The present invention relates to a system for the preparation of cell fraction samples for electron microscopy. More particularly, this invention relates to a fully automated, robotically manipulated fluid handling system for temperature controlled, high-throughput parallel preparation of cell fraction samples for electron microscopy.
Biomedical research is requiring more specialised equipment expressly suited for the new demands of burgeoning new fields such as large scale proteomics, which require more automated, parallel processing of complex protocols to be accomplished in reasonable time limits. Proteomics, for example, generally involves the systematic separation, identification and characterization of the proteins present in an given sample of tissue or biological fluid at a given time.
Certain processes in proteomics research are currently very time consuming, require individual sample preparation, and do not lend themselves to accurate reproducibility. As more research laboratories are taking on a proteomics approach, there is increasing demand for scaling-up traditionally used bench methodology by implementing robotic systems capable of high-throughput preparation and experimentation processing.
Electron microscopy is often required in proteomics research, especially as proteomics has evolved from a whole cell based approach to an organellar based approach. Using an electron microscope for identification and verification of sub-cellular and protein targets, requires the careful preparation of cell fraction samples to be studied. Electron microscopy is required to validate the purity of the cell fraction sample preparations by morphometry, and to confirm the localization of proteins within isolated organelles.
The currently employed approach for the preparation of cell fraction samples for electron microscopy involves a time consuming, manual methodology including using a filtration apparatus to deposit the sample onto a filtration membrane, and subsequently exposing the sample to a complex protocol of chemical treatments. Cell fraction samples prepared in this way for electron microscopy must be individually prepared, and take approximately 4 days per sample to complete. This process is overly time and labor consuming, and renders any high-throughput processing of samples impossible.
WO 00/72968 published Dec. 7, 2000, discloses a multiple fluid sample processor and system capable of high through put combinatorial processes, chemical synthesis and diagnostic arrays, and biological assays and processing. A multi-layered fluidic array comprises a plurality of micro-sized reservoirs and interconnecting channels. A pressure or vacuum pumping system is used for fluid delivery and removal. The device can include an upper reservoir layer, a center distribution plate, and a lower well plate, all of which are stacked vertically and can be releasably coupled together. The bottom plate containing the samples process through the other layers, is detachable from the other plates, and conveyed to another location for subsequent processing of the samples. This is preferably done by robotic or other automated means.
Therefore, there is a need for an automated device capable of high-throughput preparation of cell fraction samples for use in electron microscopy.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an electron microscopy cell fraction sample preparation device capable of reducing preparation times.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a high-throughput cell fraction sample preparation system.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a device capable of parallel preparation of a plurality of cell fraction samples for electron microscopy.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an automated method of cell fraction sample preparation.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a robotic system capable of automated high-throughput, parallel preparation of cell fraction samples for electron microscopy.
Therefore, according to the present invention, there is provided a parallel processing, fluid handling apparatus for concurrent temperature controlled preparation of a plurality of cell fraction samples adapted to be used for electron microscopic viewing, the apparatus comprising: a sample receiving member comprising a plurality of discrete apertures each adapted to receive a biological sample therein; fluid handling means for inserting and removing fluid to and from the plurality of apertures substantially in parallel, permitting the biological samples to be processed substantially in parallel by the insertion and removal of processing fluid; and separation means for the parallel isolated separation of the post-processing samples; whereby the post-processing samples are adapted to be polymerized in embedding solution and removed from the sample receiving member.
Therefore, according to the present invention, there is also provided a parallel processing, fluid handling apparatus for concurrent temperature controlled preparation of a plurality of cell fraction samples for electron microscopy, the apparatus comprising: a filter plate having a major surface and a plurality of apertures extending through the plate in a direction normal to the major surface, and comprising a filter membrane transversely disposed with respect to the apertures and adapted to receive biological samples thereon; a pumping member comprising at least a nozzle, substantially normally directed with respect to a major surface of the pumping member, being in fluid flow communication with the apertures of the filter plate, disposed on a first side of the filter plate, and adapted to provide one of vacuum and pressure to the apertures of the filter plate; a selected one of a fluid transfer plate and a retainer plate; the fluid transfer plate having at least one aperture extending therethrough, the fluid transfer plate being releasably engageable with a second side of the filter plate opposite the first side, such that the at least one apertures in the fluid transfer plate and the filter plate are in fluid flow communication, and the plurality of apertures are discretely sealed to prevent fluid transfer between laterally adjacent apertures, the at least one aperture in the fluid transfer plate and the plurality of apertures of the filter plate being adapted to provide processing fluid reservoirs for each sample; the retainer plate, releasably engageable to the second side of the filter plate and interchangeable with the fluid transfer plate, comprising a removable multiple-well plate engaged therein, the multiple-well plate comprising a plurality of closed bottom wells each adapted to receive polymerized embedding solution therein and corresponding to and being in fluid flow communication with the plurality of apertures of the filter plate; and a biasing mechanism for releasably connecting in sealed engagement, at least one of the fluid transfer plate and the retainer plate, to the filter plate.
