Patent Application
20080135417
The invention relates to the production of aluminium by igneous electrolysis and, more particularly, to electrolysis cells intended for the production of aluminium.
Aluminium is produced by electrolytic reduction of alumina dissolved in an electrolyte. Reduction results from the circulation of electrical current between one or more anodes and a cathode arranged in an electrolytic cell. Nowadays, Hall-Héroult aluminium reduction cells are operated at high current intensities often exceeding several hundred thousand amps.
Aluminium producers aim at increasing the current efficiency of the electrolysis cells and at decreasing the specific energy consumption of the same so as to reduce the operating costs of the aluminium reduction plants. The specific energy consumption of a cell, which is usually expressed in kWh/t, is equal to the energy consumed by a cell to produce one tonne of aluminium.
For that purpose, the aluminium producers seek ways to reduce the various electrical voltage drops that develop across an electrolytic cell and make the current distribution more uniform within the cell. Several patents have focused on a reduction in the cathode voltage drop Uc while often aiming at making the current flow more uniform over the surface of the cathodes. In particular, it is known that the cathode voltage drop Uc can be reduced by using composite collector bars including a steel part and a part made of a metal with an electrical conductivity higher than steel, usually copper.
French patent application No. FR 1 161 632 and U.S. Pat. No. 2,846,388 (Pechiney) describe electrolysis cells comprising copper plates that are adjacent the sides of the collector bars and extend all the way to the external end of the bars. Such arrangements are conducive to high thermal losses from the cells owing to the close proximity between the copper plate(s) and the aluminium busbars connected thereto.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,551,319 (Kaiser) describes an electrolysis cell comprising collector bars with a groove on their lower side and a copper conductor inserted within the grooves. U.S. Pat. No. 5,976,333 (Pate) describes arrangements wherein a copper conductor is inserted within a tubular collector bar. In both cases, the copper conductors are directly connected to the busbars. Such arrangements are also conducive to high thermal losses from the cell.
International application WO 02/42525 (Servico) describes arrangements wherein the copper conductor is encapsulated within the collector bar. International applications WO 01/63014 (Comalco) and WO 01/27353 (Alcoa) describe arrangements wherein copper conductors are inserted within the collector bars and separated from the connection means by a steel spacer in order to reduce the thermal losses of the cell. International patent application WO 2004/031452 (Alcan) and International patent application WO 2005/098093 (Aluminium Pechiney) describe arrangements comprising a copper insert and a varying sealing area between the collector bar and the carbonaceous block in order to improve the current distribution along the block. However, arrangements comprising inserts are quite difficult and expensive to make. Moreover, such designs make it difficult to significantly decrease the size of the collector bars.
Therefore the applicant addressed the issue of finding industrially acceptable solutions to the drawbacks of prior art, and particularly to the problem of specific energy consumption.
Aspects of the invention relate to an electrolytic cell intended for production of aluminium that includes:
In one possible embodiment, heat losses are reduced by arranging said complementary bar so that said second end is shifted from said connection end by a shift distance. In another possible embodiment, heat losses are reduced by varying the cross-section of said complementary bar along said complementary bar, preferably in the vicinity of said second end, so as to impart thermal resistance to said complementary bar towards said connection end. Said embodiments for the termination of said second end may be combined.
In another embodiment, said collector bar and said complementary bar are electrically insulated from said block in at least one area extending between said specified end face of said block and a reference plane that is parallel to said central plane and is located at a lateral distance from said specified end face toward said central plane. The insulated area so obtained significantly reduces the current density in the vicinity of said specified end face of said block and makes it possible to avoid the formation of a large peak in the longitudinal profile of said current density. Said electrical insulation is typically obtained by providing a gap between said collector bar and said cathode block and between said complementary bar and said cathode block in said area. This gap is preferably devoid of electrically conducting sealing material.
According to one aspect, the first metal is a ferrous metal, and is typically steel. According to another aspect, the second metal is typically copper or a copper alloy.
According to another aspect, the invention makes it possible to obtain significantly lower voltage drops than known cells while avoiding excessive heat losses through the collector bars.
According to another aspect, the ratio of the transverse vertical cross-section of said at least one complementary bar to the transverse vertical cross-section of said collector bar is greater than 5:100 so as to substantially reduce the voltage drop through a cell. Said transverse vertical cross-sections refer to cross-sections in a substantially vertical direction within said cell and substantially parallel to said central plane S.
According to a further aspect, the overall transverse vertical cross-section of a composite collector bar arrangement according to the invention, i.e., an arrangement including said collector bar and at least one complementary bar according to the invention, could be made significantly smaller than the transverse vertical cross-section of a single collector bar according to prior art without increasing the voltage drop of the cell including such a composite collector bar arrangement. According to this aspect, values of said ratio that are larger than 25:100 can impart substantial reduction of the room needed for a composite collector bar arrangement according to the invention.
