Patent Grant
10957978
This relates to electronic devices and, more particularly, to electronic devices with wireless communications circuitry.
Electronic devices often include wireless communications circuitry. For example, cellular telephones, computers, and other devices often contain antennas and wireless transceivers for supporting wireless communications. Some electronic devices perform location detection operations to detect the location of an external device based on an angle of arrival of signals received from the external device (using multiple antennas).
To satisfy consumer demand for small form factor wireless devices, manufacturers are continually striving to implement wireless communications circuitry such as antenna components for performing location detection operations using compact structures. At the same time, there is a desire for wireless devices to cover a growing number of frequency bands.
Because antennas have the potential to interfere with each other and with components in a wireless device, care must be taken when incorporating antennas into an electronic device. Moreover, care must be taken to ensure that the antennas and wireless circuitry in a device are able to exhibit satisfactory performance over the desired range of operating frequencies.
It would therefore be desirable to be able to provide improved wireless communications circuitry for wireless electronic devices.
An electronic device may be provided with wireless circuitry and control circuitry. The wireless circuitry may include antennas that are used to determine the position and orientation of the electronic device relative to external wireless equipment. The control circuitry may determine the position and orientation of the electronic device relative to the external wireless equipment at least in part by measuring the angle of arrival of radio-frequency signals from the external wireless equipment. The radio-frequency signals may be received in at least first and second ultra-wideband communications bands.
In one suitable arrangement, the antennas may include dual-band planar inverted-F antennas. Each antenna may include an antenna resonating element with a low band arm and a high band arm formed from conductive traces on a dielectric substrate. The high band arm may cover a first ultra-wideband communications band such as an 8.0 GHz ultra-wideband communications band. The low band arm may cover a second ultra-wideband communications band such as a 6.5 GHz ultra-wideband communications band.
The dielectric substrate may be a flexible printed circuit substrate formed from polyimide, liquid crystal polymer, or other materials. First and second radio-frequency transmission lines may be formed on the flexible printed circuit substrate. The first radio-frequency transmission line may be a stripline. The second radio-frequency transmission line may be a microstrip that couples the stripline to the low and high band arms. The microstrip may include signal trace segments that are configured to match an impedance of the stripline to the impedance of the low band arm in the 6.5 GHz ultra-wideband communications band while also matching an impedance of the stripline to the impedance of the high band arm in the 8.0 GHz ultra-wideband communications band.
If desired, the antennas may include first, second, third, and fourth planar inverted-F antennas coupled to the same radio-frequency transmission line. The first and second antennas may have response peaks at first and second frequencies in the 8.0 GHz ultra-wideband communications band. The third and fourth antennas may have response peaks at third and fourth frequencies in the 6.5 GHz ultra-wideband communications band. Signal traces may be configured to match an impedance of the radio-frequency transmission line to each of the first, second, third, and fourth antennas at the respective frequencies handled by each antenna.
If desired, the antennas may be aligned with openings in a conductive support plate. The antennas may radiate through a dielectric cover layer for the device. A conductive shielding layer and/or conductive components such as a battery may cover the antennas and the openings. The conductive shielding layer and the conductive component may mitigate cross-polarization interference associated gaps between the antennas and the conductive support plate. If desired, a plastic shim may be formed in the openings and the antennas may be mounted to the plastic shim.
Electronic devices such as electronic device 10 of
The wireless circuitry may include one or more antennas. The antennas of the wireless circuitry can include loop antennas, inverted-F antennas, strip antennas, planar inverted-F antennas, patch antennas, slot antennas, hybrid antennas that include antenna structures of more than one type, or other suitable antennas. Conductive structures for the antennas may, if desired, be formed from conductive electronic device structures.
The conductive electronic device structures may include conductive housing structures. The conductive housing structures may include peripheral structures such as peripheral conductive structures that run around the periphery of the electronic device. The peripheral conductive structures may serve as a bezel for a planar structure such as a display, may serve as sidewall structures for a device housing, may have portions that extend upwards from an integral planar rear housing (e.g., to form vertical planar sidewalls or curved sidewalls), and/or may form other housing structures.
Gaps may be formed in the peripheral conductive structures that divide the peripheral conductive structures into peripheral segments. One or more of the segments may be used in forming one or more antennas for electronic device 10. Antennas may also be formed using an antenna ground plane and/or an antenna resonating element formed from conductive housing structures (e.g., internal and/or external structures, support plate structures, etc.).
Electronic device 10 may be a portable electronic device or other suitable electronic device. For example, electronic device 10 may be a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a somewhat smaller device such as a wrist-watch device, pendant device, headphone device, earpiece device, or other wearable or miniature device, a handheld device such as a cellular telephone, a media player, or other small portable device. Device 10 may also be a set-top box, a desktop computer, a display into which a computer or other processing circuitry has been integrated, a display without an integrated computer, a wireless access point, a wireless base station, an electronic device incorporated into a kiosk, building, or vehicle, or other suitable electronic equipment.
Device 10 may include a housing such as housing 12. Housing 12, which may sometimes be referred to as a case, may be formed of plastic, glass, ceramics, fiber composites, metal (e.g., stainless steel, aluminum, etc.), other suitable materials, or a combination of these materials. In some situations, parts of housing 12 may be formed from dielectric or other low-conductivity material (e.g., glass, ceramic, plastic, sapphire, etc.). In other situations, housing 12 or at least some of the structures that make up housing 12 may be formed from metal elements.
Device 10 may, if desired, have a display such as display 14. Display 14 may be mounted on the front face of device 10. Display 14 may be a touch screen that incorporates capacitive touch electrodes or may be insensitive to touch. The rear face of housing 12 (i.e., the face of device 10 opposing the front face of device 10) may have a substantially planar housing wall such as rear housing wall 12R (e.g., a planar housing wall). Rear housing wall 12R may have slots that pass entirely through the rear housing wall and that therefore separate portions of housing 12 from each other. Rear housing wall 12R may include conductive portions and/or dielectric portions. If desired, rear housing wall 12R may include a planar metal layer covered by a thin layer or coating of dielectric such as glass, plastic, sapphire, or ceramic. Housing 12 may also have shallow grooves that do not pass entirely through housing 12. The slots and grooves may be filled with plastic or other dielectric. If desired, portions of housing 12 that have been separated from each other (e.g., by a through slot) may be joined by internal conductive structures (e.g., sheet metal or other metal members that bridge the slot).
