The subject matter discussed in this section should not be assumed to be prior art merely as a result of its mention in this section. Similarly, a problem mentioned in this section or associated with the subject matter provided as background should not be assumed to have been previously recognized in the prior art. The subject matter in this section merely represents different approaches, which in and of themselves may also correspond to implementations of the claimed technology.
Electrolysis is a technique that uses direct electric current (DC) to drive an otherwise non-spontaneous chemical reaction. Such electrical current may be derived from energy sources such as solar panels and wind turbines. An electrolyzer operates by applying a voltage across two electrodes separated by an electrolyte, medium containing ions that is electrically conducting through the movement of those ions.
One type of electrolysis is hydrolysis, during which water is decomposed into oxygen and hydrogen. Hydrogen is an energy source that has high energy density and can be used to produce energy in a completely clean process and is also essential in many synthetic reactions.
Steam methane reforming (SMR) is a process in which methane from natural gas is heated, with steam, usually with a catalyst, to produce a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen used in organic synthesis and as a fuel.
Carbon monoxide is a highly toxic gas and is also thought to contribute to global warming. Nevertheless, SMR is currently the most widely used process for the generation of hydrogen since the process is much cheaper than producing hydrogen by electrolysis.
It may be desirable to provide improved systems and methods for producing gas that are environmentally friendly and safe, which for example have an improved efficiency. Such systems and methods are for example respectively improved electrolyzers and electrolysis, and fuel cells and other electrochemical cells.
Described herein are devices, systems, and methods for electrolysis to overcome the pre-existing challenges and achieve the benefits as described herein.
Electrolyzer cells and fuel cells may include bipolar plates, electrodes, a diaphragm or membrane, mesh, gas diffuser layer (GDL)and gaskets.
In each cell the bipolar plates hold between them the other components.
Bipolar plates are designed to simultaneously perform a number of critical functions in a fuel cell stack to ensure acceptable levels of power output and a long stack lifetime:
The bipolar plates collect and transport electrons from the anode to cathode.
They connect individual cells in series to form a cell stack of the required voltage.
They separate gases such as hydrogen and oxygen, while removing water and unreacted gases and other materials. Hence, they are impermeable to gases.
They can contain gas flow field channels or can be flat and the flow will be only in a mesh layer, thereby providing a flow path for gas and water transport to uniformly distribute the gases and water over the entire electrode areas.
They provide structural support for the fuel cell stack.
The bipolar plate accounts for more than 40% of the total stack cost and about 80% of the total weight.
Recently there has been significant research and development to lower their cost, reduce their size, and improve their performance and lifetime.
According to one aspect, a dome-shaped bipolar plate is provided.
In some embodiments the bipolar plate comprises a plate rim, the plate rim comprising anode reaction outlets and cathode reaction outlets.
In some embodiments the bipolar plate further comprises a plate center, and reactant inlets extending throughout the center.
In some embodiments the bipolar plate has a thickness of from about 0.2 mm up to about 1 mm.
According to another aspect an electrolyzer is provided, the electrolyzer comprising: a stack of dome-shaped bipolar plates.
In some embodiments each plate in the electrolyzer comprises: a plate rim and a plurality of anode reaction outlets and cathode reaction outlets on the rim;
In some preferred embodiments the electrolyzer further comprises at least one of a group consisting of: dome-shaped mesh, dome-shaped GDL, dome-shaped diaphragm or membrane (MEA), dome-shaped current collector, and dome-shaped end plates. In some preferred embodiments, a plurality of one of more of said group members are present in the electrolyzer.
In some electrolyzer embodiments each plate comprises a plurality of anode channels on an anode side of the plate and a plurality of cathode channels on a cathode side of the plate, wherein each anode channel overlaps a plurality of cathode channels and each cathode channel overlaps a plurality of anode channels.
In some electrolyzer embodiments each bipolar plate further comprises holes that allow elastomeric gasket material to pass from one side to the other of the plate during an injection over molding process performed on the plate.
In some preferred electrolyzer embodiments the stack further comprises end plates having a thickness from about 20 mm to about 200 mm.
According to yet another aspect an electrolysis system is provided, the system comprising:
According to another aspect, a method of producing a dome-shaped bipolar plate is provided, the method selected from: vacuum forming and stamping.
