This application claims priority to EPC Application No. 20174008.1, filed on May 12, 2020, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The invention relates to an electrode for potential acquisition of a surface and a method for manufacturing an electrode for potential acquisition of a surface.
Generally, in times of an increasing number of medical applications allowing for recording an electroencephalography (EEG), there is a growing need of an electrode for potential acquisition of a surface and a method for manufacturing an electrode for potential acquisition of a surface, which ensure a particularly high accuracy and efficiency.
US 2016/0120432 A1 relates to a sensor system and process for measuring electromagnetic activity of a brain. The system and process employ a sensor assembly having a plurality of electrodes arranged in a closely spaced arrangement and a processor to determine a weighted average of the signals indicative of an electric field generated by electromagnetic activity of the brain. The system provides a medical body area network of a subject including one or more of the sensor assemblies and one or more additional sensors, which may be within a smartphone or other wearable device. Disadvantageously, in accordance with said weighted average, a particularly high accuracy cannot be ensured.
Accordingly, there is an object to provide an electrode for potential acquisition of a surface and a method for manufacturing an electrode for potential acquisition of a surface, thereby ensuring a particularly high accuracy and efficiency with special respect to the potential acquisition.
This object is solved by the features of the first independent claim for an electrode for potential acquisition of a surface and the features of the second independent claim for a method for manufacturing an electrode for potential acquisition of a surface. The dependent claims contain further developments.
According to a first aspect of the invention, an electrode for potential acquisition of a surface is provided. The electrode comprises at least two pins for contacting the surface, and a local signal processing unit connected to at least one of the pins. In this context, the local signal processing unit is configured to perform signal processing operations with respect to the corresponding surface potential signal of the respective at least one pin. In addition to this, the local signal processing unit is directly integrated into the electrode. Advantageously, the potential acquisition of the surface can be done in a particularly high accurate and efficient manner.
According to a first preferred implementation form of the first aspect of the invention, the local signal processing unit comprises at least one amplifier. In this context, the at least one amplifier is configured to amplify the corresponding surface potential signal of the respective at least one pin. Advantageously, for instance, accuracy can further be increased.
According to a second preferred implementation form of the first aspect of the invention, the local signal processing unit comprises at least one analog-to-digital converter. In this context, the at least one analog-to-digital converter is configured to digitize the corresponding surface potential signal of the respective at least one pin or, especially in the case that the local signal processing unit comprises at least one amplifier, said signal after amplification. Advantageously, for example, efficiency can further be increased.
According to a further preferred implementation form of the first aspect of the invention, the local signal processing unit comprises a digital signal processor. In this context, the digital signal processor is configured to perform at least a part of the signal processing operations. Advantageously, for instance, flexibility can further be increased, thereby increasing efficiency.
According to a further preferred implementation form of the first aspect of the invention, the local signal processing unit comprises an analog signal processor. In this context, the analog signal processor is configured to perform at least a part of the signal processing operations.
Advantageously, for example, accuracy can further be increased.
According to a further preferred implementation form of the first aspect of the invention, the local signal processing unit comprises at least one impedance measurement unit. In this context, the at least one impedance measurement unit is configured to evaluate the corresponding contact quality between the surface and the electrode on the basis of the corresponding surface potential signal of the respective at least one pin. In the case that the local signal processing unit comprises at least one amplifier, said signal is considered after amplification. Advantageously, for instance, not only accuracy but also efficiency can be increased.
According to a further preferred implementation form of the first aspect of the invention, the at least one impedance measurement unit is configured to indicate the corresponding impedance range of the respective electrode-surface contact impedance especially in the form of at least one digital output. In this context, especially in the case that the local signal processing unit comprises a digital signal processor, said at least one digital output is preferably provided for the digital signal processor. Advantageously, for example, complexity can be reduced, which leads to an increased efficiency.
According to a further preferred implementation form of the first aspect of the invention, the local signal processing unit comprises a communication unit. In this context, the communication unit is configured to transmit the corresponding results of the signal processing operations to a back-end unit. Advantageously, for instance, efficiency can further be increased.
According to a further preferred implementation form of the first aspect of the invention, the communication unit is configured to receive configuration data for configuring the local signal processing unit especially from the back-end unit. Advantageously, for example, the local signal processing unit can be configured in a particularly flexible and efficient manner.
According to a further preferred implementation form of the first aspect of the invention, the respective communication with the aid of the communication unit is based on a wireline communication, preferably employing at least one of serial peripheral interface, inter-integrated circuit, or universal asynchronous receiver transmitter. In addition to this or as an alternative, the respective communication with the aid of the communication unit is based on a wireless communication, preferably employing at least one of Bluetooth, especially Bluetooth low energy, wireless local area network, or ZigBee. Advantageously, for instance, flexibility can further be increased, thereby also increasing efficiency.
According to a further preferred implementation form of the first aspect of the invention, at least one pin, being not connected to the local signal processing unit, is a passive pin, preferably a reference pin. Preferably, with respect to the corresponding surface potential signal the signal processing operations are not performed by the local signal processing unit. In addition to this or as an alternative, the at least one pin being connected to the local signal processing unit is an active pin, preferably a signal pin. Advantageously, for example, at least one reference can be provided in an accurate and efficient manner.