Housing 12 may include peripheral housing structures such as peripheral structures 12W. Peripheral structures 12W and conductive portions of rear housing wall 12R may sometimes be referred to herein collectively as conductive structures of housing 12. Peripheral structures 12W may run around the periphery of device 10 and display 14. In configurations in which device 10 and display 14 have a rectangular shape with four edges, peripheral structures 12W may be implemented using peripheral housing structures that have a rectangular ring shape with four corresponding edges and that extend from rear housing wall 12R to the front face of device 10 (as an example). Peripheral structures 12W or part of peripheral structures 12W may serve as a bezel for display 14 (e.g., a cosmetic trim that surrounds all four sides of display 14 and/or that helps hold display 14 to device 10) if desired. Peripheral structures 12W may, if desired, form sidewall structures for device 10 (e.g., by forming a metal band with vertical sidewalls, curved sidewalls, etc.).
Peripheral structures 12W may be formed of a conductive material such as metal and may therefore sometimes be referred to as peripheral conductive housing structures, conductive housing structures, peripheral metal structures, peripheral conductive sidewalls, peripheral conductive sidewall structures, conductive housing sidewalls, peripheral conductive housing sidewalls, sidewalls, sidewall structures, or a peripheral conductive housing member (as examples). Peripheral conductive housing structures 12W may be formed from a metal such as stainless steel, aluminum, or other suitable materials. One, two, or more than two separate structures may be used in forming peripheral conductive housing structures 12W.
It is not necessary for peripheral conductive housing structures 12W to have a uniform cross-section. For example, the top portion of peripheral conductive housing structures 12W may, if desired, have an inwardly protruding lip that helps hold display 14 in place. The bottom portion of peripheral conductive housing structures 12W may also have an enlarged lip (e.g., in the plane of the rear surface of device 10). Peripheral conductive housing structures 12W may have substantially straight vertical sidewalls, may have sidewalls that are curved, or may have other suitable shapes. In some configurations (e.g., when peripheral conductive housing structures 12W serve as a bezel for display 14), peripheral conductive housing structures 12W may run around the lip of housing 12 (i.e., peripheral conductive housing structures 12W may cover only the edge of housing 12 that surrounds display 14 and not the rest of the sidewalls of housing 12).
Rear housing wall 12R may lie in a plane that is parallel to display 14. In configurations for device 10 in which some or all of rear housing wall 12R is formed from metal, it may be desirable to form parts of peripheral conductive housing structures 12W as integral portions of the housing structures forming rear housing wall 12R. For example, rear housing wall 12R of device 10 may include a planar metal structure and portions of peripheral conductive housing structures 12W on the sides of housing 12 may be formed as flat or curved vertically extending integral metal portions of the planar metal structure (e.g., housing structures 12R and 12W may be formed from a continuous piece of metal in a unibody configuration). Housing structures such as these may, if desired, be machined from a block of metal and/or may include multiple metal pieces that are assembled together to form housing 12. Rear housing wall 12R may have one or more, two or more, or three or more portions. Peripheral conductive housing structures 12W and/or conductive portions of rear housing wall 12R may form one or more exterior surfaces of device 10 (e.g., surfaces that are visible to a user of device 10) and/or may be implemented using internal structures that do not form exterior surfaces of device 10 (e.g., conductive housing structures that are not visible to a user of device 10 such as conductive structures that are covered with layers such as thin cosmetic layers, protective coatings, and/or other coating layers that may include dielectric materials such as glass, ceramic, plastic, or other structures that form the exterior surfaces of device 10 and/or serve to hide peripheral conductive housing structures 12W and/or conductive portions of rear housing wall 12R from view of the user).
Display 14 may have an array of pixels that form an active area AA that displays images for a user of device 10. For example, active area AA may include an array of display pixels. The array of pixels may be formed from liquid crystal display (LCD) components, an array of electrophoretic pixels, an array of plasma display pixels, an array of organic light-emitting diode display pixels or other light-emitting diode pixels, an array of electrowetting display pixels, or display pixels based on other display technologies. If desired, active area AA may include touch sensors such as touch sensor capacitive electrodes, force sensors, or other sensors for gathering a user input.
Display 14 may have an inactive border region that runs along one or more of the edges of active area AA. Inactive area IA may be free of pixels for displaying images and may overlap circuitry and other internal device structures in housing 12. To block these structures from view by a user of device 10, the underside of the display cover layer or other layers in display 14 that overlap inactive area IA may be coated with an opaque masking layer in inactive area IA. The opaque masking layer may have any suitable color.
Display 14 may be protected using a display cover layer such as a layer of transparent glass, clear plastic, transparent ceramic, sapphire, or other transparent crystalline material, or other transparent layer(s). The display cover layer may have a planar shape, a convex curved profile, a shape with planar and curved portions, a layout that includes a planar main area surrounded on one or more edges with a portion that is bent out of the plane of the planar main area, or other suitable shapes. The display cover layer may cover the entire front face of device 10. In another suitable arrangement, the display cover layer may cover substantially all of the front face of device 10 or only a portion of the front face of device 10. Openings may be formed in the display cover layer. For example, an opening may be formed in the display cover layer to accommodate a button. An opening may also be formed in the display cover layer to accommodate ports such as speaker port 16 or a microphone port. Openings may be formed in housing 12 to form communications ports (e.g., an audio jack port, a digital data port, etc.) and/or audio ports for audio components such as a speaker and/or a microphone if desired.
Display 14 may include conductive structures such as an array of capacitive electrodes for a touch sensor, conductive lines for addressing pixels, driver circuits, etc. Housing 12 may include internal conductive structures such as metal frame members and a planar conductive housing member (sometimes referred to as a backplate) that spans the walls of housing 12 (i.e., a substantially rectangular sheet formed from one or more metal parts that is welded or otherwise connected between opposing sides of peripheral conductive structures 12W). The backplate may form an exterior rear surface of device 10 or may be covered by layers such as thin cosmetic layers, protective coatings, and/or other coatings that may include dielectric materials such as glass, ceramic, plastic, or other structures that form the exterior surfaces of device 10 and/or serve to hide the backplate from view of the user. Device 10 may also include conductive structures such as printed circuit boards, components mounted on printed circuit boards, and other internal conductive structures. These conductive structures, which may be used in forming a ground plane in device 10, may extend under active area AA of display 14, for example.
