14 coated on a surface of each of the LiMn₂O₄ particles. The AlPO₄-LiMn₂O₄ composite material is prepared in the same method as in Example 3, except that the LiCoO₂ particles in Example 3 are replaced by the LiMn₂O₄ particles.

Example 6

In Example 6, the cathode composite material is an AlPO₄-LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ composite material including LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ particles and an AlPO₄ layer 14 coated on a surface of each of the LiNi_0.5Mm_1.5O₄ particles. The AlPO₄-LiNi_0.5Mm_1.5O₄ composite material is prepared in the same method as in Example 3, except that the LiCoO₂ particles in Example 3 are replaced by the LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ particles, and the mass percentage of the AlPO₄ layer in the cathode composite material is about 0.5%.

Example 7

In Example 7, the cathode composite material is an AlPO₄-LiNiO₂ composite material including LiNiO₂ particles and an AlPO₄ layer 14 coated on a surface of each of the LiNiO₂ particles. The AlPO₄—LiNiO₂ composite material is prepared in the same method as in Example 4, except that the LiCoO₂ particles in Example 4 are replaced by the LiNiO₂ particles.

Example 8

In Example 8, the cathode composite material is an AlPO₄-LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂ composite material including LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂ particles and an AlPO₄ layer 14 coated on a surface of each of the LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂ particles. The AlPO₄-LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂ composite material is prepared in the same method as in Example 4, except that the LiCoO₂ particles in Example 4 are replaced by the LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂ particles.

Example 9

In Example 9, the cathode composite material is an AlPO₄-LiNi_1/3CO_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ composite material including LiNi_1/3CO_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ particles and an AlPO₄ layer 14 coated on a surface of each of the LiNi_1/3CO_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ particles. The AlPO₄-LiNi_1/3CO_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ composite material is prepared in the same method as in Example 3, except that the LiCoO₂ particles in Example 3 are replaced by the LiNi_1/3CO_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ particles.

Anode Composite Material

Example 10

In Example 10, the anode composite material is an AlPO₄-Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ composite material including Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ particles and an AlPO₄ layer 14 coated on a surface of each of the Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ particles. The AlPO₄-Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ composite material is prepared in the same method as in Example 4, except that the LiCoO₂ particles in Example 4 are replaced by the Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ particles.

Comparative Example 1

In Comparative Example 1, a comparative cathode composite material is prepared by using a conventional method. In the method, a water solution of (NH₄)₂HPO₄ and a water solution of Al(NO₃)₃ are mixed together and stirred to form a mixture including a plurality of small AlPO₄ particles dispersed in water. LiCoO₂ particles are added to the mixture, and the AlPO₄ particles are absorbed to the surfaces of the LiCoO₂ particles. The LiCoO₂ particles having the AlPO₄ particles absorbed thereon are filtered and heated at about 600° C., to form the comparative cathode composite material. Referring to FIG. 4 and FIG. 5, in the product, the AlPO₄ is in a particle shape aggregated on the surface of the LiCoO₂ particle. The AlPO₄ particles are aggregated together, and the coating is not uniform.

Comparative Example 2

In Comparative Example 2, a comparative cathode composite material is prepared in the same method as in Comparative Example 1, except that the LiCoO₂ particles in the Comparative Example 1 are replaced by the LiMn₂O₄ particles.

Comparative Examples 3 and 4

In the Comparative Examples 3 and 4, a comparative cathode composite material is prepared in the same method as in Comparative Example 1, except that the LiCoO₂ particles in Comparative Example 1 are respectively replaced by the LiNiO₂ and LiNi_0.8CO_0.15Al_0.05O₂ particles.

Comparative Example 5

In Comparative Example 5, a comparative anode composite material is prepared in the same method as in Comparative Example 1, except that the LiCoO₂ particles in Comparative Example 1 are replaced by the Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ particles.

