A field of the invention is microcavity plasma devices (also known as microplasma devices) and arrays of microcavity plasma devices.
Microcavity plasma devices spatially confine a low temperature, nonequilibrium plasma to a cavity with a characteristic dimension d below 1 mm, and as small as 10 μm×10 μm. Researchers at the University of Illinois have developed and demonstrated a range of microcavity plasma devices and arrays of microcavity plasma devices. A number of fabrication processes and device structures have advanced the state of the art and provided devices and arrays in a variety of materials including, for example, semiconductors, ceramics, glass, and polymers. Arrays of microcavity plasma devices that have been developed include addressable arrays. Devices can be operated at high pressures (up to and beyond atmospheric pressure), thus simplifying the requirements for packaging an array. Plasma display panel technology, on the other hand, requires a partial vacuum in the display which requires accordingly sturdy packaging to protect the panels. The various microcavity plasma devices and arrays that have been developed to date have broad utility, with certain ones being especially suited toward one application or another, including for example, general lighting applications, displays (including high definition displays), medical therapeutic procedures, and environmental sensors.
Previous microcavity plasma devices have been turned on and modulated, if modulation was desired, by varying the full voltage across the io device. The RMS value of this voltage is typically 150 V or more. Switching high voltages directly requires relatively expensive driving electronics. Current commercial plasma display panels, which do not use microcavity plasma devices, switch high voltages, for example. The circuitry for switching the high voltages represents a significant cost in the manufacturing of existing plasma televisions, for example. The expense does not arise from the need to apply a high voltage (say, 150 V) to a pixel in a display, but rather from the need to vary it (modulate) quickly in response to a video signal. The need for high speed and high voltage has a serious (negative) impact on the cost of the electronics and the plasma display panel.
Researchers at the University of Illinois have previously developed field emission assisted microcavity plasma devices, which are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,126,266 (the '266 patent), which issued on Oct. 24, 2006. The field emission nanostructures disclosed in the '266 patent are integrated into microcavity plasma devices or situated near an electrode of microcavity plasma devices and serve to reduce operating and ignition voltages, while also increasing the radiative output and efficiency. The field emission nanostructures in the '266patent include carbon nanotubes and other similar field emission nanostructures, such as nanowires composed of silicon carbide, zinc oxide, molybdenum and molybdenum oxide, organic semiconductors or tungsten. The field emission structures in the '266 patent is they cannot be controlled separately from the microplasma devices themselves. The field emission structures emit electrons as long as the microcavity plasma device is in operation. The inability to readily control nanotube and nanowire electron emission renders these nanostructures of limited value in reducing the voltage necessary to modulate a microplasma device.
An embodiment of the invention is a microcavity plasma device that can be controlled by a low voltage electron emitter. The microcavity plasma device includes driving electrodes disposed proximate to a microcavity and arranged to contribute to generation of plasma in the microcavity upon application of a driving voltage. An electron emitter is arranged to emit electrons into the microcavity upon application of a control voltage. The electron emitter is an electron source having an insulator layer defining a tunneling region. While a voltage comparable to previous microcavity plasma devices is still imposed across the microcavity plasma devices, control of the devices can be accomplished at high speeds and with a small voltage, e.g., about 5V to 30V in preferred embodiments. The microplasma itself can serve as a second electrode necessary to energize the electron emitter, which permits omission of a top electrode on an emitter used to emit electrons into the microcavity in preferred embodiments.
Microcavity plasma devices and arrays of the invention are modulated by a controllable electron emitter requiring a substantially smaller voltage than that applied across a microcavity in the device or array to generate a plasma. A driving voltage is applied across microcavity plasma devices while a small control voltage is applied to one or more electron emitters that inject electrons into the microcavity of a device. The effect of electron injection into a microplasma is to increase both the conductance current and light emitted by the plasma. While a voltage comparable to previous microcavity plasma devices is still imposed across the microcavity plasma devices, control of the devices can be accomplished at high speeds and with a small voltage, e.g., about 5V to 30V in preferred embodiments.