In regions 22 and 20, openings may be formed within the conductive structures of device 10 (e.g., between peripheral conductive housing structures 12W and opposing conductive ground structures such as conductive portions of rear housing wall 12R, conductive traces on a printed circuit board, conductive electrical components in display 14, etc.). These openings, which may sometimes be referred to as gaps, may be filled with air, plastic, and/or other dielectrics and may be used in forming slot antenna resonating elements for one or more antennas in device 10, if desired.
Conductive housing structures and other conductive structures in device 10 may serve as a ground plane for the antennas in device 10. The openings in regions 22 and 20 may serve as slots in open or closed slot antennas, may serve as a central dielectric region that is surrounded by a conductive path of materials in a loop antenna, may serve as a space that separates an antenna resonating element such as a strip antenna resonating element or an inverted-F antenna resonating element from the ground plane, may contribute to the performance of a parasitic antenna resonating element, or may otherwise serve as part of antenna structures formed in regions 22 and 20. If desired, the ground plane that is under active area AA of display 14 and/or other metal structures in device 10 may have portions that extend into parts of the ends of device 10 (e.g., the ground may extend towards the dielectric-filled openings in regions 22 and 20), thereby narrowing the slots in regions 22 and 20.
In general, device 10 may include any suitable number of antennas (e.g., one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more, etc.). The antennas in device 10 may be located at opposing first and second ends of an elongated device housing (e.g., ends at regions 22 and 20 of device 10 of
Portions of peripheral conductive housing structures 12W may be provided with peripheral gap structures. For example, peripheral conductive housing structures 12W may be provided with one or more gaps such as gaps 18, as shown in
If desired, openings in housing 12 such as grooves that extend partway or completely through housing 12 may extend across the width of the rear wall of housing 12 and may penetrate through the rear wall of housing 12 to divide the rear wall into different portions. These grooves may also extend into peripheral conductive housing structures 12W and may form antenna slots, gaps 18, and other structures in device 10. Polymer or other dielectric may fill these grooves and other housing openings. In some situations, housing openings that form antenna slots and other structure may be filled with a dielectric such as air.
In order to provide an end user of device 10 with as large of a display as possible (e.g., to maximize an area of the device used for displaying media, running applications, etc.), it may be desirable to increase the amount of area at the front face of device 10 that is covered by active area AA of display 14. Increasing the size of active area AA may reduce the size of inactive area IA within device 10. This may reduce the area behind display 14 that is available for antennas within device 10. For example, active area AA of display 14 may include conductive structures that serve to block radio-frequency signals handled by antennas mounted behind active area AA from radiating through the front face of device 10. It would therefore be desirable to be able to provide antennas that occupy a small amount of space within device 10 (e.g., to allow for as large of a display active area AA as possible) while still allowing the antennas to communicate with wireless equipment external to device 10 with satisfactory efficiency bandwidth.
In a typical scenario, device 10 may have one or more upper antennas and one or more lower antennas (as an example). An upper antenna may, for example, be formed at the upper end of device 10 in region 20. A lower antenna may, for example, be formed at the lower end of device 10 in region 22. Additional antennas may be formed along the edges of housing 12 extending between regions 20 and 22 if desired. The antennas may be used separately to cover identical communications bands, overlapping communications bands, or separate communications bands. The antennas may be used to implement an antenna diversity scheme or a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna scheme.
Antennas in device 10 may be used to support any communications bands of interest. For example, device 10 may include antenna structures for supporting local area network communications, voice and data cellular telephone communications, global positioning system (GPS) communications or other satellite navigation system communications, Bluetooth® communications, near-field communications, ultra-wideband communications, etc.
A schematic diagram of illustrative components that may be used in device 10 is shown in
Control circuitry 28 may include processing circuitry such as processing circuitry 32. Processing circuitry 32 may be used to control the operation of device 10. Processing circuitry 32 may include on one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, host processors, baseband processor integrated circuits, application specific integrated circuits, central processing units (CPUs), etc. Control circuitry 28 may be configured to perform operations in device 10 using hardware (e.g., dedicated hardware or circuitry), firmware, and/or software. Software code for performing operations in device 10 may be stored on storage circuitry 30 (e.g., storage circuitry 30 may include non-transitory (tangible) computer readable storage media that stores the software code). The software code may sometimes be referred to as program instructions, software, data, instructions, or code. Software code stored on storage circuitry 30 may be executed by processing circuitry 32.
Control circuitry 28 may be used to run software on device 10 such as external node location applications, satellite navigation applications, internet browsing applications, voice-over-internet-protocol (VOIP) telephone call applications, email applications, media playback applications, operating system functions, etc. To support interactions with external equipment, control circuitry 28 may be used in implementing communications protocols. Communications protocols that may be implemented using control circuitry 28 include internet protocols, wireless local area network protocols (e.g., IEEE 802.11 protocols—sometimes referred to as Wi-Fi®), protocols for other short-range wireless communications links such as the Bluetooth® protocol or other WPAN protocols, IEEE 802.11ad protocols, cellular telephone protocols, MIMO protocols, antenna diversity protocols, satellite navigation system protocols (e.g., global positioning system (GPS) protocols, global navigation satellite system (GLONASS) protocols, etc.), IEEE 802.15.4 ultra-wideband communications protocols or other ultra-wideband communications protocols, etc. Each communications protocol may be associated with a corresponding radio access technology (RAT) that specifies the physical connection methodology used in implementing the protocol.
Device 10 may include input-output circuitry 24. Input-output circuitry 24 may include input-output devices 26. Input-output devices 26 may be used to allow data to be supplied to device 10 and to allow data to be provided from device 10 to external devices. Input-output devices 26 may include user interface devices, data port devices, sensors, and other input-output components. For example, input-output devices may include touch screens, displays without touch sensor capabilities, buttons, joysticks, scrolling wheels, touch pads, key pads, keyboards, microphones, cameras, speakers, status indicators, light sources, audio jacks and other audio port components, digital data port devices, light sensors, gyroscopes, accelerometers or other components that can detect motion and device orientation relative to the Earth, capacitance sensors, proximity sensors (e.g., a capacitive proximity sensor and/or an infrared proximity sensor), magnetic sensors, and other sensors and input-output components.
Input-output circuitry 24 may include wireless circuitry such as wireless circuitry 34 (sometimes referred to herein as wireless communications circuitry 34) for wirelessly conveying radio-frequency signals. To support wireless communications, wireless circuitry 34 may include radio-frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry formed from one or more integrated circuits, power amplifier circuitry, low-noise input amplifiers, passive RF components, one or more antennas such as antennas 40, transmission lines, and other circuitry for handling RF wireless signals. Wireless signals can also be sent using light (e.g., using infrared communications).