Electrochemical Experiment 1

A half cell is assembled by using the cathode composite material formed in Example 1. The cathode composite material formed in Example 1, acetylene carbon black as a conductive agent, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a binder are mixed in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) in a mass ratio of about 90:5:5, to form a slurry. The slurry was applied to the surface of an aluminum foil and dried at about 100° C. to remove NMP, and achieve the cathode electrode. The anode electrode is lithium metal. 1 mol/L LiPF₆/EC+DEC (1:1) is used as an electrolyte solution. The separator is a porous polypropylene film. The assembled half cell is cycled at a current of about 0.5 C (C-rate) between a discharge cut-off voltage of 2.7V and a charge cut-off voltage of 4.5V at room temperature.

Electrochemical Experiment 2-4

Three half cells are assembled and cycled according to the same conditions as in the Electrochemical Experiment 1, except that the cathode composite material formed in Example 1 is respectively replaced by the cathode composite materials in Examples 2-4.

Referring to FIG. 6, the half cells of Examples 1-4 all use uniformly coated LiCoO₂ particles with AlPO₄ layer as the cathode active material, and have relatively high capacity in and capacity retention (i.e., capacity maintenance rate). After 50 cycles, the capacity retentions of the half cells are all above 90%, and the capacities are in a range from about 160 mAh/g to about 175 mAh/g. The half cell having the higher heat treating temperature has a higher capacity. However, the change in mass percentage of the AlPO₄ layer in the cathode composite material from 1% to 1.5% did not have much effect to the capacity of the half cell. The AlPO₄ layer modifies the surface structure of the LiCoO₂, provides a lithium intercalation/deintercalation platform, and works as a barrier layer to suppress the chemical reaction between Co⁴⁺and the electrolyte. Thus, the AlPO₄ layer improves the stability of the LiCoO₂, and the cycling performance of the lithium ion battery is improved.

Electrochemical Experiment 5

A half cell is assembled according to the same conditions as in Electrochemical Experiment 1, except that the cathode composite material formed in Example 1 is replaced by the cathode composite material in Example 5. The half cell has a relatively high capacity and capacity retention at both room temperature and a relatively high temperature (e.g., from about 15° C. to about 60° C.). The half cell is cycled at a current of about 0.2 C(C-rate) between a discharge cut-off voltage of 3V and a charge cut-off voltage of 4.2V at about 55° C. After 50 cycles, the capacity retentions of the half cell are above 90%, and the capacity is about 125 mAh/g.

Electrochemical Experiment 6

A half cell is assembled according to the same conditions as in Electrochemical Experiment 1, except that the cathode composite material formed in Example 1 is replaced by the cathode composite material in Example 6. The half cell is cycled at a current of 0.2 C(C-rate) between a discharge cut-off voltage of 3V and a charge cut-off voltage of 5V at about room temperature. After 50 cycles, the capacity retentions of the half cell are above 95%, and the capacity is about 138 mAh/g. Referring to FIG. 7, the half cell is cycled at a current of about 1 C(C-rate) between 3V and 5V at about room temperature. After 50 cycles, the capacity retentions of the half cell are still above 95%, and the capacity is about 132 mAh/g.

Electrochemical Experiment 7

A half cell is assembled according to the same conditions as in Electrochemical Experiment 1, except that the cathode composite material formed in Example 1 is replaced by the cathode composite material in Example 7. The half cell is cycled at a current of about 0.5 C(C-rate) between a discharge cut-off voltage of 2.5V and a charge cut-off voltage of 4.5V at about room temperature. After 50 cycles, the capacity retentions of the half cell are above 85%, and the capacity is about 150 mAh/g.

Electrochemical Experiment 8

A half cell is assembled according to the same conditions as in Electrochemical Experiment 1, except that the cathode composite material formed in Example 1 is replaced by the cathode composite material in Example 8. The half cell is cycled at a current of about 0.5 C(C-rate) between a discharge cut-off voltage of 3.75V and a charge cut-off voltage of 4.5V at about room temperature. After 50 cycles, the capacity retentions of the half cell are above 91%, and the capacity is about 140 mAh/g.