According to a further preferred implementation form of the first aspect of the invention, each of the at least two pins is connected to the local signal processing unit. In addition to this or as an alternative, a corresponding reference input of the at least one amplifier is common for the at least two pins. Further additionally or further alternatively, the local signal processing unit is configured to reconfigure the passive pin, especially the at least one passive pin, and the at least one active pin if a reference reconfiguration is required. Advantageously, for instance, efficiency can further be increased by increasing flexibility.
According to a further preferred implementation form of the first aspect of the invention, before each surface potential acquisition, the local signal processing unit is configured to perform at least one impedance measurement with the aid of the at least one impedance measurement unit on the at least one pin being connected to the local signal processing unit, preferably on each of the at least two pins. Advantageously, for example, accuracy can further be increased.
According to a further preferred implementation form of the first aspect of the invention, the surface is a skin, preferably human or animal skin. In addition to this or as an alternative, the electrode is used for recording an electroencephalography. Advantageously, for instance, both accuracy and efficiency can further be increased.
According to a second aspect of the invention, a method for manufacturing an electrode for potential acquisition of a surface is provided. The method comprises the steps of co-integrating at least two pins for contacting the surface and a local signal processing unit into the electrode, connecting the local signal processing unit to at least one of the pins, and configuring the local signal processing unit to perform signal processing operations with respect to the corresponding surface potential signal of the respective at least one pin. Advantageously, an electrode for potential acquisition of a surface can be manufactured in a particularly accurate and efficient manner.
Exemplary embodiments of the invention are now further explained with respect to the drawings by way of example only, and not for limitation. In the drawings:
With respect to
As it can be seen, the electrode 10 comprises at least two pins, exemplarily three pins 11a, 11b, 21, for contacting the surface, and a local signal processing unit 12 connected to at least one, exemplarily two 11a, 11b, of the pins. In this context, the local signal processing unit 12 is configured to perform signal processing operations with respect to the corresponding surface potential signal of the respective at least one pin, exemplarily of the respective two pins 11a, 11b. In addition to this, the local signal processing unit 12 is directly integrated into the electrode 10.
Furthermore, the local signal processing unit 12 comprises at least one amplifier, exemplarily two amplifiers 13a, 13b, preferably one amplifier per pin, especially per active pin. In this context, the at least one amplifier, exemplarily each of the two amplifiers 13a, 13b, is configured to amplify the corresponding surface potential signal of the respective at least one pin, exemplarily the respective two pins 11a, 11b.
Moreover, the local signal processing unit 12 comprises at least one analog-to-digital converter, exemplarily two analog-to-digital converters 14a, 14b, preferably one analog-to-digital converter per pin, especially per active pin. In this context, the at least one analog-to-digital converter, exemplarily each of the two analog-to-digital converters 14a, 14b, is configured to digitize the corresponding surface potential signal of the respective one of the two pins 11a, 11b, exemplarily said signal after amplification.
As it can further be seen from
In addition to this, the local signal processing unit 12 comprises an analog signal processor 16, wherein the analog signal processor 16 is configured to perform at least a part of the signal processing operations. Preferably, said analog signal processor 16 is connected to the at least one pin, exemplarily to the two pins 11a, 11b. Additionally or alternatively, the analog signal processor 16 may be connected to an output of the at least one amplifier, exemplarily an output of the two amplifiers 13a, 13b.
Furthermore, the local signal processing unit 12 comprises at least one impedance measurement unit, exemplarily two impedance measurement units 17a, 17b. In this context, the at least one impedance measurement unit, exemplarily each of the two impedance measurement units 17a, 17b, is configured to evaluate the corresponding contact quality between the surface and the electrode 10 on the basis of the corresponding surface potential signal of the respective at least one pin, exemplarily of the respective one of the two pins 11a, 11b or said signal after amplification, respectively.
It is noted that it might be particularly advantageous if the at least one impedance measurement unit, exemplarily each of the two impedance measurement units 17a, 17b, is configured to indicate the corresponding impedance range of the respective electrode-surface contact impedance especially in the form of at least one digital output. Exemplarily, said at least one digital output is provided for the digital signal processor 15.
Moreover, the local signal processing unit 12 of the electrode 10 comprises a communication unit 18, wherein the communication unit 18 is configured to transmit the corresponding results of the signal processing operations to a back-end unit 19. In this context, it might be particularly advantageous if the communication unit 18 is configured to receive configuration data for configuring the local signal processing unit 12 especially from the back-end unit 19.
It is further noted that the respective communication with the aid of the communication unit 18 may especially be based on a wireline communication, preferably employing at least one of serial peripheral interface (SPI), inter-integrated circuit (I2C), or universal asynchronous receiver transmitter (UART). In addition to this or as an alternative, the respective communication with the aid of the communication unit 18 may especially be based on a wireless communication, preferably employing at least one of Bluetooth, especially Bluetooth low energy (BLE), wireless local area network (WLAN), or ZigBee.