While control circuitry 28 is shown separately from wireless circuitry 34 in the example of
Wireless circuitry 34 may include radio-frequency transceiver circuitry for handling various radio-frequency communications bands. For example, wireless circuitry 34 may include ultra-wideband (UWB) transceiver circuitry 36 that supports communications using the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol and/or other ultra-wideband communications protocols. Ultra-wideband radio-frequency signals may be based on an impulse radio signaling scheme that uses band-limited data pulses. Ultra-wideband signals may have any desired bandwidths such as bandwidths between 499 MHz and 1331 MHz, bandwidths greater than 500 MHz, etc. The presence of lower frequencies in the baseband may sometimes allow ultra-wideband signals to penetrate through objects such as walls. In an IEEE 802.15.4 system, a pair of electronic devices may exchange wireless time stamped messages. Time stamps in the messages may be analyzed to determine the time of flight of the messages and thereby determine the distance (range) between the devices and/or an angle between the devices (e.g., an angle of arrival of incoming radio-frequency signals). Ultra-wideband transceiver circuitry 36 may operate (i.e., convey radio-frequency signals) in frequency bands such as an ultra-wideband communications band between about 5 GHz and about 8.3 GHz (e.g., a 6.5 GHz UWB communications band, an 8 GHz UWB communications band, and/or at other suitable frequencies).
As shown in
Non-UWB transceiver circuitry 38 may handle voice data and non-voice data. Wireless circuitry 34 may include circuitry for other short-range and long-range wireless links if desired. For example, wireless circuitry 34 may include 60 GHz transceiver circuitry (e.g., millimeter wave transceiver circuitry), circuitry for receiving television and radio signals, paging system transceivers, near field communications (NFC) circuitry, etc.
Wireless circuitry 34 may include antennas 40. Antennas 40 may be formed using any suitable types of antenna structures. For example, antennas 40 may include antennas with resonating elements that are formed from loop antenna structures, patch antenna structures, inverted-F antenna structures, slot antenna structures, planar inverted-F antenna structures, helical antenna structures, dipole antenna structures, monopole antenna structures, hybrids of two or more of these designs, etc. If desired, one or more of antennas 40 may be cavity-backed antennas.
Different types of antennas may be used for different bands and combinations of bands. For example, one type of antenna may be used in forming a local wireless link antenna and another type of antenna may be used in forming a remote wireless link antenna. Dedicated antennas may be used for conveying radio-frequency signals in a UWB communications band or, if desired, antennas 40 can be configured to convey both radio-frequency signals in a UWB communications band and radio-frequency signals in a non-UWB communications band (e.g., wireless local area network signals and/or cellular telephone signals). Antennas 40 can include two or more antennas for handling ultra-wideband wireless communication. In one suitable arrangement that is described herein as an example, antennas 40 include one or more groups of three antennas (sometimes referred to herein as triplets of antennas) for handling ultra-wideband wireless communication. In yet another suitable arrangement, antennas 40 may include a triplet of sets of antennas, where each set of antenna includes four antennas that are tuned to four respective frequencies (e.g., antennas 40 may include three sets of four antennas for handling ultra-wideband wireless communication). Antennas 40 may include one or more doublets of antennas for handling ultra-wideband wireless communication if desired.
Space is often at a premium in electronic devices such as device 10. In order to minimize space consumption within device 10, the same antenna 40 may be used to cover multiple frequency bands. In one suitable arrangement that is described herein as an example, each antenna 40 that is used to perform ultra-wideband wireless communication may be a multi-band antenna that conveys radio-frequency signals in at least two ultra-wideband communications bands (e.g., the 6.5 GHz UWB communications band and the 8.0 GHz UWB communications band). In another suitable arrangement that is described herein as an example, each antenna 40 may convey radio-frequency signals in a single ultra-wideband communications band but antennas 40 may include different antennas that cover different ultra-wideband frequencies. Radio-frequency signals that are conveyed in UWB communications bands (e.g., using a UWB protocol) may sometimes be referred to herein as UWB signals or UWB radio-frequency signals. Radio-frequency signals in frequency bands other than the UWB communications bands (e.g., radio-frequency signals in cellular telephone frequency bands, WPAN frequency bands, WLAN frequency bands, etc.) may sometimes be referred to herein as non-UWB signals or non-UWB radio-frequency signals.
A schematic diagram of wireless circuitry 34 is shown in
To provide antenna structures such as antenna 40 with the ability to cover different frequencies of interest, antenna 40 may be provided with circuitry such as filter circuitry (e.g., one or more passive filters and/or one or more tunable filter circuits). Discrete components such as capacitors, inductors, and resistors may be incorporated into the filter circuitry. Capacitive structures, inductive structures, and resistive structures may also be formed from patterned metal structures (e.g., part of an antenna). If desired, antenna 40 may be provided with adjustable circuits such as tunable components that tune the antenna over communications (frequency) bands of interest. The tunable components may be part of a tunable filter or tunable impedance matching network, may be part of an antenna resonating element, may span a gap between an antenna resonating element and antenna ground, etc.
Radio-frequency transmission line path 50 may include one or more radio-frequency transmission lines (sometimes referred to herein simply as transmission lines). Radio-frequency transmission line path 50 (e.g., the transmission lines in radio-frequency transmission line path 50) may include a positive signal conductor such as positive signal conductor 52 and a ground signal conductor such as ground conductor 54.
The transmission lines in radio-frequency transmission line path 50 may, for example, include coaxial cable transmission lines (e.g., ground conductor 54 may be implemented as a grounded conductive braid surrounding signal conductor 52 along its length), stripline transmission lines (e.g., where ground conductor 54 extends along two sides of signal conductor 52), a microstrip transmission line (e.g., where ground conductor 54 extends along one side of signal conductor 52), coaxial probes realized by a metalized via, edge-coupled microstrip transmission lines, edge-coupled stripline transmission lines, waveguide structures (e.g., coplanar waveguides or grounded coplanar waveguides), combinations of these types of transmission lines and/or other transmission line structures, etc. In one suitable arrangement that is sometimes described herein as an example, radio-frequency transmission line path 50 may include a stripline transmission line coupled to transceiver circuitry 42 and a microstrip transmission line coupled between the stripline transmission line and antenna 40.