There is also provided, in accordance with the present invention, a biasing mechanism for releasably connecting stackable plates of a parallel processing, fluid handling apparatus, the mechanism comprising: a first plate and a second plate adapted to be stacked together, each plate comprising a plurality of corresponding apertures; at least one mechanical alignment member for aligning corresponding apertures in the plates when said plates are stacked together; one of the first plate and the second plate comprising an electromagnetic coupling element, and the other of the first plate and the second plate comprising a magnetic coupling member corresponding to the electromagnetic coupling member, wherein the electromagnetic coupling member and the magnetic coupling member are normally retained together such that the first and second plates are retained together and laterally adjacent apertures are sealed off from each other; and the electromagnetic coupling element being selectively disengageable from the magnetic coupling member when energized, whereby the first and second plates are disengaged from one another.
There is additionally provided, in accordance with the present invention, a method of simultaneously preparing a plurality of cell fraction samples for electron microscopy comprising the steps of: providing a filter plate having a plurality of apertures and comprising a filter membrane for deposit thereon of a sample during processing; providing a fluid transfer plate having at least one aperture, the fluid transfer plate being releasably engageable to the filter plate; providing a pumping member comprising at least a nozzle; engaging the fluid transfer plate to a first side of the filter plate, such that the plurality of apertures and the at least one aperture are substantially aligned and in fluid flow communication with one another, forming a plurality of composite discrete passages in fluid flow communication with the nozzle and having the filter membrane transversely mounted between the plurality of apertures and the nozzle, and each composite discrete passage being sealed off from laterally adjacent passages; inserting a biological sample into the second aperture; providing a vacuum source to the nozzle to draw the samples onto the filter membrane; processing the samples by performing at least one processing cycle, each cycle comprising: dispensing chemicals into the second apertures; incubating the mixture of chemicals and samples; aspirating the chemicals out of the apertures; disengaging the fluid transfer plate from the filter plate, and replacing it with a retainer plate, the retainer plate including a removable multiple-well plate, comprising a plurality of wells having a polyermized embedding solution therein, disposed within the retainer plate such that the plurality of wells are aligned with the plurality of apertures of the filter plate; providing a pressure source to the nozzles to transfer the processed samples from the filter membrane to the polymerized embedding solution; adding further polymerized embedding solution into the plurality of wells to cover the samples; and removing the samples embedded in the polymerized embedding solution from the wells and taking sections of the embedded samples adapted for electron microscope examination.
There is further provided, in accordance with the present invention, a method of simultaneously preparing a plurality of cell fraction samples for electron microscopy comprising the steps of: providing a sample receiving member having a plurality of discretely sealed wells able to concurrently receive therein a biological sample and processing fluid; inserting a biological sample into a plurality of the wells; inserting processing fluid into the plurality of the wells, and processing the samples concurrently by performing at least one fluid exchanging processing cycle; separating processed samples from the processing fluid; embedding the processed samples in an embedding solution; and removing thin sections of the embedded samples for electron microscope examination.
Further features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in combination with the appended drawings, in which;
a to 2m are schematic cross-sectional views of steps of a method used to create cell fraction samples according to the present invention.
a is a perspective view of a primary configuration assembly of the cell fraction preparation apparatus of the present invention.
b is a perspective view of a final configuration assembly of the cell fraction preparation apparatus of the present invention.