Consequently, aspects of the invention make it possible to significantly increase the thickness G of cathode carbonaceous material above a collector bar, so as to substantially increase the possible lifetime of a cell under normal conditions, and to possibly also reduce the full thickness E of a block, thus saving construction material, without increasing the voltage drop of a cell. In other words, aspects of the invention make it possible to partly or totally convert the reduction of the room usually needed for a collector bar into a reduction of the total block height with the corresponding costs savings associated thereto.
Other aspects of the invention relate to a process of producing aluminium by igneous electrolysis, which includes:
The invention is described in more detail below, by way of examples, with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein:
As illustrated in
An electrolysis cell 1 further includes one anode or a plurality of anodes 10, 10′, depending on the type of cell. Said anodes are typically made of a carbonaceous material that can be baked in the cell during the electrolysis process or prebaked in furnaces. A cell may also include non-consumable or inert anodes.
The type of cell illustrated in
In operation, a pot 2 contains a pad 8 of liquid aluminium and a layer of electrolytic bath 9 that includes molten cryolite and alumina dissolved therein. Said anodes 10, 10′ are partially immersed in said electrolytic bath 9 and are protected from oxidation by a protecting layer 13 that is mostly comprised of alumina and crushed bath. A solidified bath ridge 16, 16′ usually forms on said side linings 41, 41′.
Reduction results from the circulation of electrical current between said anodes 10, 10′ and said carbonaceous cathode blocs 5. The current intensities of electrolysis cells depend on their type and size; for the so-called AP30-type cells developed by Aluminium Pechiney the intensity often exceeds 300 kA.
The voltage drop Uc that develops in operation between a pad of liquid aluminium 8 and a connection end 61, 61′ of collector bars 6, 6′ is typically between 300 to 500 mV. The total voltage drop of an electrolysis cell is typically about 4 to 5 volts.
As seen from above, said metallic shell 3 is generally substantially rectangular, with two lateral walls 30, 30′ that are arranged symmetrically with respect to a central plane S that is located midway between said walls and two end walls (not shown). Said lateral walls 30, 30′ are parallel to each other and substantially mirror images of each other with respect to said central plane S. Said lateral walls 30, 30′ are typically 6 to 21 meters long and said end walls are typically 2 to 4 meters long. Said metallic shell 3 is typically made of steel. Said lateral walls 30, 30′ have an outer surface 31, 31′ and an inner surface 32, 32′.
Said cathode blocks 5 are typically made of anthracite (amorphous carbon), carbonaceous material containing graphite or graphitised carbon. The graphite-containing cathode blocks are typically either the so-called “semi-graphite” blocks that typically contain between 30 wt. % and 50 wt. % of graphite or the so-called “graphite” blocks that contain essentially 100 wt. % of graphite grains and a binder that remains amorphous. The blocks containing graphitised carbon are usually referred to as “graphitised” blocks. A high temperature graphitisation heat treatment is carried out on these blocks, increasing the electrical conductivity of the block by graphitisation of the amorphous carbon. The blocks containing graphite or graphitised carbon are preferred to blocks made of anthracite because of the low electrical resistance of the former compared to the latter reduces the voltage drop across the cathode blocks. Said cathode blocks 5 are more preferably graphitised blocks.
Said cathode blocks 5 and said collector bar 6, 6′ form cathode assemblies 50 that are usually assembled outside a pot 2 and are added to a shell 3 during the formation of its inner lining.
Said collector bar 6, 6′ has ends 61, 61′, 62, 62′ and side faces 63, 64, 65, 66 between said ends.
Said collector bar 6, 6′ typically has round, square or rectangular cross-sections. The invention is further described below, with reference to the appended figures, using illustrative embodiments comprising bars with rectangular or square cross-sections. The invention can be embodied using bars with round cross-sections.
A cathode assembly 50 may include one or several “full-length” collector bars 6 that pass through said block 5 from one end to the other, as illustrated in
As illustrated in
Said lower side face 53′ includes at least one longitudinal groove 15 that open up at said end faces 51, 51′ and usually extends all the way from said first end face 51 to said second end face 51′. Said groove 15 typically faces downwards in a cell 1.
Said cathode block 5 is usually arranged within the shell 3 so that said groove 15 is substantially perpendicular to said central plane S and so that said end faces 51, 51′ are at a determined distance from an inner surface 32, 32′ of the corresponding lateral walls 30, 30′, as illustrated in
At least one collector bar 6, 6′ is sealed within said groove 15 using electrically conducting sealing material 151, 151′ that provides low resistance electrical contact between said collector bar 6, 6′ and said block 5. Said electrically conducting sealing material 151, 151′ is typically cast iron, conducting glue or a conducting paste such as carbonaceous paste.