Transmission lines in radio-frequency transmission line path 50 may be integrated into rigid and/or flexible printed circuit boards. In one suitable arrangement, radio-frequency transmission line path 50 may include transmission line conductors (e.g., signal conductors 52 and ground conductors 54) integrated within multilayer laminated structures (e.g., layers of a conductive material such as copper and a dielectric material such as a resin that are laminated together without intervening adhesive). The multilayer laminated structures may, if desired, be folded or bent in multiple dimensions (e.g., two or three dimensions) and may maintain a bent or folded shape after bending (e.g., the multilayer laminated structures may be folded into a particular three-dimensional shape to route around other device components and may be rigid enough to hold its shape after folding without being held in place by stiffeners or other structures). All of the multiple layers of the laminated structures may be batch laminated together (e.g., in a single pressing process) without adhesive (e.g., as opposed to performing multiple pressing processes to laminate multiple layers together with adhesive).
A matching network may include components such as inductors, resistors, and capacitors used in matching the impedance of antenna 40 to the impedance of radio-frequency transmission line path 50. Matching network components may be provided as discrete components (e.g., surface mount technology components) or may be formed from housing structures, printed circuit board structures, traces on plastic supports, etc. Components such as these may also be used in forming filter circuitry in antenna(s) 40 and may be tunable and/or fixed components.
Radio-frequency transmission line path 50 may be coupled to antenna feed structures associated with antenna 40. As an example, antenna 40 may form an inverted-F antenna, a planar inverted-F antenna, a patch antenna, or other antenna having an antenna feed 44 with a positive antenna feed terminal such as terminal 46 and a ground antenna feed terminal such as ground antenna feed terminal 48. Signal conductor 52 may be coupled to positive antenna feed terminal 46 and ground conductor 54 may be coupled to ground antenna feed terminal 48. Other types of antenna feed arrangements may be used if desired. For example, antenna 40 may be fed using multiple feeds each coupled to a respective port of transceiver circuitry 42 over a corresponding transmission line. If desired, signal conductor 52 may be coupled to multiple locations on antenna 40 (e.g., antenna 40 may include multiple positive antenna feed terminals coupled to signal conductor 52 of the same radio-frequency transmission line path 50). Switches may be interposed on the signal conductor between transceiver circuitry 42 and the positive antenna feed terminals if desired (e.g., to selectively activate one or more positive antenna feed terminals at any given time). The illustrative feeding configuration of
During operation, device 10 may communicate with external wireless equipment. If desired, device 10 may use radio-frequency signals conveyed between device 10 and the external wireless equipment to identify a location of the external wireless equipment relative to device 10. Device 10 may identify the relative location of the external wireless equipment by identifying a range to the external wireless equipment (e.g., the distance between the external wireless equipment and device 10) and the angle of arrival (AoA) of radio-frequency signals from the external wireless equipment (e.g., the angle at which radio-frequency signals are received by device 10 from the external wireless equipment).
For example, node 60 may be a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a somewhat smaller device such as a wrist-watch device, pendant device, headphone device, earpiece device, headset device (e.g., virtual or augmented reality headset devices), or other wearable or miniature device, a handheld device such as a cellular telephone, a media player, or other small portable device. Node 60 may also be a set-top box, a camera device with wireless communications capabilities, a desktop computer, a display into which a computer or other processing circuitry has been integrated, a display without an integrated computer, or other suitable electronic equipment. Node 60 may also be a key fob, a wallet, a book, a pen, or other object that has been provided with a low-power transmitter (e.g., an RFID transmitter or other transmitter). Node 60 may be electronic equipment such as a thermostat, a smoke detector, a Bluetooth® Low Energy (Bluetooth LE) beacon, a Wi-Fi® wireless access point, a wireless base station, a server, a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system (sometimes referred to as a temperature-control system), a light source such as a light-emitting diode (LED) bulb, a light switch, a power outlet, an occupancy detector (e.g., an active or passive infrared light detector, a microwave detector, etc.), a door sensor, a moisture sensor, an electronic door lock, a security camera, or other device. Device 10 may also be one of these types of devices if desired.
As shown in
In arrangements where node 60 is capable of sending or receiving communications signals, control circuitry 28 (
Azimuth angle θ and elevation angle φ may be measured relative to local horizon 64 and reference vector 68. As shown in
If desired, other axes besides longitudinal axis 62 may be used to define reference vector 68. For example, the control circuitry may use a horizontal axis that is perpendicular to longitudinal axis 62 as reference vector 68. This may be useful in determining when nodes 60 are located next to a side portion of device 10 (e.g., when device 10 is oriented side-to-side with one of nodes 60).
After determining the orientation of device 10 relative to node 60, the control circuitry on device 10 may take suitable action. For example, the control circuitry may send information to node 60, may request and/or receive information from 60, may use display 14 (
In one suitable arrangement, device 10 may determine the distance between the device 10 and node 60 and the orientation of device 10 relative to node 60 using two or more ultra-wideband antennas. The ultra-wide band antennas may receive radio-frequency signals from node 60 (e.g., radio-frequency signals 56 of
In angle of arrival measurement, node 60 transmits a radio-frequency signal to device 10 (e.g., radio-frequency signals 56 of
Antennas 40-1 and 40-2 may each receive radio-frequency signals 56 from node 60 (
Distance d2 may be determined as a function of angle a or angle b (e.g., d2=d1*sin(a) or d2=d1*cos(b)). Distance d2 may also be determined as a function of the phase difference between the signal received by antenna 40-1 and the signal received by antenna 40-2 (e.g., d2=(PD)*λ/(2*7π)), where PD is the phase difference (sometimes written “Δφ”) between the signal received by antenna 40-1 and the signal received by antenna 40-2, and λ is the wavelength of radio-frequency signals 56. Device 10 may include phase measurement circuitry coupled to each antenna to measure the phase of the received signals and to identify phase difference PD (e.g., by subtracting the phase measured for one antenna from the phase measured for the other antenna). The two equations for d2 may be set equal to each other (e.g., d1*sin(a)=(PD)*λ/(2*π)) and rearranged to solve for the angle a (e.g., a=sin−1((PD)*λ/(2*d1)) or the angle b. Therefore, the angle of arrival may be determined (e.g., by control circuitry 28 of
Distance d1 may be selected to ease the calculation for phase difference PD between the signal received by antenna 40-1 and the signal received by antenna 40-2. For example, d1 may be less than or equal to one half of the wavelength (e.g., effective wavelength) of the received radio-frequency signals 56 (e.g., to avoid multiple phase difference solutions).
With two antennas for determining angle of arrival (as in
If desired, each antenna in a triplet or doublet of antennas used by device 10 for performing ultra-wideband communications may be mounted to a common substrate.