According to yet another aspect, a method of producing a stack is provided, the method comprising: producing a plurality of dome-shaped bipolar plates by vacuum forming and stamping, and producing a plurality of dome-shaped meshes by stamping, and/or dome-shaped GDLs by stamping.
According to another aspect, a method of producing hydrolysis products is provided, the method comprising:
According to another aspect, a method of producing electrolysis products is provided, the method comprising:
In some method embodiments the gaseous hydrolysis products in the tank are essentially hydrogen.
Dome-shaped: a structure having a three-dimensional shape which can be created by intersection of a plane with a sphere or an ellipsoid. The dome may be a hemisphere or hemiellipsoid but in general the dome may be less than a hemisphere.
It should be appreciated that all combinations of the foregoing concepts and additional concepts discussed in greater detail below (provided such concepts are not mutually inconsistent) are contemplated as being part of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein and to achieve the benefits/advantages as described herein. In particular, all combinations of claimed subject matter appearing above and/or at the end of this disclosure are contemplated as being part of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein.
The details of one or more implementations are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims, in which:
It will be recognized that some or all of the figures are schematic representations for purposes of illustration. The figures are provided for the purpose of illustrating one or more implementations with the explicit understanding that they will not be used to limit the scope or the meaning of the claims.
In some aspects, methods and systems are disclosed herein for promoting environmentally friendly, efficient electrolysis.
Electrolyzers are expected to be core technologies in a renewable energy future because of their ability to electrolyse water, i.e., use electricity, e.g., from solar photovoltaics or wind, to convert water to hydrogen (H2). As such, it may be used for example for storage of excess energy produced during the daytime with photovoltaics, and energy withdrawal in the dark hours of the day.
(H2) is an energy-dense fuel, which can be stored for long periods of time and may be more cost effective and more energy-dense than storage of energy in batteries.
Hydrogen in today's market is produced in general via the steam methane reforming (SMR) reaction, a process which relies on fossil fuels and releases carbon monoxide and a small amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) which is an environmentally unfriendly process. However, today there is already a large market for hydrogen production also with electrolyzers, despite the higher production price
Although electrolysis of water is an environmentally friendly process, at present it is much less energy efficient than SMR due several shortcomings in the presently known electrolysis processes. Energy efficiency is the ratio between the energy received when burning one mole of hydrogen and the energy needed to produce one mole of hydrogen. The working efficiency of an electrolyzer cell depends on many parameters. In particular, because of the inherent constraints associated with the currently known architecture and materials, the conventional alkaline water electrolyzer and the emerging proton exchange membrane electrolyzer [described below] are suffering from low efficiency and high materials/operation costs, respectively.
Our aim is to remove or reduce some of these shortcomings and thus make water electrolysis more energy efficient.
The alkaline electrolyzer 100a shown in
The anion exchange membrane electrolyzer 100b shown in
The proton exchange electrolyzer 100c shown in
Wherever bubbles adhere to the electrode's surfaces there is also no local current, thus reducing the overall current of the cell. The reduction of the current directly reduces the rate of the manufacture of new bubbles.
Therefore, the efficiency of such stack 1000 is severely limited by the accumulation of bubbles on the electrodes. Note from
As shown in
each plate 2102 comprising: a plate centre 2113, a plate rim 2115, a plate cathode side 2122a, a plate anode side 2122b, and a plurality of anode reaction outlets 2142 and cathode reaction outlets 2144 on the plate rim 2015;
a plurality of reactant inlets 2114 extending throughout the centre 2113 of each plate 2102.
Anode reaction outlets 2142 are aligned therethrough the stack 2000 and cathode reaction outlets 2144 are aligned therethrough the stack 2000. In other words, products of hydrolysis on the plate cathodic side 2122a and on the plate anodic side 2122b are separated from each other and float in a continuum up the stack 2000 through the outlets 2142, 2144.
The radial flow gives equal, good and homogeneous coverage of the electrodes.
Each stack may further comprise dome-shaped diaphragms, or membrane, each one disposed between each cathode side of one plate and anode side of an adjacent plate.
In some embodiments a at least one separator such as a diaphragm is provided that has a domed shape essentially matching the bipolar plates' shapes, typically with a thickness of up to about 0.5 mm. An example of a diaphragm material is zirfon (polysulfone matrix and zirconia which is present as a powder).