As illustrated in
According to one embodiment, said cell 1 further includes at least one complementary bar 20, 20′, 21, 21′, 21′ made of a second metal that has an electrical conductivity greater than that of said collector bars 6, 6′, preferably at all temperatures between room temperature and about 1000° C.
The electrical conductivity of ferrous metals such as steel is typically about 107 S/m at room temperature (20° C.) and about 9×105 S/m at 1000° C. Hence, the electrical conductivity of said complementary bar 20, 20′, 21, 21′ is preferably substantially greater than about 107 S/m at room temperature and greater then 106 S/m at 1000° C. Said complementary bar 20, 20′, 21, 21′ is preferably made of a metal selected from copper and copper alloys because these metals have high conductivity and high melting temperatures. Said copper alloys typically include more than 90 wt. % copper, and preferably more than 95 wt. % copper. The electrical conductivity of copper is about 6.3×107 S/m at room temperature and about 1.2×107 S/m at 1000° C. These values for the electrical conductivity correspond to an electrical resistivity equal to about 1.7×10−8 Ω.m at room and about 8.5×10−8 Ω.m at 1000° C.
Said complementary bar 20, 20′, 21, 21′ is typically elongated and arranged substantially longitudinally along a collector bar 6, 6′. More precisely, said complementary bar 20, 20′, 21, 21′ has a first end 201, 201′, 211, 211′ and a second end 202, 202′, 212, 212′, has a specified length L and is arranged adjacent to one of said side faces 63, 64, 65, 66 of a collector bar 6, 6′. Preferably, said complementary bar 20, 20′, 21, 21′ is arranged so that said second end 202, 202′, 212, 212′ of said complementary bar 20, 20′, 21, 21′ is located at a specified distance A, A′ from a first end face 51 of said block 5. Said specified distance A, A′ is typically between −150 mm and +600 mm, where the negative sign means that said second end 202, 202′, 212, 212′ is within said block 5, while the positive sign means that said second end 202, 202′, 212, 212′ is outside said block 5.
According to one embodiment, said collector bar 6, 6′ and said complementary bar 20, 20′, 21, 21′ are preferably electrically insulated from said block 5 in an area 150, 150′ that extends between an end face 51, 51′ and a reference plane P, P′ parallel to said central plane S and located at a lateral distance B, B′ from said end face 51, 51′ toward said central plane S. Electrical insulation is preferably obtained by providing a gap between said collector bar 6, 6′ and said cathode block 5 and between said complementary bar 20, 20′, 21, 21′ and said cathode block 5 in said area. Said lateral distance B, B′ is typically between 20 and 500 mm. Said gap is preferably devoid of electrically conducting sealing material 151, 151′. Said gap in said insulated areas 150, 150′ may contain refractory insulating materials, such as non-ceramic fibres.
Said complementary bars 20, 20′, 21, 21′ may be adjacent a top side face 65 of said collector bar 6, 6′, i.e., adjacent a side 65 of said collector bar 6, 6′ facing a bottom inner side 155 of a groove 15, and/or adjacent at least one of lateral side faces 63, 64 of said collector bar 6, 6′, i.e., at least one of the side faces 63, 64 of a collector bar 6, 6′ facing lateral inner sides 153, 154 of a groove 15.
In one embodiment, said first end 201, 201′, 211, 211′ of said complementary bar 20, 20′, 21, 21′ is recessed from said central plane S by a recess distance C, C′. Said recess distance C, C′ is typically between 20 and 1300 mm. This embodiment provides a useful adjustment parameter for optimizing the amount of copper needed with respect to the impact of said complementary bar 20, 20′, 21, 21′ on the voltage drop. This embodiment further makes it possible to reduce the impact of the thermal expansion of said complementary bar in operation. This embodiment is typically embodied by providing complementary bars 20, 20′, 21, 21′ on each side of said central plane S, which may be arranged symmetrically or asymmetrically with respect to said central plane S.
As illustrated in
As illustrated in
Advantageously, said collector bar 6, 6′ has a rectangular cross-section and at least a part of said complementary bar 20, 20′, 21, 21′ has a rectangular cross-section, as illustrated in
The thickness T of said complementary bar 20, 20′, 21, 21′ is advantageously uniform over its specified length L, L′, as illustrated in
In the embodiment shown in
Said first and second connection ends 61, 61′ of said collector bar 6 may be electrically connected to at least one external busbar conductor 7.
