Patent Application
20110186864
The invention relates to an electroluminescent light-emitting device comprising an arrangement of organic layers, and to a method for its production.
The electroluminescence of organic materials has become a field of intensive research since first being discovered in 1953 (Bernanose et al., J. Chim. Phys. 1953, 50, 65). The known advantages of organic materials for producing light, such as for example low reabsorption, high quantum yields and also the possibility of adapting the emission spectrum by varying the molecular structure in a relatively simple manner, could be exploited in recent years through constant development in materials research and the implementation of new concepts for effectively injecting and transporting the charge carriers into the active emission layer of an organic light-emitting element. The first display devices based on such so-called organic light-emitting diodes have already found their way onto the market, and organic light-emitting diodes will in future be firmly established as a concept alongside liquid crystal displays and displays formed of inorganic light-emitting diodes. Another market which is open to organic light-emitting diodes due to their special property of being able to emit light over a large surface area and homogeneously into the half-space is the lighting field.
The step towards mass production increases the pressure to minimize individual cost factors of the product, costs of the raw material, or even steps in the production process. One of the main cost factors is the transparent electrode material indium tin oxide (ITO) currently used, both on account of the high demand for indium, which rarely occurs naturally on Earth and is therefore expensive, and also due to the cost-intensive process for applying ITO to the substrate by sputtering. If a transparent light-emitting diode is to be produced, i.e. if ITO is therefore also to be applied as counter-electrode to the organic layers, the production process becomes even more difficult since complicated measures are necessary in order to protect the organic layers against damage caused by the high-energy particles that occur during the sputtering process.
As an example, a highly conductive polymer layer for alternative use as an electrode is proposed in the document DE 103 35 727 A1. Such polymer layers applied in the liquid form achieve conductivities of up to 550 S/cm. This obviously solves the problem of the expensive starting material, since indium is not used. However, one disadvantage of this invention is that an additional step is still required in order to apply the polymer electrode to the substrate. Particularly for producing organic light-emitting diodes which consist of a sequence of amorphous thin layers applied by vapor deposition in vacuo, the application of the polymer electrode by spin-coating at normal pressure under simultaneously dust-free conditions complicates the production process and therefore makes it more expensive. Furthermore, it appears to be impossible to use such a method to produce transparent light-emitting diodes since, during the application of the polymer layer by spin-coating, solvents are used which generally also dissolve the underlying organic thin layers and thus unpredictably alter or even destroy the device.
One further development of transparent organic light-emitting diodes consists of stacked transparent light-emitting diodes (see for example Gu et al., J. Appl. Phys. 1999, 86, 4067). In said document, a number of transparent light-emitting diodes are applied sequentially to a substrate in a stacked manner, wherein in each case two successive light-emitting diodes have a transparent electrode in common. In order to be able to actuate the light-emitting diodes of the stack individually, transparent electrodes are guided out of the sides and contacted. To this end, a high lateral conductivity of the electrodes is required, and for this reason usually ITO is used. This leads to the same problems as mentioned above for transparent light-emitting diodes.
However, the literature to date has not yet disclosed organic layers which can be applied by vapor deposition and which have conductivities comparable to the materials applied from the liquid phase. Organic semiconductors applied by vapor deposition in general have a very low conductivity, particularly in their amorphous phase, so that, despite the effective increase in conductivity by several orders of magnitude due to doping with suitable dopants, the lateral movement of the charge carriers in a layer under vertical bias with partially non-overlapping electrodes is negligible. See in this regard
For such arrangements, the conductivities reported to date for organic layers of high transparency which are applied by vapor deposition are not high enough to achieve sufficient lateral transport. Although the high intrinsic electron mobility of C60 when doped with suitable donor-type molecules (see for example Werner et al., Adv. Func. Mater. 2004, 14, 255) may lead to high effective mobilities and conductivities (sometimes in the region of σ=0.1 S/cm), these are far from sufficient for conductive grids in the case of a resolution of approximately 100 μm which can be set for example by means of printing techniques.