Flexible printed circuit 70 may include portions 72 (sometimes referred to herein as stub portions 72 or stubs 72). Antennas 40 for performing ultra-wideband communications may be formed within regions 80, 78, and 74 on stubs 72 of flexible printed circuit 70. For example, a triplet of antennas 40 for performing ultra-wideband communications may include a first antenna in region 74, a second antenna in region 78, and a third antenna in region 80. In another suitable arrangement, antennas 40 may include a triplet of sets of antennas, where each set of antennas includes two or more antennas 40 (e.g., four antennas 40) and respective sets are formed in regions 80, 78, and 74. One or more of stubs 72 on flexible printed circuit 70 may include a non-UWB antenna (e.g., in region 76) for conveying non-UWB signals such as a wireless local area network antenna for conveying radio-frequency signals in a wireless local area network communications band.
Radio-frequency transmission line paths (e.g., radio-frequency transmission line path 50 of
The example of
Any desired antenna structures may be used for implementing the antennas 40 in regions 74, 80, and 78 of
In the example of
The length of first resonating element arm 90L (sometimes referred to herein as low band arm 90L) may be selected to radiate in a first frequency band and the length of second resonating element arm 90H (sometimes referred to herein as high band arm 90H) may be selected to radiate in a second frequency band at higher frequencies than the first frequency band. As an example, low band arm 90L may have a length that configures low band arm 90L to radiate in the 6.5 GHz UWB communications band whereas high band arm 90H has a length that configures high band arm 90H to radiate in the 8.0 GHz UWB communications band.
Antenna 40 of
In one suitable arrangement that is sometimes described herein as an example, antenna 40 may be a dual-band planar inverted-F antenna. When configured as a dual-band planar inverted-F antenna, resonating element arms 90H and 90L may be formed using a conductive structure (e.g., a conductive trace or patch, sheet metal, conductive foil, etc.) that extends across a planar lateral area above antenna ground 84.
As shown in
Length L2 may be selected to configure high band arm 90H to radiate in a relatively high frequency band such as the 8.0 GHz UWB communications band. Length L1 may be selected to configure low band arm 90L to radiate in a relatively low frequency band such as the 6.5 GHz UWB communications band. For example, length L2 may be approximately equal to (e.g., within 15% of) one-quarter of the effective wavelength corresponding to a frequency in the 8.0 GHz UWB communications band. Similarly, length L1 may be approximately equal to one-quarter of the effective wavelength corresponding to a frequency in the 6.5 GHz UWB communications band. These effective wavelengths are modified from free-space wavelengths by a constant value associated with the dielectric material used to form flexible printed circuit substrate 92 (e.g., the effective wavelengths are found by multiplying the freespace wavelengths by a constant value that is based on the dielectric constant dk of flexible printed circuit substrate 92). This example is merely illustrative and, in general, any desired frequency bands (e.g., UWB communications bands) may be covered by high band arm 90H and low band arm 90L.
Low band arm 90L may be separated from high band arm 90H in antenna resonating element 86 by a fence of conductive vias 102. Conductive vias 102 extend from the upper-most surface of flexible printed circuit substrate 92, through flexible printed circuit substrate 92, and to an underlying ground plane (e.g., in the direction of the Z-axis of
Each conductive via 102 may be separated from one or more adjacent conductive vias 102 by a sufficiently narrow distance such that the portion of antenna resonating element 86 to the left of the fence of conductive vias 102 appears as an open circuit (infinite impedance) to antenna currents in the 8.0 GHz UWB communications band and such that the portion of antenna resonating element 86 to the right of the fence of conductive vias 102 appears as an open circuit (infinite impedance) to antenna currents in the 6.5 GHz UWB communications band. As an example, each conductive via 102 in the fence may be separated from one or more adjacent conductive vias 102 by one-sixth of the wavelength covered by high band arm 90H, one-eighth of the wavelength covered by high band arm 90H, one-tenth of the wavelength covered by high band arm 90H, one-fifteenth of the wavelength covered by high band arm 90H, less than one-fifteenth of the wavelength covered by high band arm 90H, less than one-sixth of the wavelength covered by high band arm 90H, etc.
If desired, a grounded shielding ring 98 may laterally surround antenna resonating element 86 at the upper-most surface of flexible printed circuit substrate 92. Grounded shielding ring 98 may be formed from conductive traces on the surface of flexible printed circuit substrate 92. The conductive traces of grounded shielding ring 98 may be shorted to the antenna ground (e.g., underlying planar ground traces) by fences of conductive vias extending through flexible printed circuit substrate 92 (not shown in
Grounded shielding ring 98, the conductive vias coupled to grounded shielding ring 98, and the underlying planar ground traces may collectively form antenna ground 84 of
Antenna 40 of
For example, stripline 96 may include signal trace 100 (e.g., a conductive trace that forms part of signal conductor 52 of
Stripline 96 may exhibit a corresponding impedance (e.g., a 50 Ohm impedance). In practice, it can be difficult to ensure that the impedance of stripline 96 is matched to both the impedance of low band arm 90L at positive antenna feed terminal 46L (e.g., in the 6.5 GHz UWB communications band) and the impedance of high band arm 90H at positive antenna feed terminal 46H (e.g., in the 8.0 GHz UWB communications band). If care is not taken, impedance discontinuities between stripline 96 and antenna resonating element 86 may generate undesirable signal reflections that limit the overall antenna efficiency for antenna 40 in one or more frequency bands.
In order to help match the impedance of stripline 96 to the impedance of positive antenna feed terminals 46L and 46H, signal trace segments 104 and 106 may be configured to form impedance matching structures for antenna 40 (e.g., microstrip 94 may both convey radio-frequency signals for antenna 40 and serve as an impedance matching structure that matches the impedance of stripline 96 to the impedance of antenna resonating element 86). Signal trace segments 104 and 106 may therefore sometimes also be referred to herein as impedance matching segments 104 and 106 or impedance matching traces 104 and 106.
Signal trace segment 104 may extend laterally from signal trace segment 101 to the location of positive antenna feed terminal 46L. Signal trace segment 106 may extend laterally from signal trace segment 101 to the location of positive antenna feed terminal 46H. The dimensions of signal trace segments 104 and 106 (and the locations of positive antenna feed terminals 46L and 46H) may be selected to match the impedance of stripline 96 to the impedance of antenna resonating element 86.