An embodiment of the invention is a microcavity plasma device that can be controlled by a low voltage electron emitter. The microcavity plasma device includes driving electrodes disposed proximate to a microcavity and arranged to contribute to generation of plasma in the microcavity upon application of a driving voltage. An electron emitter is arranged to emit electrons into the microcavity upon application of a control voltage. The electron emitter is an electron source having an insulator layer defining a tunneling region. The microplasma itself serves as the second electrode necessary to energize the electron emitter.
Microcavity plasma devices and arrays of the invention have many applications. The devices and arrays are well-suited, for example, to large format and high resolution video displays, where control (modulation) speeds place severe demands on driving electronics. Various microcavity plasma devices and arrays of the invention are driven with an AC or DC driving voltage but they can be also modulated in response to small control voltage, such as a video signal. The control voltage is applied to solid state electron emitter devices located near microcavities of the microcavity plasma devices. The solid state devices act as electron injectors and require only ˜5-30 V for operation, permitting the microcavity plasma devices to be switched with a ˜5V-30V control voltage. In preferred embodiment microcavity plasma devices and arrays, electron injectors lower the control voltage to below ˜10 V, and most preferably sufficiently low to permit transistor-transistor logic (TTL) circuitry generating ˜5 V pulses to control microcavity plasma device operation. TTL control of microcavity plasma devices makes large arrays of the devices especially well suited for realizing large and high resolution addressable displays.
Preferred embodiments will now be discussed with respect to the drawings. The drawings include schematic figures that are not to scale, which will be fully understood by skilled artisans with reference to the accompanying description. Features may be exaggerated for purposes of illustration. From the preferred embodiments, artisans will recognize additional features and broader aspects of the invention.
Making the spacer 18 as thin as possible is desirable because it minimizes the distance electrons must travel before entering the microcavity 12. A shorter distance of travel translates to stronger control of the microplasma but also a shorter delay time between when the control voltage is applied and an effect of the injected electrons on the microplasma is observed. However, bringing the emitter 13 closer to the plasma increases the potential for damaging the electron emitter 13. In a preferred embodiment, a ˜70 μm thickness for the spacer 18 was found to be effective for test devices having the
The microcavity plasma device further includes driving electrodes 20, 22 separated by a dielectric 23. Additionally, a screen electrode 24 is illustrated, and can be used to improve radiative efficiency. It should be emphasized that the screen electrode 24 is not necessary for the functioning of the invention. The driving voltage shown in
The invention is also applicable to other microcavity devices and arrays formed by semiconductor fabrication processes. Exemplary microcavity plasma devices and arrays that could be modified to include electron injection control of the invention are disclosed in the following US patents and applications that are incorporated by reference: U.S. Pat. No. 7,112,918 to Eden , et al. issued Sep. 26, 2006, and entitled Microdischarge Devices and Arrays Having Tapered Microcavities; U.S. application Ser. No. 11/042,228, filed Jan. 25, 2005, entitled AC-Excited Microcavity Discharge Device and Method; U.S. Published Application No. 20050269953, entitled Phase-Locked Microdischarge Array and AC, RF or Pulse Excited Microdischarge.
In the preferred embodiment devices of
An experimental device consistent with the
While specific embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it should be understood that other modifications, substitutions and alternatives are apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. Such modifications, substitutions and alternatives can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which should be determined from the appended claims.
Various features of the invention are set forth in the appended claims.
This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 from prior provisional application Ser. No. 61/000,388, which was filed on Oct. 25, 2007.
This invention was made with government support under Contract No. F49620-03-1-0391 awarded by the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research. The government has certain rights in the invention.
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
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PCT/US2008/081318 | 10/27/2008 | WO | 00 | 7/14/2010 |
Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
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WO2009/055786 | 4/30/2009 | WO | A |
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Number | Date | Country | |
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20100289413 A1 | Nov 2010 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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61000388 | Oct 2007 | US |