Important factors for the efficiency of electroluminescent light-emitting devices are, in addition to the yield when converting electrical energy in the emission layer into light, the injection of electrons from the cathode and of holes from the anode into the respectively adjoining layer and also the capability of the individual layers for charge carrier transport. It has been found that an organic material generally does not intrinsically possess all the necessary properties, so that sometimes different materials have to be used for different functions in order to obtain an efficiently functioning component.
As hole injection and hole transport materials (Hole Transport Material—HTM), materials with work functions IP>4.5 eV and hole mobilities μh>1×10−5 cm2/Vs are generally used, in order to allow good injection from the anode (ITO) and efficient transport of the holes. Examples of HTMs are phthalocyanines such as CuPc, so-called starburst molecules such as MTDATA or else benzidines such as TPD and NPD (see for example Adachi et al. (2003), “Design Concept of Molecular Materials for High-Performance OLED”, in: Shinar (ed.), Organic Light-Emitting Devices, Springer, New York, page 43).
By contrast, the materials used as electron injection and electron transport materials (Electron Transport Material—ETM) typically have electron mobilities μe>1×10−6 cm2/Vs and electron affinities EA<3.5 eV. Here, the suitable choice of EA is essentially determined by the EA of the emitter material used. Typical examples are oxadiazoles, triazoles, quinolines or thiophenes (see for example Hughes et al., J. Mater. Chem. 2005, 15, 94).
The doping of hole transport materials with acceptor-type dopants and of electron transport materials with donor-type dopants has proven to be advantageous (Pfeiffer et al., Org. Electron. 2003, 4, 89). Due to the increase in the concentration of free charge carriers in the layer which is achieved as a result, both the conductivity and the effective charge carrier mobility are improved. If a doped organic layer is used in a Schottky contact, the depletion zone becomes much thinner than in the undoped case due to the likewise increased space charge density. The injection of the charge carriers from an electrode into the transport layer can thus be significantly improved by doping the transport layer. Last but not least, this leads to a greater independence from the work function in the choice of electrode material, so that a larger selection of materials can be used as the electrode material.
Fullerenes, in particular buckminsterfullerene C60, have also been the subject of intensive research since their discovery in 1985 and are used for example as an acceptor material in organic solar cells (see for example U.S. Pat. No. 6,580,027 B2).
A method for producing C60 and C70 in relatively large quantities was developed (see WO 92/04279). Since then, production methods for fullerenes have formed the subject of continuous further development, so that nowadays fullerenes are available as a very inexpensive starting material.
To date, only a few attempts have been made to use fullerenes in organic light-emitting diodes. It has been found that fullerenes in organic light-emitting diodes are not readily useful and in many cases even leads to a worsening of the properties.
For example, it has been shown (Day et al., Thin Solid Films 2002, 410, 159) that even submonolayers of C60 between the ITO anode and the hole transport layer make injection more difficult and lead to a worsening of the component characteristics. On the other hand, in components which conduct only holes, an increase in current density at the same voltage has been found (Hong et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 87, 063502) when a thin C60 layer is added between the anode and the organic layer, with the authors attributing this to a surface dipole and not to a layer property of the fullerene.
Yuan et al. (Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 86, 143509) have found that holes can be better injected from the ITO anode into an NPB layer doped with five percent by weight of C60 than into a pure CuPc layer. However, the injection is even better if an undoped NPB layer is used. Lee et al. (Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 86, 063514) show that C60 in TDAPB acts as a weak electron acceptor, and the effective hole mobility is increased. In addition, since free electrons from leakage currents in an OLED comprising C60:TDAPB as the hole transport layer are effectively captured by C60 and are thus unable to destabilize the TDAPB, the service life increases for the same initial brightness.
Despite the high electron mobility μe˜8×10−2 cm2/Vs, the use of C60 as an electron transport layer is opposed firstly by the relatively high electron affinity of ˜4 eV. Lu et al. (US 2004-214041 A1) nevertheless use C60 in conjunction with a LiF/Al cathode as an electron transport layer, with the LiF injection layer being absolutely necessary in this case. Yasuhiko et al. (PCT WO 2005-006817 A1) use separately produced Li-containing C60 as the electron transport layer.