With respect to the above-mentioned active pin, it is noted that a pin, exemplarily pin 21, being not connected to the local signal processing unit 12 or a pin, exemplarily said pin 21, is a passive pin, preferably a reference pin. With respect to the corresponding surface potential signal the signal processing operations are not performed by the local signal processing unit 12.
Accordingly, in this exemplary embodiment according to
In addition to this or as an alternative, the local signal processing unit 12 may preferably be configured to reconfigure the passive pin, exemplarily the passive pin 21, and the exemplarily two active pins 11a, 11b, if a reference reconfiguration is required. Preferably, in this context, the passive pin 21 may be connected to the local signal processing unit 12.
Advantageously, before each surface potential acquisition, the local signal processing unit 12 may preferably be configured to perform at least one impedance measurement with the aid of the at least one impedance measurement unit, exemplarily with the aid of each of the two impedance measurement units 17a, 17b, on the at least one pin, exemplarily on each of the two pins 11a, 11b, being connected to the local signal processing unit 12.
With respect to the surface, it is noted that the surface may be skin, preferably human or animal skin.
In addition to this or as an alternative, the electrode 10 may preferably be used for recording an electroencephalography (EEG).
With respect to the second embodiment according to
In this context, it is additionally noted that for each of the pins 11a, 11b, . . . , 11N, especially active pins, an additional analog-to-digital converter 27a, 27b, . . . , 27N is provided, especially for digitizing the corresponding impedance measurement signal. Accordingly, it might be particularly advantageous if the local signal processing unit 12 of the first embodiment comprises two analog-to-digital converters preferably for each of the pins, especially for each of the active pins. Preferably, said additional analog-to-digital converters 27a, 27b, . . . , 27N may be a part of an respective impedance measurement unit such as the above-mentioned impedance measurement units 17a, 17b of the first embodiment 10.
Now, with respect to
By contrast thereto, with respect to the third embodiment of an inventive electrode 30 according to
Now, with respect to
It is further noted that the pins, especially active and passive pins, are distributed over the second side of the electrode according to a certain pattern. Advantageously, at least one pin, preferably at least one of the active pins, more preferably each of the active pins, most preferably each of the pins, may be coated with silver and/or silver chloride. Further advantageously, again with respect to EEG and impedance measurement as already mentioned above, it is noted that EEG signals and impedance signals, especially electrode-tissue impedance (ETI) signals, can be measured simultaneously with a common amplifier, preferably a common amplifier per pin, especially per active pin such as the amplifiers 13a, 13b, . . . , 13N.
Preferably, the bandwidth of each of the EEG signals is lower than 150 hertz, whereas the bandwidth of each of the ETI signals is higher than 1 kilohertz. Accordingly, especially due to the fact that EEG signals and ETI signals are located at different bandwidths, both signals can be amplified simultaneously. Afterwards, said signals can separately be demodulated in order to separate these signals especially with the aid of low-pass filters.
Now, within the scope of amplification, an exemplary embodiment of an amplifier for an inventive electrode is illustrated by
Now, with respect to
Furthermore,
With respect to said Laplace function or a corresponding surface Laplacian, it is noted that to further compensate for the amplification of noise, said surface Laplacian or re-referencing can be used. In case of surface Laplacian, the signal at each electrode is the difference of the potential at the measurement electrode and scaled (by the distance) potential of surrounding electrodes.
In the case of re-referencing, so called bipolar measurements are derived, such that the EEG is not measured between a measurement electrode and the reference electrode but between two measurement electrodes. This reduces the impact of noise coming from the reference electrode. However, certain component of noise coming from the two different electrodes (at a distant location) remains in the signal.
Now, with respect to
In accordance with
It is noted that one 271a, . . . , 271N of each two comparators is configured to compare the respective digitized signal with an upper reference voltage, whereas the other one 272a, . . . , 272N of said two comparators per pin 11a, . . . , 11N is configured to compare said respective digitized signal to a lower reference voltage. The corresponding decision table is also illustrated with the aid of
In this context, the analog output of ETI (either ETI-I or ETI-Q) can be compared with two (as depicted in
Finally,
In this context, a pin contact surface of 1 square millimeter has preferably been assumed. It is noted that the respective contact surface of each of the pins 11a, . . . , 11N of the above-mentioned embodiments is preferably between 0.75 and 1.25 square millimeter, more preferably between 0.9 and 1.1 square millimeters.
While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Numerous changes to the disclosed embodiments can be made in accordance with the disclosure herein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above described embodiments. Rather, the scope of the invention should be defined in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.
Although the invention has been illustrated and described with respect to one or more implementations, equivalent alterations and modifications will occur to others skilled in the art upon the reading and understanding of this specification and the annexed drawings. In addition, while a particular feature of the invention may have been disclosed with respect to only one of several implementations, such feature may be combined with one or more other features of the other implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application.
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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20174008.1 | May 2020 | EP | regional |