For each collector bar 6, said first end 201 of said first complementary bar 20 is located within said shell 3 at a first recess distance C from said central plane S, towards a first end face 51 of said block 5, while said second end 202 of said first complementary bar 20 is located at a first specified distance A from a first end face 51 of said block 5 (which is a first jutting distance A in the case illustrated in
Said groove 15 is electrically insulated from said collector bar 6 and said first complementary bar 20 in a first area 150 extending between said first end face 51 of said block 5 and a first plane P parallel to said central plane S and located at a first lateral distance B from said first end face 51 towards the central plane S, so as to electrically insulate said collector bar 6 and said first complementary bar 20 from said block 5 in the first area 150. Said groove 15 is also electrically insulated from said collector bar 6 and said second complementary bar 20′ in a second area 150′ extending between said second end face 51′ of said block 5 and a second plane P parallel to said central plane S and located at a second lateral distance B′ from the second end face 51′ towards the central plane S, so as to electrically insulate said collector bar 6 and said second complementary bar 20′ from said block 5 in said second area 150′.
In
In the embodiments illustrated in
Said second end 202, 202′, 212, 212′ of said complementary bar 20, 20′, 21, 21′ is preferably located within said shell 3, as illustrated in
Said second end 202, 202′, 212, 212′ preferably terminates so as to limit heat losses from said cell 1. This termination may be embodied by shifting said second end 202, 202′, 212, 212′ from said at least one connection end 61, 61′ by a shift distance K, K′. Said shift distance K, K′ is preferably greater than 100 mm, and is typically between 100 and 1000 mm. In another embodiment, alternatively, or in combination, this termination may be embodied by varying the cross-section of said complementary 20, 20′, 21, 21′ along said at least one complementary bar 20, 20′, 21, 21′ so as to impart thermal resistance to said at least one complementary bar 20, 20′, 21, 21′ towards said at least one connection end 61, 61′. Such an embodiment is particularly advantageous when said second end 202, 202′, 212, 212′ of said complementary bar 20, 20′, 21, 21′ is located outside said shell 3. Said cross-section of said complementary 20, 20′, 21, 21′ is preferably varied in the vicinity of said second end 202, 202′, 212, 212′. For example, said cross-section of said complementary bar 20, 20′, 21, 21′ may be smaller between a transition plane 22, that is located at an intermediate distance D from said end faces 51, 51′ of said block 5 and said second end 202, 202′, 212, 212′ of said complementary bar 20, 20′, 21, 21′, than between said first end 201, 201′, 211, 211′ of said complementary bar 20, 20′, 21, 21′ and said transition plane 22, said transition plane 22 being typically parallel to said central plane S. Said intermediate distance D is typically between −200 mm and +300 mm, where the minus signs means that said transition plane 22 is within said block 5 while the positive sign means that said transition plane 22 is outside said block 5. Said transition plane 22 is at a specified inward shift distance K2 from said en face 51, 51′, which is preferably greater than 100 mm.
Said transition plane 22 is typically inside said shell 3. In other words, said transition plane 22 is located between said end faces 51, 51′ of said blocks 5 and said outer surface 31, 31′ of said lateral walls 30, 30′ of said shell 3.
As illustrated in the embodiment of
Said complementary bar 20, 20′, 21, 21′ may be directly in contact with said corresponding collector bar 6, 6′, as illustrated in
Aspects of the invention can be embodied in cells comprising at least one cathode block 5 including two parallel grooves 15. For illustrative purposes,
Cathode assemblies similar to the one illustrated in
Cathode assemblies without copper bar were also made and tested for comparison (Tests Nos. 1 and 2). In all cases, the cathode block was made of carbonaceous material comprising 30 wt. % graphite. The current intensity of the cell was 76 kA in operation.
Table 1 discloses the height H of the collector bar, the thickness T of the copper bar, thickness G of carbonaceous material above the groove equal to about 197 mm, and the cathodic voltage drop Uc that was measured for each case.
The results show that an embodiment according to the invention displays cathodic voltage drops that are much smaller than that observed for arrangements with no copper. Furthermore, the cross-section of the collector bars can be significantly reduced and the total cross-section of the composite bar can be made much smaller than the cross-section of a corresponding single steel collector bar according to prior art while preserving relatively small cathodic voltage drops. It was further noticed that the thickness G could even be increased while maintaining cathodic voltage drop values much below the values of prior art.
It was further noted that the thickness G could be significantly increased while keeping the full thickness E of the block, thanks to the significant reduction of the dimensions of the collector bar made possible by the invention, without noticeably increasing of the cathodic voltage drop of the arrangement.
Cathode assemblies similar to the one illustrated in
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 06356135.1 | Nov 2006 | EP | regional |
The present application claims priority to European Patent Application No. 06356135.1, filed Nov. 22, 2006, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/912,825, filed Apr. 19, 2007, both of which are incorporated herein by reference and made part hereof.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60912825 | Apr 2007 | US |