The present apparatus is generally a robotic manipulator and fluid handling system for the fully automated, temperature controlled preparation of a plurality of cell fraction samples for electron microscopic examination. It is capable of preparing a plurality of embedded cell fraction samples at the same time using the full range of preparation protocols. Although the device could be adapted for providing any high-volume, parallel processing, fluid sample preparation and handling, the device is preferably intended for cell fraction sample preparation used in proteomics research for the characterization of isolated organelle purity and location of novel and unexpected proteins by quantitative immunolabeling. The present device will significantly increase cell fraction sample preparation throughput by a factor of at least 1,000 compared to current manual cell fraction sample techniques. The integrated design of the present invention permits the automation of a significant number of complex protocols while minimizing stress on the samples. It also assures standardized high quality sample preparation for analysis that is not currently available by any other approach.
The increasing scope of proteomics efforts requires laboratories to implement and scale traditional “bench” methods to allow for the high-throughput processing of experimental samples. The present device described below permits a plurality of samples, 96 samples in the preferred embodiment shown and described, to be simultaneously prepared, unattended, in a flexible time limit as short as one working day. This eliminates one of the key bottlenecks in proteomics research and provides, for the first time, a standard of reproducibility in sample preparation and evaluation, hitherto unattained. While the samples can be prepared with the present apparatus in a single day, adjustable parameters allow for processing time to be extended if required.
The automated system of the present invention comprises a core mechanism consisting of four stackable plates, which may be configured in two main configurations for separate chemical processing of up to 96 parallel samples. The modular design of the core mechanism provides the flexibility necessary to automate complex chemical processing protocols as well as integrating with a 5-axis motion control system. The principle components of this core mechanism are illustrated in
The four principle components of the core mechanism are: a fluid transfer plate 14 providing individual fluid reservoirs for each of the 96 samples, a filter plate assembly 12 holding the filter membrane-bound samples throughout processing, a pumping plate 16 for vacuum filtration of the cell fraction samples onto the filter membrane and pressure delivery of the processed samples with pressurized air and, a retainer plate assembly 18 including a removably engaged 96 well plate comprising a polymerized embedding solution therein for collection of the processed samples at the end of the automated protocol.
Although the pumping plate is described herein as being a discrete member, it is equivalently conceivable that the pressure plate is in fact integrally formed with the pressure plate as a single unit. In such a case, a nozzle or nozzles would be provided within the integral plate to provide pressurized air or a vacuum source to perform substantially the same function as the pumping plate described herein. Similarly, where ever feasible, other plates could be combined to form integral units. For example, if the fluid transfer plate could be combined into the filter plate, or an integral filter/pumping plate. However, this may only function properly if the pumping plate is capable of providing sufficient pressure to transfer the samples from the filter membrane to the embedding solution in the wells of the retainer plate.
Two different configurations of the fluid handling apparatus core mechanism are used throughout the automated sample processing protocol, namely a primary configuration 10a and a final configuration 10b. The primary configuration 10a consists principally of the fluid transfer plate 14, the filter plate assembly 12 and the pumping plate 16. For the final configuration 10b, the fluid transfer plate 14 is interchanged for the retainer plate assembly 18. In both configuration, three plates are held firmly together throughout processing by eight permanent magnets (four per face) built into the filter plate, which is always located in the center of the configuration. All other plates contain corresponding electromagnets for de-coupling of the plates from the central filter plate assembly.
Referring now to
Referring to
The filter plate assembly 12 in
Referring now to
All electromagnets 46 of the plates engageable with the filter plate are oriented such that they are normally magnetically attracted to the permanent magnets 44. This permits the plates to be retained together once stacked, forming a secure separable engagement which prevents the plates from being unexpectedly separated, offer the necessary compression to sufficiently seal the superimposed apertures, and also prevents any fluid flow communication between horizontally adjacent fluid passages by maintaining a seal between the mating flat major surfaces of contiguous plates. When the individually controllable electromagnets 46 on each plate adapted to be engaged to the central filter plate assembly 12 are energized, the energized electromagnets counteract the magnetic attractive force between the permanent magnets and the preferably ferrous electromagnets, causing the plates having the energized electromagnets to be disengageable from the central filter plate. This permits the plates to be normally securely retained together, until such time as one plate, such as the fluid transfer plate, is to be disengaged, in which case all that is required is to energize the electromagnets disposed within the fluid transfer plate, causing said plate to be freely disengageable and even slightly repelled from the central filter plate. The inverse procedure is equally possible for the attachment of a plate to the filter plate.
The retainer plate assembly 18 shown in
Having described the principal elements of the core mechanism of the fluid handling apparatus, the methodology involved for the parallel preparation of cell fraction samples using the elements of the core mechanism will now be outlined.
