This relates generally to electronic devices and, more particularly, to electronic devices with antennas.
Electronic devices often include antennas. For example, cellular telephones, computers, and other devices often contain antennas for supporting wireless communications.
It can be challenging to form electronic device antenna structures with desired attributes. In some wireless devices, the presence of conductive housing structures can influence antenna performance. Antenna performance may not be satisfactory if the housing structures are not configured properly and interfere with antenna operation. Device size can also affect performance. It can be difficult to achieve desired performance levels in a compact device, particularly when the compact device has conductive housing structures.
It would therefore be desirable to be able to provide improved wireless circuitry for electronic devices such as electronic devices that include conductive housing structures.
An electronic device may be provided with antennas. The antennas may include a satellite navigation system antenna that provides satellite navigation system signals to a satellite navigation system receiver.
The satellite navigation system antenna may be a slot antenna. The electronic device may have a housing such as a metal housing. The slot antenna may include a slot antenna resonating element formed from a slot in the metal housing. The slot in the metal housing may be filled with a dielectric such as plastic.
The slot may extend across a planar rear housing wall and may extend up a sidewall of the housing. The slot may have no bends or may have one or more bends. The slot may be an open slot having an open end or may be a closed slot that is enclosed and surrounded by portions of the metal housing.
The slot may be directly fed or indirectly fed. In directly fed configurations, a positive antenna feed may be coupled to the metal housing on one side of the slot and a ground antenna feed may be coupled to the metal housing on another side of the slot.
In indirectly fed configurations, the antenna may include a near-field-coupled antenna feed structure that is near-field coupled to the slot. The near-field-coupled antenna feed structure may be formed from a planar metal structure. The planar metal structure may be a metal patch that overlaps the slot and that has a leg that protrudes towards the metal housing. A positive antenna feed terminal may be coupled to the leg and a ground antenna feed terminal may be coupled to the metal housing.
A satellite navigation system slot antenna may be coupled to a satellite navigation system receiver using a transmission line coupled between the antenna feed terminals and the satellite navigation system receiver.
Electronic devices may be provided with antennas. The antennas may include slot antennas formed in device structures such as electronic device housing structures. Illustrative electronic devices that have housings that accommodate slot antennas are shown in
Electronic device 10 of
In the example of
An electronic device such as electronic device 10 of
Device 10 may include a display such as display 14. Display 14 may be mounted in housing 12. Housing 12, which may sometimes be referred to as an enclosure or case, may be formed of plastic, glass, ceramics, fiber composites, metal (e.g., stainless steel, aluminum, etc.), other suitable materials, or a combination of any two or more of these materials. Housing 12 may be formed using a unibody configuration in which some or all of housing 12 is machined or molded as a single structure or may be formed using multiple structures (e.g., an internal frame structure, one or more structures that form exterior housing surfaces, etc.).
Display 14 may be a touch screen display that incorporates a layer of conductive capacitive touch sensor electrodes or other touch sensor components (e.g., resistive touch sensor components, acoustic touch sensor components, force-based touch sensor components, light-based touch sensor components, etc.) or may be a display that is not touch-sensitive. Capacitive touch screen electrodes may be formed from an array of indium tin oxide pads or other transparent conductive structures.
Display 14 may include an array of display pixels formed from liquid crystal display (LCD) components, an array of electrophoretic display pixels, an array of plasma display pixels, an array of organic light-emitting diode display pixels, an array of electrowetting display pixels, or display pixels based on other display technologies.
Display 14 may be protected using a display cover layer such as a layer of transparent glass or clear plastic. Openings may be formed in the display cover layer. For example, an opening may be formed in the display cover layer to accommodate a button, an opening may be formed in the display cover layer to accommodate a speaker port, etc.