Returning now to the bipolar plates, the dome shape of the plates 2102 provides increasing reactive area of both the plate cathodic side 2122a and the plate anodic side 2122b, going from the plate centre 2113 towards the plate rim 2115. Therefore, bubbles created near the plate centre 2113 minimally accumulate and minimally impede flow of current through the stack 2000. Increasing the area downstream increases the amount of bubble. There are more bubbles, but also more surface area so that there is no disruption to the process of bubble disengagement or evacuation of the gas. Increasing the area with the flow also facilitates transport of the ions. Thus, the electrolysis can be very greatly more efficient compared to known hydrolyzers. The energy losses due to the resistance of the process will be smaller because the resistance of the bubbles will be smaller. For example, hydrolysis to produce hydrogen gas can be first made comparable in cost to production of hydrogen by SMR.
According to another aspect, an electrolysis process is provided, the process comprising:
The stack 2000 may be vertically positioned like the illustration in
The lower side of the diaphragm or membrane 2202 where hydrogen is present is proximal to where a cathode resides and the upper side of the diaphragm or membrane where oxygen is present is proximal to where an anode resides.
A stream of liquid entering a bipolar plate from underneath via the plate centre may be divided in a manifold into a first stream directed towards an anode and a second stream directed towards a cathode. This manifold may be situated inside plug/s in the reactant inlet/s.
The manifold and/or plug may have a dome shape. The manifold/plug can be made of an elastomer, preferably inert to chemical/electrochemical attack/heat and current (for example EPDM). In some embodiments liquid entering the manifold at first flow rate and pressure will be diverted to the anode and at second flow rate and pressure will be diverted to the cathode.
Liquid leaving the cathode surface together with hydrogen may be completely separated from liquid leaving the anode surface together with oxygen, by means of an exit manifold, again which may be dome-shaped and may include channels associated with either the anode or the cathode—hydrogen will go via cathode channels to cathode reaction outlets, and oxygen will go via anode channels to anode reaction outlets.
A skilled in the art will appreciate that the gaskets should be carefully designed to conform with the entrance and exit manifolds in order to obtain a good seal between the bipolar plates and the diaphragms or membrane, and between the inlets of the anodes and the inlets of the cathodes, as well as between each cell and the surrounding area. Such seal is essential for achievement of a high yield and also for safety in preventing an explosion from the contact of hydrogen with oxygen.
Such electrolytic stacks can build up very high internal pressures; therefore, in commercially available electrolytic stacks massive end plates 1132 are used. However, due to the unique structure of our plates 2102, as another surprising advantage, the end plates may not need to be so massive, as the dome structure increases the strength of the stack 2000: The bipolar plates' domed shape may drastically increase the moment of inertia. The unique shape may make it possible to significantly lower the thickness of the end plates and of the bipolar plates, which minimizes or at least lowers the weight of the stack and increases the stability of the stack. The shape may also allow for easier assembly and easier disassembly that allows in turn for easier maintenance. The shape may also help reduce the diameter of the stack, which reduces the normal forces that are applied to the stack and thus reduces the required diameter of the clamping screws.
In some embodiments the bipolar plates are thinner than prior art plates used for electrolysis thanks to their increased strength, thus considerably saving material for construction of the stacks. Such thinner plates may also be relatively easily manufactured by processes such as, vacuum forming or stamping which cannot be used for thick plates.
The embodiments described herein provide novel mechanical solutions that significantly improve the efficiency of electrolyzers, and the physical attributes of stacks such as in respect of weight, floor space requirements, and stability. In effect, a heretofore two-dimensional system is now provided as an improved three-dimensional system.
As a result of the domelike structure of the plates the electrolyte flows in a radial spreading form in three dimensions, therefore the active area for electrochemical reactions steadily increases towards product outlets. The form also facilitates separation of the gases as explained above.
The system can be used for example for hydrolysis, wherein the amount of hydrogen and oxygen bubbles can steadily be increased as the electrolyte spreads, without increasing their density. This radial flow increases the current density.
The system shown in
In stacks with such selective separation between the anode and the cathode, on the side of the cathode the generation of bubbles can be minimized, and the hydrogen molecules movement towards the exit from the stack is facilitated.