The object of the invention is to provide an electroluminescent light-emitting device comprising an arrangement of organic layers, and a method for its production, in which the electroluminescent light-emitting device can be produced in a cost-effective manner and by means of simplified production steps.
According to the invention, this object is achieved by an electroluminescent light-emitting device according to independent claim 1 and by a method for producing an electroluminescent light-emitting device according to independent claim 20. Advantageous embodiments of the invention form the subject matter of dependent claims.
The inventors have surprisingly found that conductivities of more than 2 S/cm can be achieved in an electroluminescent light-emitting device by means of doped fullerene layers, for example using fullerene C60 and dopants, as proposed in the document WO 2005/086251 A2. Such high conductivities mean that a lateral spread of the charge carrier current in the arrangement according to
When forming the doped fullerene layer, one or more doping materials are incorporated in the fullerene matrix material. A layer is referred to as a p-doped layer if the matrix material contains dopants in the form of acceptors. A doped layer is referred to as an n-doped layer if the incorporated dopants for the matrix material form donors. An electrical doping in the sense of the present application results from the fact that one or more incorporated doping materials carry out a redox reaction with the matrix material, which leads to an at least partial charge transfer between the one or more doping materials on the one hand and the matrix material on the other hand, i.e. a transfer of electrical charges between the materials takes place. In this way, (additional) free charge carriers are formed in the layer, which in turn increase the electrical conductivity of the layer. A higher density of charge carriers is obtained in the matrix material compared to the undoped material. The following physical relationship exists for the electrical conductivity: charge carrier density×mobility of the charge carriers×elementary charge=electrical conductivity. The portion of the charge carriers in the matrix material which is formed by the redox reaction need not first be injected from an electrode; instead, such charge carriers are already available in the layer as a result of the electrical doping.
It may also be provided to use the doped fullerene layer as a current distribution layer for the charge carriers injected in the region of the electrode. The electric charge carriers can be transported by means of such a current distribution layer in the course of transport in the layer spread direction also into regions which, when looking at the light-emitting device from above, do not overlap with the electrode and therefore lie outside the electrode region. Such regions are obtained for example when the electrode, which may be an anode or a cathode, is provided with through-holes or openings, for example when using an electrode comprising strip-shaped elements. Between the strip-shaped elements there are gaps which are not filled with electrode material. The through-holes, which can also be referred to as cutouts, may also be formed for example as round or square through-holes or openings. The formation of the doped fullerene layer as a current distribution layer then ensures that charge carriers reach the light-emitting layer also in the region of the through-holes, so that charge carrier recombination takes place there, which in turn leads to the production of light. As an alternative to current distribution in the region of through-holes in the electrode, or in addition thereto, the current distribution layer may also serve for charge carrier transport into regions outside the electrode which are not covered in an overlapping manner by through-holes, so that these regions also contribute to light production and as a result to the lighting pattern of the device.
If the thickness of the doped fullerene layer is selected for example to be less than or not much more than 100 nm, the layer in the visible wavelength range is still sufficiently transparent. It can therefore be used as a transparent electrode in particular in electroluminescent light-emitting devices.
The doped fullerene layer is preferably applied in a high vacuum by means of simultaneous vapor deposition of the fullerene and of the organic dopant, i.e. using the method customary for organic thin layers. As a result, the application of such an electrode can be included without additional complexity in the process for producing an organic electroluminescent light-emitting device.
If electroluminescent light-emitting devices are produced with lateral dimensions of the light-emitting surface which are larger than the highly conductive doped fullerene layer can bridge by the lateral spread of the charge carrier current, a metal grid may be applied in direct contact with this doped fullerene layer. In this case, the width of the grid lines can be selected to be so small that the lines during light-emitting operation of the electroluminescent light-emitting device can no longer be perceived by the human eye. A sufficiently small ratio of the grid lines width to the spacing between the lines is approximately 1 to 10. For a distance of several hundred micrometers that can be bridged by a highly conductive doped fullerene layer, there is a line width of a few tens of micrometers. The production of metal lines with such dimensions is possible nowadays in a simple manner by vapor deposition of the metal through shadow masks. Even more advantageous are printing methods which, according to the available prior art, allow line spacings in the order of magnitude of approximately 100 micrometers.