Housing 12 may be formed from conductive materials and/or insulating materials. In configurations in which housing 12 is formed from plastic or other dielectric materials, antenna signals can pass through housing 12. Antennas in this type of configuration can be mounted behind a portion of housing 12. In configurations in which housing 12 is formed from a conductive material (e.g., metal), it may be desirable to provide one or more radio-transparent antenna windows in openings in the housing. As an example, a metal housing may have openings that are filled with plastic antenna windows. Antennas may be mounted behind the antenna windows and may transmit and/or receive antenna signals through the antenna windows.
Storage and processing circuitry 28 may include storage such as hard disk drive storage, nonvolatile memory (e.g., flash memory or other electrically-programmable-read-only memory configured to form a solid state drive), volatile memory (e.g., static or dynamic random-access-memory), etc. Processing circuitry in storage and processing circuitry 28 may be used to control the operation of device 10. This processing circuitry may be based on one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, application specific integrated circuits, etc.
Storage and processing circuitry 28 may be used to run software on device 10, such as internet browsing applications, voice-over-internet-protocol (VOIP) telephone call applications, email applications, media playback applications, operating system functions, etc. To support interactions with external equipment, storage and processing circuitry 28 may be used in implementing communications protocols. Communications protocols that may be implemented using storage and processing circuitry 28 include internet protocols, wireless local area network protocols (e.g., IEEE 802.11 protocols—sometimes referred to as WiFi®), protocols for other short-range wireless communications links such as the Bluetooth® protocol, cellular telephone protocols, MIMO protocols, antenna diversity protocols, etc.
Input-output circuitry 44 may include input-output devices 32. Input-output devices 32 may be used to allow data to be supplied to device 10 and to allow data to be provided from device 10 to external devices. Input-output devices 32 may include user interface devices, data port devices, and other input-output components. For example, input-output devices may include touch screens, displays without touch sensor capabilities, buttons, joysticks, click wheels, scrolling wheels, touch pads, key pads, keyboards, microphones, cameras, buttons, speakers, status indicators, light sources, audio jacks and other audio port components, digital data port devices, light sensors, motion sensors (accelerometers), capacitance sensors, proximity sensors, etc.
Input-output circuitry 44 may include wireless communications circuitry 34 for communicating wirelessly with external equipment. Wireless communications circuitry 34 may include radio-frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry formed from one or more integrated circuits, power amplifier circuitry, low-noise input amplifiers, passive RF components, one or more antennas, transmission lines, and other circuitry for handling RF wireless signals. Wireless signals can also be sent using light (e.g., using infrared communications).
Wireless communications circuitry 34 may include radio-frequency transceiver circuitry 90 for handling various radio-frequency communications bands. For example, circuitry 34 may include transceiver circuitry 36, 38, and 42. Transceiver circuitry 36 may be wireless local area network transceiver circuitry that may handle 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands for WiFi® (IEEE 802.11) communications and that may handle the 2.4 GHz Bluetooth® communications band. Circuitry 34 may use cellular telephone transceiver circuitry 38 for handling wireless communications in frequency ranges such as a low communications band from 700 to 960 MHz, a midband from 1710 to 2170 MHz, and a high band from 2300 to 2700 MHz or other communications bands between 700 MHz and 2700 MHz or other suitable frequencies (as examples). Circuitry 38 may handle voice data and non-voice data. Wireless communications circuitry 34 can include circuitry for other short-range and long-range wireless links if desired. For example, wireless communications circuitry 34 may include 60 GHz transceiver circuitry, circuitry for receiving television and radio signals, paging system transceivers, near field communications (NFC) circuitry, etc. Wireless communications circuitry 34 may include satellite navigation system circuitry such as global positioning system (GPS) receiver circuitry 42 for receiving GPS signals at 1575 MHz or for handling other satellite positioning data. In WiFi® and Bluetooth® links and other short-range wireless links, wireless signals are typically used to convey data over tens or hundreds of feet. In cellular telephone links and other long-range links, wireless signals are typically used to convey data over thousands of feet or miles.