Beginning with the primary stacked plate configuration 10a, biological samples are placed, either manually or by an equivalent automated system, into the individual apertures 28 of the fluid transfer plate 14 of the coupled configuration, using a standard pipette needle for example. The samples can be added into the apertures individually, or in groups of as few as two samples to as many as the number of apertures in the plate. All subsequent manipulations in the processing protocol can be fully automated using a robot as further described below, however the sample processing protocols can equally be manually performed. The process begins by filtering the cellular fraction samples onto the filter membrane 20, by providing a vacuum from the nozzles 42 of the pumping plate 16 produced by the source engaged to the hose attachments 40. Needle manifolds 74 of the robot arm assembly 72, preferably comprising multi-channels as described in further detail below however they can have as few as a single needle, dispense and aspirate processing chemicals to and from the 96 individual composite fluid reservoirs formed above the filter membrane as required by a known protocol for the preparation of cellular fractions for electron microscopy. Table 1 and Table 2 below outline a sample process protocol, used for with the present invention for the automated preparation of cell fraction samples. During the sample processing performed by such a protocol, the samples and the entire core mechanism is maintained at approximately 4° C. by a thermoelectrically cooled platform 70, which incubates the samples in the processing chemicals. The ability to accurately control the temperature of the entire core mechanism and consequently the samples, is an important feature of the present invention. The thermoelectric platform 70 also permits significant temperature variation, being adjustable such that a temperature range of approximately 4° C.–37° C. is possible. Preferably a temperature range of 2 to 10° C. is most often used. Cyclic oscillation between various temperatures is equally possible. The cycle of dispensing chemicals, incubation, and aspiration of chemicals is repeated as many times as required to complete the protocol.
Once the sample processing protocols have been completed using the core mechanism in the primary configuration 10a, the top fluid transfer plate 14 is electromagnetically released from engagement with the filter plate assembly 12, and is then removed and replaced with the retainer plate assembly 18, inverted such that the wells 36 of the ninety-six well plate 26 are open to and aligned with the apertures 34 of the filter plate cap 24. The retainer plate assembly 18 can then similarly be magnetically engaged to the filter plate assembly, securing it in place. The entire core mechanism assembly in the final configuration 10b, is preferably then rotated 180 degrees as a unit, preferably about a central axis of the filter plate, such that the retainer plate assembly 18 becomes the bottom-most plate, and both the central filter plate assembly 12 and the pumping plate 16 are inverted. The final configuration of three plates is used for delivery of the processed samples to the ninety-six well plate 26 containing the embedding compound, such as polymerized Epon. The samples are transferred from the inverted filter membrane 20 to the wells 36 containing the polymerized embedding solution, using pressurized air provided by the side slot nozzles 35 of the pumping plate 16. The plates are electromagnetically de-coupled and the pumping plate and the filter plate are removed. An embedding solution can then be added to all the open apertures of the retainer plate, in order to seal the processed sample between layers of embedding solution. Finally, once the top layer has been polymerized, the ninety-six well plate 26 containing the individual processed cell fraction samples can be removed from the retainer plate assembly 18, such that the individual processed samples contained in the embedding solution can be removed, sectioned, and prepared as required for viewing under an electron microscope.
As mentioned above, while the previously described protocols and plate manipulations can be manually performed, the present invention provides a preferable, fully automated robot capable of performing the entire process once the initial biological samples are inserted into the reservoirs defined by the apertures of the fluid transfer and filter plates.
Referring to
The electromagnetic robot arm assembly 72 is displaceable and is controlled by the four-axis motion control system 61, comprising two horizontal base rails 64 on which slide mobile supports 66 for an upper transverse horizontal table 68, a carriage 67 horizontally displaceable on the upper transverse table 68 and which retains a vertical table 69 for vertical relative motion therewith, and a rotary table mounting bracket 73 that is vertically displaceable on the vertical table 69 and comprises a rotary table member 75, which retains the robot arm assembly 72 and permits the pivotal motion of the robot arm about a horizontally extending center axis at the center of the rotary table member 75. Actuating input member 65 of the upper transverse horizontal table 68 and actuating input member 71 of the vertical table 69, are adapted for moving their respective tables in space, such that coupled X-Y-Z axis motion of the robot arm assembly 72 is provided. The further coupled θ-axis rotational motion of the robot arm assembly about the rotating table 75, coupled to the Z-axis, creates four-axis motion control for the robot arm assembly 72 of the fully automated robot 60.