In order to form a closed metal layer, the lines must usually have a thickness of a few tens of nanometers. A correspondingly large roughness is thus introduced for the subsequent layers, since these also have thicknesses in the range from approximately ten to one hundred nanometers. Short-circuits should therefore increasingly have occurred, but this was surprisingly not the case in our experiments.
Also surprising is the fact that, despite the unevenness introduced by the grids, a laterally homogeneously illuminating organic light-emitting diode can be applied to such an electrode. The space-charge-limited currents which usually occur in organic layers scale at 1/d3 (d is the layer thickness). The unevenness should therefore actually also be noticeable due to a non-homogeneously illuminating area, since the brightness is directly proportional to the flowing current. However, this cannot be seen with the naked eye, as our experiments showed. The only critical factors for the brightness distribution between the grid lines are the conductivity of the doped fullerene layer and the spacing between the lines. If the conductivity is sufficiently high and if the spacing between the lines is suitably selected, the voltage drop does not have a visible effect on the brightness between the grids.
With the stated combination of materials, fullerene, and organic dopants are materials which can be applied using the same methods as conventional thin layers in organic electroluminescent light-emitting devices. An application of the doped fullerene layer after previously applied organic thin layers is thus possible without any break in the production flow and without any measures to protect the previously applied thin layers.
Electrons from a metal with a high work function can be injected better into a fullerene layer doped with donor-type organic molecules than into a pure fullerene layer. There is therefore no need for an injection layer between the metal and the doped fullerene layer, such as LiF for example, which is disadvantageous due to the easily possible diffusion of the Li into the fullerene layer or even through the fullerene layer into adjoining layers, and also due to the generally known high reactivity of Li and the associated undesirable or non-controllable effects thereof. A fullerene layer doped with donor-type organic molecules is therefore advantageously suitable for acting as an electron transport layer in an electroluminescent light-emitting device. It is surprising here that this works despite the electron affinity, which is actually too high for customary emitter materials, as will be demonstrated in an example below.
A considerable simplification of the structure and hence of the method for producing an electroluminescent light-emitting device consists in using the doped fullerene layer both as a transparent electrode and as an electron transport layer, which equates to omitting one of the aforementioned functional layers.
In the case where the electroluminescent light-emitting device is to be operated with very high current densities, for example in order to achieve a population inversion in all of the emitter molecules present in the light-emitting layer, as is required for stimulated emission, it is advantageous to use a doped fullerene layer as a charge carrier transport material since, unlike other organic materials, this is able to carry very high current densities due to its high effective charge carrier mobility and conductivity.
The invention will be explained in more detail below on the basis of preferred examples of embodiments and with reference to the figures of a drawing, in which:
Advantageous embodiments according to the invention in each case include a sequence of layers:
1. Transparent glass substrate
2. Metal strips, spaced apart by 450 μm, width 50 μm
3. Fullerene layer doped with organic donor-type molecules
4. Non-closed gold layer, mean thickness 1 nm
5. Hole transport layer
6. Electron blocking layer
7. Light-emitting layer
8. Hole blocking layer
9. Electron transport layer
10. Aluminum cathode
For illustration purposes,
1. Transparent glass substrate
2. Chrome strips, spaced apart by 450 μm, width 50 μm, thickness 10 nm
3. 30 nm C60 doped with 2 mol % [Ru(t-butyl-trpy)2]0
4. Nominally 1 nm of gold (not a closed layer)
5. 95 nm MeO-TPD doped with 4 mol % F4-TCNQ
6. 10 nm spiro-TAD
7. 20 nm BAlq doped with 20% by weight Ir(piq)3
9. 65 nm BPhen doped with Cs
The conductivity of the layer 3. was less than 0.5 S/cm. The voltage drop between the grid lines is thus so large that a drop in brightness can also be seen in the intermediate spaces, as shown in
1. Transparent glass substrate
2. ITO anode
3. Hole transport layer
4. Electron blocking layer
5. Light-emitting layer
6. Hole and exciton blocking layer
7. Fullerene layer doped with organic donor-type molecules
8. Aluminum cathode
In this arrangement, the doped fullerene layer is used as an electron transport layer. When a voltage is applied (plus pole to the anode, minus pole to the cathode), the arrangement emits light through the glass substrate. The aluminum cathode may also be omitted, and the minus pole may be applied to the doped fullerene layer. This arrangement then emits light both through the glass substrate and through the opposite side of the arrangement. Moreover, the arrangement is transparent when no voltage is applied.