Wireless communications circuitry 34 may include antennas 40. Antennas 40 may be formed using any suitable antenna types. For example, antennas 40 may include antennas with resonating elements that are formed from loop antenna structures, patch antenna structures, inverted-F antenna structures, slot antenna structures, planar inverted-F antenna structures, helical antenna structures, hybrids of these designs, etc. Different types of antennas may be used for different bands and combinations of bands. For example, one type of antenna may be used in forming a local wireless link antenna and another type of antenna may be used in forming a remote wireless link antenna.
As shown in
To provide antenna structures 40 with the ability to cover communications frequencies of interest, antenna structures 40 may be provided with circuitry such as filter circuitry (e.g., one or more passive filters and/or one or more tunable filter circuits). Discrete components such as capacitors, inductors, and resistors may be incorporated into the filter circuitry. Capacitive structures, inductive structures, and resistive structures may also be formed from patterned metal structures (e.g., part of an antenna). If desired, antenna structures 40 may be provided with adjustable circuits such as tunable components 102 to tune antennas over communications bands of interest. Tunable components 102 may include tunable inductors, tunable capacitors, or other tunable components. Tunable components such as these may be based on switches and networks of fixed components, distributed metal structures that produce associated distributed capacitances and inductances, variable solid state devices for producing variable capacitance and inductance values, tunable filters, or other suitable tunable structures.
During operation of device 10, control circuitry 28 may issue control signals on one or more paths such as path 104 that adjust inductance values, capacitance values, or other parameters associated with tunable components 102, thereby tuning antenna structures 40 to cover desired communications bands.
Path 92 may include one or more transmission lines. As an example, signal path 92 of
Transmission lines such as transmission line 92 may be directly coupled to an antenna resonating element and ground for an antenna or may be coupled to near-field-coupled antenna feed structures that are used in indirectly feeding a resonating element for an antenna. As an example, antenna structures 40 may form an inverted-F antenna, a slot antenna, a hybrid inverted-F slot antenna or other antenna having an antenna feed with a positive antenna feed terminal such as terminal 98 and a ground antenna feed terminal such as ground antenna feed terminal 100. Positive transmission line conductor 94 may be coupled to positive antenna feed terminal 98 and ground transmission line conductor 96 may be coupled to ground antenna feed terminal 100. As another example, antenna structures 40 may include an antenna resonating element such as a slot antenna resonating element or other element that is indirectly fed using near-field coupling. In a near-field coupling arrangement, transmission line 92 is coupled to a near-field-coupled antenna feed structure that is used to indirectly feed antenna structures such as an antenna slot or other antenna resonating element through near-field electromagnetic coupling.
As shown in
Antennas in device 10 such as antenna 40 and additional antenna(s) 40A may be based on antenna resonating elements that are formed from loop antenna structures, patch antenna structures, inverted-F antenna structures, slot antenna structures, planar inverted-F antenna structures, helical antenna structures, hybrids of these designs, or other suitable antenna designs. With one suitable arrangement, antenna 40 (and, if desired, one or more of antennas 40A) may be slot antennas.
An illustrative slot antenna is shown in
In the illustrative configuration of
In the illustrative configuration of
If desired, slot antenna 40 in device 10 may be formed from a closed slot (i.e., a slot having two opposing closed ends). This type of configuration is shown in
In a direct feeding arrangement, radio-frequency transceiver circuitry such as satellite navigation system receiver 42 (e.g., a Global Positioning System receiver or a receiver in another type of satellite navigation system) and/or other transceiver circuitry 90 (e.g., cellular telephone transceiver circuitry 38 and/or wireless local area network transceiver circuitry 36) may be coupled to feed terminals 98 and 100 using transmission line path 92. Transmission line 92 may include positive signal line 94 and ground signal line 96. Positive signal line 94 may be coupled to positive antenna feed terminal 98. Ground signal line 96 may be coupled to ground antenna feed terminal 98. During operation, receiver 42 (or other transceiver circuitry 90) may use antenna 40 to receive wireless signals such as satellite navigation system signals.