For example, signal trace segment 104 may have a length D1 extending from signal trace segment 101 to positive antenna feed terminal 46L and may have a perpendicular width W1. Similarly, signal trace segment 106 may have a length D2 extending from signal trace segment 101 to positive antenna feed terminal 46H. Adjusting length D1, length D2, width W1, width W2, the location of positive antenna feed terminal 46L, and/or the location of positive antenna feed terminal 46H may serve to adjust the impedance matching performed by microstrip 94 in the frequency bands handled by low band arm 90L and high band arm 90H.
For example, width W1, length D1, and/or the position of positive antenna feed terminal 46L may selected so that microstrip 94 exhibits a 50 Ohm impedance to the left of signal trace segment 101 (e.g., in the direction of arrow 97) in the frequency band of low band arm 90L (e.g., in the 6.5 GHz UWB communications band) while simultaneously exhibiting an infinite (open circuit) impedance to the left of signal trace segment 101 in the frequency band of high band arm 90H (e.g., in the 8.0 GHz UWB communications band). Similarly, width W2, length D2, and/or the position of positive antenna feed terminal 46H may selected so that microstrip 94 exhibits a 50 Ohm impedance to the right of signal trace segment 101 (e.g., in the direction of arrow 99) in the frequency band of high band arm 90H (e.g., in the 8.0 GHz UWB communications band) while simultaneously exhibiting an infinite (open circuit) impedance to the right of signal trace segment 101 in the frequency band of low band arm 90L (e.g., in the 6.5 GHz UWB communications band). In this way, microstrip 94 may perform asymmetric impedance matching to either side of signal trace segment 101, thereby allowing stripline 96 to be impedance matched to positive antenna feed terminal 46L in the 6.5 GHz UWB communications band while simultaneously being impedance matched to positive antenna feed terminal 46H in the 8.0 GHz UWB communications band.
This example is merely illustrative and, in general, signal trace segments 104 and 106 may have any desired shapes (e.g., shapes having any number of curved and/or straight edges). Width W1 may be equal to width W2 or may be different than width W1. Length D1 may be different from length D2 or may be equal to length D2. In one suitable arrangement, signal trace segment 101 is aligned (e.g., along the X-axis of
In the example of
Flexible printed circuit substrate 92 may include a tail 124 that extends beyond the lateral outline of antenna resonating element 86. Stripline 96 may be formed on tail 124. Flexible printed circuit 92 may include conductive traces that form a ground plane (layer) such as planar ground traces 128. Planar ground traces 128 may be formed on a surface of flexible printed circuit substrate 92 (as shown in the example of
Signal trace 100 may be coupled to signal trace segment 101 in microstrip 94. Conductive via 123 may extend from the signal conductor in microstrip 94 (e.g., signal trace 106 of
Grounded shielding ring 98 may be formed on surface 116 of flexible printed circuit substrate 92. Grounded shielding ring 98 may surround some or all of the periphery of antenna resonating element 86 at surface 116. Grounded shielding ring 98 may be separated from antenna resonating element 86 by gap 118. Gap 118 may be large enough to allow for some tolerance in manufacturing antenna 40 while also being small enough to minimize the footprint of antenna 40 within device 10. As an example, gap 118 may be between 0.4 mm and 0.6 mm (e.g., 0.5 mm) in length. Grounded shielding ring 98 may be shorted to planar ground traces 128 by conductive vias such as conductive vias 112. Similarly, conductive vias 102 may extend from antenna resonating element 86 through flexible printed circuit substrate 92 to planar ground traces 128. Conductive vias 102 and 112 may be coupled to landing pads 132 at the interfaces between each layer 122 in flexible printed circuit substrate 92. Antenna 40 may include a fence of conductive vias 102 to form the return path for antenna 40 (e.g., return path 88 of
Conductive vias 112, antenna resonating element 86, and planar ground traces 128 may define a continuous antenna cavity (volume) 130 for antenna 40. In general, the bandwidth of antenna 40 is proportional to the size of antenna cavity 130. The portion of surface 120 underlying antenna resonating element 86 may be free from grounded traces to maximize the size of antenna cavity 130 (e.g., allowing antenna cavity 130 to extend downward to planar ground traces 128). This may serve to maximize bandwidth and efficiency for antenna 40. Grounded shielding ring 98 and conductive vias 112 may also serve to shield antenna 40 from external electromagnetic interference.
As shown in
If desired, flexible printed circuit substrate 92 may form part of flexible printed circuit 70 or may be mounted to flexible printed circuit 70 of
In the example of
Antennas 40-A, 40-B, 40-C, and 40-D may be configured to cover different frequencies. The response frequencies of antennas 40-A and 40-C may be selected to collectively cover the 8.0 GHz UWB communications band (e.g., with a wider bandwidth than in a scenario where only a single antenna is used to cover the 8.0 GHz UWB communications band) whereas the response frequencies of antennas 40-B and 40-D may be selected to collectively cover the 6.5 GHz UWB communications band (e.g., with a wider bandwidth than in a scenario where only a single antenna is used to cover the 6.5 GHz UWB communications band). For example, the antenna resonating element 86 in antenna 40-A may have a length L3 that configures antenna 40-A to resonate at a first frequency that is less than 8.0 GHz and greater than 6.5 GHz (e.g., 7.9 GHz, 7.8 GHz, 7.7 GHz, or any other desired frequency that is 300 MHz or less below 8.0 GHz), whereas the antenna resonating element 86 in antenna 40-C may have a length L5 that configures antenna 40-C to resonate at a second frequency that is greater than 8.0 GHz (e.g., 8.1 GHz, 8.2 GHz, 8.3 GHz, or any other desired frequency that 300 MHz or less greater than 8.0 GHz). Similarly, the antenna resonating element 86 in antenna 40-B may have a length L4 that configures antenna 40-B to resonate at a third frequency that is less than 6.5 GHz (e.g., 6.4 GHz, 6.3 GHz, 6.2 GHz, or any other desired frequency that is 300 MHz or less below 6.5 GHz), whereas the antenna resonating element 86 in antenna 40-D may have a length L6 that configures antenna 40-D to resonate at a fourth frequency that is greater than 6.5 GHz and less than 8.0 GHz (e.g., 6.6 GHz, 6.7 GHz, 6.8 GHz, or any other desired frequency that is 300 MHz or less greater than 6.5 GHz). Lengths L3, L4, L5, and L6 may, for example, be approximately equal to one-quarter of the effective wavelengths of operation of antennas 40-A, 40-B, 40-C, and 40-D, respectively. Collectively, the antennas in set 134 may cover both ultra-wideband communications bands with greater bandwidth than in scenarios where a signal dual-band antenna is used.