1. Transparent glass substrate
2. ITO anode
3. 60 nm MeO-TPD doped with 4 mol % F4-TCNQ
4. 10 nm spiro-TAD
5. 20 nm BAlq doped with 20% by weight Ir(piq)3
7. 50 nm C60 doped with 4 mol % AOB
In this arrangement, BPhen is formed as the hole and exciton blocking layer. At approximately 3 eV, BPhen has an electron affinity that is approximately 0.9 eV lower than that of C60, which should manifest itself as a correspondingly high barrier to electrons. However, the arrangement according to Example 2a surprisingly exhibits very good parameters, as shown by characteristic data in
Further advantageous embodiments can be derived from examples of embodiments 1 and 2.
1. Transparent glass substrate
2. Metal strips, spaced apart by 450 μm, width 50 μm
3. Fullerene layer doped with organic donor-type molecules
4. Hole transport layer
5. Electron blocking layer
6. Light-emitting layer
7. Hole and exciton blocking layer
8. Fullerene layer doped with organic donor-type molecules
9. Metal strips, spaced apart by 450 μm, width 50 μm
1. Transparent glass substrate
3. First organic light-emitting diode
4. Metal strips
5. Doped fullerene layer
6. Second organic light-emitting diode
7. Aluminum cathode
The stacking may of course be extended to a plurality of light-emitting diodes, with the metal strips together with the doped fullerene layer in each case acting as a transparent intermediate electrode. The individual light-emitting diodes, which may in each case emit light of different color, can be addressed separately if the intermediate electrodes are also placed at suitable potentials. This has already been demonstrated in the document U.S. Pat. No. 5,917,280, where an actuation diagram for this is also proposed. This separate addressing is beneficial both for display purposes, due to the higher pixel density that can be achieved as a result of the stacking, and for illumination purposes, due to the ability to adjust the color of the light source.
One particular challenge in this example of embodiment is the guiding of the metal strips out of the stack and the stable contacting thereof, without causing short circuits to the other electrodes. To this end,
As the number of stacked organic light-emitting diodes increases, so too does the height of the step that has to be overcome by the electrodes which are guided out, since the actual contact is usually applied directly to the substrate.
However, since the metal strips should have a thickness of only a few tens of nanometers, as the height increases so too does the risk that the strips will no longer be continuous when they pass over the step. This risk is eliminated in the arrangement shown since the metal strips pass out of the overlap region of the electrodes but do not pass beyond the underlying organic layers. A thick metal layer is then applied thereto, which overcomes the step and leads to the actual contact.
Expansion to more than two organic light-emitting diodes stacked one on top of the other is possible in that the respective intermediate electrodes to be added are guided out on different sides of the stack as explained above and are contacted. Especially for the case where more then four electrodes and intermediate electrodes are to be contacted, it may be advantageous to apply the organic layers in a polygonal shape instead of in a rectangular shape, in order to allow an edge line of the step to be overcome that is as short as possible for each electrode to be contacted.
The features disclosed in the above description, the claims and the drawings may be important both individually and in any combination for implementing the invention in its various embodiments.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 06000436.3 | Jan 2006 | EP | regional |
| PCT/EP07/00211 | Jan 2007 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP07/00211 | 1/11/2007 | WO | 00 | 8/26/2010 |