The robot arm assembly 72 preferably also has an actuated hinging mechanism 79 enabling Φ-axis rotation of the electromagnetic plate engaging member 76, thereby being displaceable from a normally vertical position substantially parallel to the rotary table mounting bracket 73 to a horizontal position substantially perpendicular therefrom. This enables the electromagnets 77 of the robot arm assembly 72 to be engageable with the magnets on the plates of the core fluid handling mechanism, in order to be capable of manipulating one or several of the plates. Generally, the robot arm assembly 72 is used in the vertical position when dispensing and aspirating processing fluids, and is used in the horizontal position for plate or plate assembly manipulation. This last rotational axis motion completes the five-axis motion of the entire robot control system.
The fluids panel assembly 78 that is provided on the base 62 of the robot 60, and the similar fluid panel assembly included on the reverse of the transverse table 68, can include a plurality of fluid containers, pumps, valves adapted to contain, mix, and supply the air and processing chemicals as required by the sample processing protocols used. As mentioned above, the panel 78 is generally used for the air, and the other fluids panel mounted directly on the moving transverse table, is used for all the processing fluids. Conduits (not shown) ensure fluid flow communication between the fluids panel assembly 78 and the needle manifold assemblies 74 of the robot arm assembly 72, such that the necessary processing chemicals can be fed to and received from the individual plate aperture engaging needles.
There are two levels of control to assure maintenance of sample integrity during automated sample filtration. A vacuum transducer is used to indicate adjustment of a vacuum source flow rate through the pumping plate by way of a proportional solenoid valve. This allows for gentle filtration of the samples. Because the vacuum source is used for several processes, the flow is gated through a direct-acting solenoid valve as well. Additionally, as the cell fraction suspensions are filtered down onto the charged filter membrane, sensors embedded into the fluid transfer plate indicate the individual fluid levels (up to 96) to the motion controller. If the fluid levels are not similar, the motion controller dictates motion control steps to dispense additional buffer into those wells filtering more quickly than the others and try to proceed. If there is repeated failure, the system stalls to allow manual inspection of the problem.
Processing chemicals are dispensed to the samples via two stepper pumps and several banks of solenoid valves that act as gates to the individual reservoirs of the processing chemicals. Several chemicals are dispensed as progressive proportions of two of the chemicals. Therefore, two pumps and two solenoid valves are actuated simultaneously to mix the two chemicals. As the processing chemicals are being dispensed, there are two levels of control to ensure proper operation of the fluids handling and integrity of the samples. In the first, as fluid is pumped toward the dispensing needles, fluid motion sensors (IR sensors) detect the presence and velocity of the fluid. The motion controller can calculate volume as a check on the system as the geometry of the fluid lines is know. In the second level of fluid handling control, as the fluid is dispensed into the wells of the fluid transfer plate, sensors embedded in the fluid transfer plate indicate to the motion controller whether the appropriate level of fluid in the individual wells has been attained. The process is repeated for as many times it takes to iterate through the sample processing loop of chemical dispensing and aspiration and the cycle of needle washing and drying.
All automated events except for temperature control are preferably nested within the motion control protocol. The temperature of the four plates is maintained with temperature sensors and thermoelectric coolers located in the walls of the cooling platform. The temperature control operates semi-independently from the motion controller and its associated input/output controls. Signals from the motion controller dictate the “on/off” state of temperature control when the whole robot powered on or off. If the operator dictates that the temperature must change during some portion of the sample processing protocol, the motion controller will deliver a signal to the temperature controller to go to a new temperature set point. Otherwise, the temperature control feedback loop is independent of the motion control loop and any other actuation dictated by the motion controller.
The other control loops indicated within the block diagram indicate that all controlled processes but temperature are nested within the control loop for robotic motion. Furthermore, the events that take place on an iterated schedule for progressive processing of the samples (processing chemical dispensing, waste aspiration, dispensing needle wash, and dispensing needle dry), are enclosed with the dotted line indicated by “Iterated Processing Sequence”. All other elements, such as plate alignment and sample filtration, occur one time within a sample processing run.