Signal trace 138 may be coupled to the positive antenna feed terminal 46 on antenna 40-C by signal trace 142 and may be coupled to the positive antenna feed terminal 46 on antenna 40-D by signal trace 140. Conductive vias may be used to couple signal traces 142 and 140 to positive antenna feed terminals 46 (e.g., conductive vias extending through the underlying flexible printed circuit substrate such as flexible printed circuit substrate 92 of
Signal trace 142 may also be an impedance matching trace that is configured to match the impedance of signal trace 138 to the impedance of antenna 40-C at the second frequency. For example, the length D3 of signal trace 142, the width W3 of signal trace 142, and/or the position of the positive antenna feed terminal 46 for antenna 40-C may be selected to form a 50 Ohm impedance to the left of signal trace 138 (e.g., in the direction of arrow 152) at the second frequency while forming an infinite impedance at the fourth frequency (e.g., at the response frequency of antenna 40-D). Similarly, signal trace 140 may also be an impedance matching trace that is configured to match the impedance of signal trace 138 to the impedance of antenna 40-D at the fourth frequency. For example, the length D4 of signal trace 140, the width W4 of signal trace 140, and/or the position of the positive antenna feed terminal 46 for antenna 40-D may be selected to form a 50 Ohm impedance to the right of signal trace 138 (e.g., in the direction of arrow 154) at the fourth frequency while forming an infinite impedance at the second frequency (e.g., at the response frequency of antenna 40-C). This may serve to match the impedance of signal trace 138 to both antennas 40-C and 40-D in their respective frequency bands, thereby maximizing the antenna efficiency for antennas 40-C and 40-D.
The positive antenna feed terminal 46 on antenna 40-A may be coupled to signal trace 148 and the positive antenna feed terminal 46 on antenna 40-B may be coupled to signal trace 150 (e.g., using respective conductive vias). Signal traces 150 and 148 may extend from opposing sides of signal trace 144. Signal trace 144 may couple signal traces 150 and 148 to signal traces 142, 140, and 138. Signal traces 144, 148, and 150 may, for example, form the signal conductor of a microstrip transmission line that couples signal conductor 138 to antennas 40-A and 40-B.
Signal trace 148 may also be an impedance matching trace that is configured to match the impedance of signal trace 138 to the impedance of antenna 40-A at the first frequency. For example, the length D5 of signal trace 148, the width W5 of signal trace 148, and/or the position of the positive antenna feed terminal 46 for antenna 40-A may be selected to form a 50 Ohm impedance to the left of signal trace 144 (e.g., in the direction of arrow 152) at the first frequency while forming an infinite impedance at the third frequency (e.g., at the response frequency of antenna 40-B). Similarly, signal trace 150 may also be an impedance matching trace that is configured to match the impedance of signal trace 138 to the impedance of antenna 40-B at the third frequency. For example, the length D6 of signal trace 150, the width W6 of signal trace 150, and/or the position of the positive antenna feed terminal 46 for antenna 40-B may be selected to form a 50 Ohm impedance to the right of signal trace 144 (e.g., in the direction of arrow 154) at the third frequency while forming an infinite impedance at the first frequency (e.g., at the response frequency of antenna 40-A). This may serve to match the impedance of signal trace 138 to both antennas 40-A and 40-B in their respective frequency bands, thereby maximizing the antenna efficiency for antennas 40-A and 40-B. If desired, the dimensions of signal trace 144 may also contribute to the impedance matching for antennas 40-A and 40-B.
If desired, signal trace 144 may have a length 146 that is selected so that the radio-frequency signals at the positive antenna feed terminal 46 for antenna 40-C are in phase with the radio-frequency signals at the positive antenna feed terminal 46 for antenna 40-A and so that the radio-frequency signals at the positive antenna feed terminal 46 for antenna 40-B are in phase with the radio-frequency signals at the positive antenna feed terminal 46 for antenna 40-D. This may serve to maximize antenna efficiency for antennas 40-A and 40-C (e.g., in the 8.0 GHz UWB communications band) and to maximize antenna efficiency for antennas 40-B and 40-D (e.g., in the 6.5 GHz UWB communications band).
In the example of
In scenarios where the dual-band antenna of
Conductive support plate 168 may have openings such as openings 170 (sometimes referred to herein as slots 170). Stubs 72 of flexible printed circuit 70 (e.g., the portions of flexible printed circuit 70 where regions 80, 78, and 74 of
In practice, there may be one or more gaps 172 between the antenna structures on each stub 72 and the edges of the opening 170 with which that stub has been aligned. Gaps 172 may be, for example 0.4 mm, 0.2-0.5 mm, 0.1-0.6 mm, or other sizes. The antennas on each stub 72 may be configured to convey radio-frequency signals with a single linear polarization. However, the presence of gaps 172 may introduce cross-polarization interference in which radio-frequency signals of other polarizations are undesirably conveyed by the antennas on stub 72. In order to mitigate this cross-polarization interference, a conductive shielding layer such as conductive shielding layer 176 may be provided over openings 170. If desired, other conductive components 178 (e.g., a battery for device 10 or other components in device 10 having conductive structures) may overlap one or more openings 170 instead of conductive shielding layer 176. In the example of
The example of
Conductive shielding layer 176 may be layered over conductive support plate 168 and flexible printed circuit 176. Conductive shielding layer 176 may completely cover opening 170. Conductive shielding layer 176 may be galvanically connected to conductive support plate 168 (e.g., using solder, welds, or other conductive adhesives), may be placed into contact with conductive support plate 168, or may be separated from and capacitively coupled to conductive support plate 168. Conductive shielding layer 176 may include sheet metal, conductive adhesive (e.g., copper tape having an adhesive layer), conductive traces on a dielectric substrate, conductive portions of the housing for device 10, conductive foil, ferrite, or any other desired structures that block radio-frequency signals. In the absence of conductive shielding layer 176, gap 172 may radiate in response to radio-frequency signals from polarizations other than the polarization handled by antenna structures 180. This may introduce undesirable cross-polarization interference on the radio-frequency signals handled by antenna structures 180. The presence of conductive shielding layer 176 may block these radio-frequency signals from causing gap 172 to radiate, thereby mitigating cross-polarization interference for antenna structures 180.
The example of
The foregoing is merely illustrative and various modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The foregoing embodiments may be implemented individually or in any combination.
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