Electrochemical Experiments 9 to 14

Six same half cells are assembled according to the same conditions as in Electrochemical Experiment 1, except that the cathode composite material formed in Example 1 is replaced by the cathode composite material in Example 9. The half cells are cycled 100 times at a current of about 1 C(C-rate) at about room temperature. Experiment results of the charge and discharge voltage conditions and the capacity retentions are shown in Table 1 and FIGS. 8-13.

TABLE 1
Electro-
chemical			Discharge
Experiment	Corresponding	Charge Cut-off	Cut-off	Capacity
Number	Figure	Voltage (V)	Voltage (V)	Retention
9	FIG. 8	4.2	2.7	96.8%
10	FIG. 9	4.3	2.7	81.9%
11	FIG. 10	4.4	2.7	84%
12	FIG. 11	4.5	2.7	91.96%
13	FIG. 12	4.6	2.7	90.6%
14	FIG. 13	4.7	2.7	77.64%

As shown in Table 1, by charging to different voltages, the half cells all can have a relatively acceptable capacity retention at the current of 1 C. The capacity retention is about 90.6% when the half cell is charged to 4.6V which is a relatively high charge voltage.

Electrochemical Experiment 15

A half cell is assembled according to the same conditions as in Electrochemical Experiment 1, except that the cathode composite material formed in Example 1 is replaced by the anode composite material in Example 10. The half cell has a relatively high capacity and capacity retention at both room temperature and a relatively high temperature (e.g., from about 15° C. to about 60° C.). The half cell is cycled at a current of about 0.1 C(C-rate) between a discharge cut-off voltage of 0.8V and a charge cut-off voltage of 3V at about 55° C. After 50 cycles, the capacity retentions of the half cell are above 85%, and the capacity is about 160 mAh/g.

Comparative Experiment 1

A Half cell is assembled and cycled according to the same conditions as in Electrochemical Experiment 1, except that the cathode composite material formed in Example 1 is replaced by uncoated LiCoO₂ particles.

Comparative Experiment 2

A half cell is assembled and cycled according to the same conditions as in Electrochemical Experiment 1, except that the cathode composite material formed in Example 1 is replaced by the comparative cathode composite material in Comparative Example 1.

Referring to FIG. 14, the half cells of the comparative cathode composite material in Comparative Example 1 and the uncoated LiCoO₂ particles both have a rapid drop of capacity. After 50 cycles, the capacity retentions of the two half cells are both smaller than 85%. This is mainly because the uneven coating or uncoated LiCoO₂ is relatively unstable at relative high charge cut-off voltage (e.g., 4.5V). At the high charge cut-off voltage, the LiCoO₂ may have a side reaction with the electrolyte, to decrease the capacity.

Comparative Experiment 3

A half cell is assembled and cycled according to the same conditions as in the Electrochemical Experiment 5, except that the cathode composite material formed in Example 5 is replaced by the comparative cathode composite material in Comparative Example 2. The half cell is cycled at a current of about 0.2 C(C-rate) between a discharge cut-off voltage of 3V and a charge cut-off voltage of 4.2V at about 55° C. After 50 cycles, the capacity retentions of the half cell are below 85%.

Comparative Experiment 4

A half cell is assembled and cycled according to the same conditions as in Electrochemical Experiment 6, except that the cathode composite material formed in Example 6 is replaced by the uncoated LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ particles. Referring to FIG. 7, the half cell is cycled at a current of about 1 C(C-rate) between a discharge cut-off voltage of 3V and a charge cut-off voltage of 5V at room temperature. After 50 cycles, the capacity retentions of the half cell are about 85%, and the capacity is about 118 mAh/g.

Comparative Experiment 5

A half cell is assembled and cycled according to the same conditions as in Electrochemical Experiment 7, except that the cathode composite material formed in Example 7 is replaced by the comparative cathode composite material in Comparative Example 3. After 50 cycles, the capacity retentions of the half cell are below 85%.

Comparative Experiment 6

A half cell is assembled and cycled according to the same conditions as in Electrochemical Experiment 8, except that the cathode composite material formed in Example 8 is replaced by the comparative cathode composite material in Comparative Example 4. After 50 cycles, the capacity retentions of the half cell are below 85%.