When spent processing chemicals are removed from the individual wells by way of the aspiration needles, there are two levels of control to assure maintenance of sample integrity during this waste aspiration. A vacuum transducer is used to indicate adjustment of a vacuum source flow rate through the aspiration needle lines by way of a proportional solenoid valve. This avoids aspirating the sample itself. As the vacuum source is used for several processes, the flow is gated through a direct-acting solenoid valve as well. Additionally, as the spent chemical is removed, sensors embedded into the fluid transfer plate indicate the individual fluid levels (up to 96) to the motion controller. If the fluid levels become low, the motion controller dictates motion control steps to stop aspiration from the well(s) and proceed to the following steps.
After dispensing or aspiration of fluids from the wells of the fluid transfer plate, the exterior surfaces of the needles can be cleaned in the wash station. When the needles are to be washed, the motion controller actuates a small gear pump to replenish the gravity overflow section of the wash station with clean water. The duration of the actuation is dictated by the operator before the processing run begins. In order to remove any excess water droplets from the exterior surfaces of the needles following a wash, the robot delivers the needles to the wash stations drying section. Here, the vacuum source line is opened fully to creates an abrupt pressure drop and carry the moisture on the needles away to the waste. A compressor builds the appropriate level of vacuum as indicated by a vacuum transducer (located on the vacuum reservoir). The actuation is completed by actuation of a solenoid valve by the motion controller.
Sample ejection is accomplished by slowly pressurizing the pumping plate (via the pressure line) and then releasing pressurized air through the solenoid valve in the opposing vacuum line of the pumping plate. A pressure transducer feeds forward a signal to a proportional solenoid valve to allowing an appropriate flow rate of air from the pressurized air source. When the plate has reached the pressure level necessary for sample ejection, the motion controller actuates opening of the solenoid valve for sample ejection.
Correct plate alignment is achieved with magnets and magnetic sensors embedded in the four plates and in the cooling platform. The magnetic sensors must indicate to the motion controller that they are positioned correctly in order to be able to proceed to the following steps of processing run. If they are not, the motion controller dictates motion control steps to reposition the plates and try to proceed. If there is repeated failure, the system stalls to allow manual inspection of the problem.
The integrated processing sequence, identified by the boxed area, indicates the iterated events necessary to complete the chemical processing steps. Namely, it includes the dispense, aspiration, wash and dry commands which are produced by the motion controller. Other process and control commands produced by the main motion controller are the temperature, filtration, ejection and robot motion control commands. Various feedback loops permit precise predetermined control of all systems. It is to be understood that the preferred control system setup is included herein as an example, and could be either slightly modified or vastly different, while nevertheless being able to achieve similar results with the fully automated robot assembly.
In an alternative embodiment, a smaller and more simplified robot is used. This alternative smaller robot does not provide temperature control, and therefore all plate components have significantly reduced mass, and consequently the systems for motion and fluids control are much lighter and more compact. In this case, temperature regulation is achieved by placing the entire automated robotic system within a temperature controlled chamber, which is possible as a result of the compact geometry and reduced mass of the alternative full system permits. Furthermore, electronics and fluids handling are also consequently consolidated and further miniaturized.
The lack of intrinsic temperature regulation in the alternate system, permits the components to be made from non thermally conductive materials. This allows the sample processing plates of the system to be molded into more intricate geometries using a polymeric (or plastic) material. This significantly reduces weight and costs of all components, and enables simplified mass-production of the components. Additionally, certain components can be disposable. For example, the filter plate is packaged with a pre-loaded filter membrane, the entire sub-assembly being disposable after anywhere from a single to several uses. The low cost of the plastic molded plates permits the inexpensive replacement of all parts, permitting for convenient disposability.
An alternative method and structure for coupling and compression of the plates is accomplished by using a simplified mechanism, such as a mechanical clamp for example.
Similar results can also be obtained with several alternative designs. For example, in the first step of sample filtration, multiple samples are loaded onto a surface charged plate having porous wells and separation is completed with a swinging bucket type centrifugation rotor.
In an alternative embodiment, a single multiple well plate is used throughout the procedure, providing that the material of the plate and the other components are chemically compatible with all the processing fluids of the processing protocol. Multiple reservoirs for each of the processing chemicals are used to progressively wash and incubate the samples, where the filtered samples contained in the filter plate are submerged in progressive baths for predetermined time periods. The same container is also used for embedding the processed samples, arriving at similar processing results as the preferred embodiment described in detail above.
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Number | Date | Country | |
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20060171850 A1 | Aug 2006 | US |