In the illustrative configuration of
Terminals 98 and 100 may be connected to housing 12 using solder, using welds, using conductive adhesive, using an intermediate coupling structure such as a printed circuit with metal traces, or using other coupling techniques. If desired, circuitry such as filter circuitry, switching circuitry, and impedance matching circuitry may be interposed in path 92 between receiver 42 and antenna 40.
Antenna 40 may be implemented using an indirect antenna feeding scheme. This type of approach is shown in
Radio-frequency transceiver circuitry such as satellite navigation system receiver 42 (e.g., a Global Positioning System receiver or other satellite navigation system receiver) and/or other transceiver circuitry 90 (e.g., cellular telephone transceiver circuitry 38 and/or wireless local area network transceiver circuitry 36) may be coupled to terminals 98 and 100 using transmission line path 92. Transmission line path 92 may have a positive signal line coupled to terminal 98 and may have a ground signal line coupled to ground terminal 100.
In the indirect feeding arrangement of
In the illustrative configuration of
Patch 430 of near-field-coupled antenna feed structure 202 is separated from ground plane 12 by height H and is characterized by lateral dimensions W1 and W2. The size, shape, and location of patch 430 may be adjusted to optimize antenna performance for antenna 40 (e.g., to enhance coupling between structures 202 and slot 400, to enhance isolation between antenna 40 and other structures in device 10, to adjust the directionality of antenna 40, etc.).
In a configuration in which slot antenna 40 is directly fed, electric field intensity in slot antenna 40 may tend to be concentrated, leading to increased antenna directionality. Increased directionality may be desirable in situations in which the orientation of device 10 relative to the satellite navigation system satellites orbiting the earth is known. For example, it may be desirable for antenna 40 to exhibit some directionality in devices that are typically held in a particular portrait orientation during use of satellite navigation system functions.
Reduced directionality (i.e., omnidirectional operation or nearly omnidirectional operation) may be desirable in situations in which device 10 is typically used in a number of different orientations. The omnidirectional behavior of antenna 40 may be enhanced (i.e., directionality may be minimized) by using an indirect feeding arrangement for antenna 40. The ability to independently adjust parameters such as patch size (e.g., dimension W1 and/or dimension W2), patch location along slot 400, patch height H, etc. allows characteristics such as capacitance and near-field coupling to be adjusted. By adjusting these attributes of structure 202, antenna performance can be adjusted. For example, antenna signal phase can be adjusted to reduce coupling between antenna 40 and adjacent additional antennas such as additional antennas 40A of
If desired, slot antenna 40 (e.g., slot antennas of the types shown in
Sidewall 12-2 may be formed at the upper end of device 10, may be formed at the opposing lower end of device 10, or may run along the left or right side of device 10. Sidewalls such sidewall 12-2 may be flat or may be curved.
Slot 400 may have a portion that is formed in housing sidewall 12-2. As shown in
Slot 400 may be indirectly fed using near-field-coupled antenna feed structure 202. Slot 400 may have a closed end such as closed end 438 and an opposing open end such as open end 436. End 436 may exit sidewall 12-2 along housing sidewall edge 442. Horizontal bend 416 is located between segments 420 and 418. Vertical bend 442 is located between segments 418 and 440.
The use of a slot resonating element for antenna 40 may impart directionality to antenna 40. Antenna 40 may therefore operate more efficiently in some directions than in others. When, for example, the slot of antenna 40 exits an edge of a rectangular ground plane such as housing 12, electric field intensity may peak along the portion of the slot exiting the ground plane and may enhance antenna efficiency for directions running parallel to the slot (i.e., antenna efficiency in this type of arrangement may be greatest in the direction of the slot at its exit from ground plane 12).
Some electronic devices are frequently used in particular orientations. For example, a user of a handheld electronic device with a longitudinal axis such as axis 414 of
Other types of antennas with vertically extending slot portions at the exit of ground plane 12 may perform similarly. For example, slot 400 of
The foregoing is merely illustrative and various modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The foregoing embodiments may be implemented individually or in any combination.
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Number | Date | Country | |
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20150236426 A1 | Aug 2015 | US |