Comparative Experiments 7 to 12

Six half cells are assembled and cycled according to the same conditions as in Electrochemical Experiments 9 to 14, except that the cathode composite material formed in Example 9 is replaced by the comparative cathode composite material in the uncoated LiNi_1/3CO_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ particles. The half cells are cycled 100 times at a current of about 1 C(C-rate) at about room temperature. Experiment results of the charge and discharge voltage conditions and the capacity retentions are shown in Table 2 and FIGS. 15-20

TABLE 2
Comparative			Discharge
Experiment	Corresponding	Charge Cut-off	Cut-off	Capacity
Number	Figure	Voltage (V)	Voltage (V)	Retention
7	FIG. 15	4.2	2.7	71.1%
8	FIG. 16	4.3	2.7	70.36%
9	FIG. 17	4.4	2.7	78.14%
10	FIG. 18	4.5	2.7	84.87%
11	FIG. 19	4.6	2.7	72.4%
12	FIG. 20	4.7	2.7	54.1%

Referring to FIGS. 15 to 20, when the charge cut-off voltages are relatively low (e.g., at 4.4V and 4.5V), the cycling curves are relatively smooth, and after 100 cycles, the capacity retentions are above 78%. However, when the charge cut-off voltages are increased (e.g., 4.6V and 4.7V), the capacities apparently drop, especially after 70 cycles. This may because the LiNi_1/3CO_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ particles are uncoated. When the half cell using the uncoated LiNi_1/3CO_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ particles is charged to a high voltage, the internal resistance increases, and the charge and discharge efficiency decreases, to decrease the capacity of the half cell.

Comparing experiment results of the half cells as shown in FIGS. 8 to 13 using the cathode composite material of Example 9 with FIGS. 15 to 20 using the uncoated LiNi_1/3CO_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ particles, under the same conditions, the half cells using the coated LiNi_1/3CO_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ particles has smoother cycling curves and higher capacity retentions than the half cells using the uncoated LiNi_1/3CO_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ particles.

Comparative Experiment 13

A half cell is assembled and cycled according to the same conditions as in Electrochemical Experiment 15, except that the cathode composite material formed in Example 10 is replaced by the comparative cathode composite material in Comparative Example 5. After 50 cycles, the capacity retentions of the half cell are below 85%.

Depending on the embodiment, certain steps of methods described may be removed, others may be added, and the sequence of steps may be altered. It is also to be understood that the description and the claims drawn to a method may include some indication in reference to certain steps. However, the indication used is only to be viewed for identification purposes and not as a suggestion as to an order for the steps.

Finally, it is to be understood that the above-described embodiments are intended to illustrate rather than limit the present disclosure. Variations may be made to the embodiments without departing from the spirit of the present disclosure as claimed. Elements associated with any of the above embodiments are envisioned to be associated with any other embodiments. The above-described embodiments illustrate the scope of the present disclosure but do not restrict the scope of the present disclosure.

Claims

1. An anode composite material comprising an anode active material particle and a continuous aluminum phosphate layer coated on a surface of the anode active material particle, wherein a material of the anode active material particle is lithium titanate, the continuous aluminum phosphate layer comprising transition metal atoms diffused from the material of the anode active material particle.

2. The anode composite material of claim 1, wherein the lithium titanate is undoped and represented by a chemical formula of Li4Ti5O12.

3. The anode composite material of claim 1, wherein the lithium titanate is doped and represented by a chemical formula of Li(4−g)AgTi5O12 or Li4AhTi(5−h)O12, wherein 021 g≦0.33 and 0<h≦0.5, and A represents at least one of the chemical elements of alkali metal elements, alkaline-earth metal elements, Group-13 elements, Group-14 elements, transition metal elements, and rare-earth elements.

4. The anode composite material of claim 3, wherein A represents at least one of the chemical elements of manganese, nickel, cobalt, chromium, vanadium, titanium, aluminum, iron, gallium, neodymium, and magnesium.

5. The anode composite material of claim 1, wherein a diameter of the anode active material particle is in a range from about 100 nanometers to about 100 microns.