The bipolar plates may be made of any materials known to be effective in the desired reaction.
For example, for hydrolysis the plates may comprise stainless steel, for example alloy SS316. The SS316 may be plated, for example with nickel.
As explained and shown in the embodiment described above, cells in some embodiments comprise membranes/separators 2124 that may comprise PEM or AEM.
An additional component shown is an MEA therebetween.
A membrane electrode assembly (MEA) is typically an assembled stack of proton-exchange membranes (PEM) or anion exchange membranes (AEM), catalysts and electrodes used in fuel cells and electrolyzers.
However, in some other embodiments, e.g., those based on an alkaline electrolyzer, there is no membrane.
Further components between adjacent bipolar plates 2101 are a cathode-side mesh 2182a, a cathode side gdl/nickel foam 2184a, an anode-side mesh 2184b, and an anode side gdl/nickel foam 2184b. These components are optional and may be replaced with other components with similar functionality.
GDL (Gas Diffusion Layer) is a key component in various types of fuel cells, including Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM), Direct Methanol (DMFC) and Phosphoric Acid (PAFC) stacks as well as in other electrochemical devices such as electrolyzers. In fuel cells, this thin, porous sheet must provide high electrical and thermal conductivity and chemical/corrosion resistance, in addition to controlling the proper flow of reactant gases (hydrogen and air) and managing the water transport out of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). As shown in
The production of the membrane may be performed with a cutting press. The resulting product will be flat but will assume a dome shape like that of the bipolar plates upon being installed in the stack.
The mesh 2128a, 2128b can be produced from a template, for example by a stamping process from a flat disc-shaped article of nickel foam. However, in some embodiments the template is wavy in order to provide maximum surface area. After stamping and placing inside the stack these waves are mostly eliminated, however on a microscopic level they remain and still contribute to the efficiency of the hydrolysis.
To help appreciate the huge advantage of our novel dome-shaped bipolar plates: an analysis of plates with an active area of 140 cm2 and a thickness of 0.2 mm shows that for an equal pressure of 30 bars on the plates, a flat disc deforms 54 mm and tears whereas the dome-shaped/hemispherical disc only deforms 0.03 mm and does not tear. See simulation test results on a prior art flat plate,
In this arrangement the channels 3246, 3248 are oblique as shown, i.e., if a line is drawn to extend the channels to a point on the circumference of the plate, then the line is not perpendicular to a tangent line passing through that point.
Each anode channel overlaps a plurality of cathode channels, and each cathode channel overlaps a plurality of anode channels.
This arrangement may offer several advantages to the operation and quality of the stack: The channels 3246, 3248 are somewhat longer than “straight” channels; the flow of hydrogen and oxygen is in different directions, thus better separating them; and the structural strength of the stack is improved by the channels 3246, 3248 crossing each other rather than overlapping each other.
As schematically illustrated in
Water and oxygen can exit the stack 3000 and the tank 3902 via pipe 3906a and reenter the stack 3000 and tank 3902 via pipe 3906b.
The gaseous hydrolysis products in the tank are essentially hydrogen, i.e., the expected purity of hydrogen in the gaseous hydrolysis products in the tank is at least 99.9% v/v, and depending upon the purity of the water fed to the stack and the leak-proofness of the systems, is expected to be at least 99.99%.
Gasket material is injected onto a bipolar plate in an over molding process. The bipolar plate 4202 includes small holes 4216 that allow the elastomer to pass from one side to the other during the injection process. This process and bipolar plate provide an improved sealing between each anode and cathode in a cell and between the cells of the stack.
Underlined and/or italicized headings and subheadings are used for convenience only, do not limit the subject technology, and are not referred to in connection with the interpretation of the description of the subject technology. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various implementations described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and intended to be encompassed by the subject technology. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the above description.
It should be appreciated that all combinations of the foregoing concepts and additional concepts discussed in greater detail below (provided such concepts are not mutually inconsistent) are contemplated as being part of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein. In particular, all combinations of claimed subject matter appearing at the end of this disclosure are contemplated as being part of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein.
“About” is defined as ±25% of the stated value.
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
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PCT/IL2022/051251 | 11/23/2022 | WO |
Number | Date | Country | |
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63286052 | Dec 2021 | US |