Patent Grant
11358094
The present disclosure generally relates to methods and systems for air dehumidification, separation and filtration.
Air conditioning, dehumidification, and purification systems may be based on different principles of science and engineering, such as thermodynamics and heat transfer. An example system may include a fan, an air conditioner, and heat exchange coils, where the fan moves air past extremely cold heat exchange coils causing moisture present in the air to condense and collect on the coils, thereby removing moisture from the air. As another example, a ventilating system may include a sensor and an exhaust fan and may expel air from basements, attics, and crawlspaces. Certain types of air processing and conditioning system rely on hydrophilic materials in a form of single-use desiccant-type cartridges, gel, or powder.
High-efficiency cooling and heating systems conserve energy, lower utility costs, and heat and cool a given interior space more effectively. Energy ratings such as, a seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) for air conditioners, indicate an amount of energy used by a given unit to bring interior temperature to a desired level.
An air conditioning device includes a body comprising an inlet plenum portion configured to receive input air including vapor molecules, a spray chamber portion operatively connected with the inlet plenum portion and configured to receive the input air therefrom, wherein the received input air is rigorously mixed within the spray chamber, a sprayer portion configured to charge at least one of a plurality of liquid droplets generating at least one charged liquid droplet, wherein the sprayer portion is operatively connected with the spray chamber portion and is configured to release the charged liquid droplet into the rigorously mixed air to cause the charged liquid droplet to attract at least one vapor molecule, such that the at least one vapor molecule attaches to the charged liquid droplet and separates from the input air, a separation chamber portion operatively coupled to the spray chamber portion and an outlet plenum portion, wherein the separation chamber portion causes the liquid droplet with the attached vapor molecule to separate from the rigorously mixed air and to condense and collect as liquid within the outlet plenum, and an air outlet portion operatively coupled to the separation chamber and configured to direct output air away from the air conditioning device, wherein the output air includes air remaining following the separation, from the rigorously mixed air, of the liquid droplet with the attached vapor molecule, and wherein a first humidity of the output air is less than a second humidity of the input air.
A method for operating an air conditioning device includes receiving input air including vapor molecules and moving the received input air in an air rotating vortex, charging at least one of a plurality of liquid droplets to generate at least one charged liquid droplet, releasing the charged liquid droplet into the air rotating vortex to cause the charged liquid droplet to attract at least one vapor molecule, such that the at least one vapor molecule attaches to the charged liquid droplet and separates from the input air, causing the liquid droplet with the attached vapor molecule to separate from the air rotating vortex and to condense and collect within an outlet plenum, and directing output air away from the air conditioning device, wherein the output air includes air remaining following the separation, from the air rotating vortex, of the liquid droplet with the attached vapor molecule, and wherein a first humidity of the output air is less than a second humidity of the input air.
An air conditioning device includes a spray chamber configured to receive input air including vapor molecules, wherein an air rotating vortex within the spray chamber moves the received input air, an electrospray configured to charge liquid droplets and release the charged liquid droplets into the air rotating vortex causing the charged liquid droplet to attract at least one vapor molecule, such that the at least one vapor molecule attaches to the charged liquid droplet, a separation chamber configured to cause the liquid droplet with the attached vapor molecule to separate from the air rotating vortex and to condense and collect as liquid within an outlet plenum, and an air outlet configured to direct output air away from the air conditioning device, wherein the output air includes air remaining following the separation, and wherein at least one of (i) a first humidity of the output air is less than a second humidity of the input air and (ii) a first temperature of the output air is less than a second temperature of the input air.
The detailed description particularly refers to the following figures, in which:
While the concepts of the present disclosure are susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific exemplary embodiments are been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described. It should be understood, however, that there is no intent to limit the concepts of the present disclosure to the particular forms disclosed; on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
References in the specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “an illustrative embodiment,” etc., indicate that the described embodiment may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may or may not necessarily include that particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to effect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described. Additionally, it should be appreciated that items included in a list in the form of “at least one A, B, and C” can mean (A); (B); (C): (A and B); (B and C); (A and C); or (A, B, and C). Similarly, items listed in the form of “at least one of A, B, or C” can mean (A); (B); (C): (A and B); (B and C); (A and C); or (A, B, and C).
The disclosed embodiments may be implemented, in some cases, in hardware, firmware, software, or any combination thereof. The disclosed embodiments may also be implemented as instructions carried by or stored on one or more transitory or non-transitory machine-readable (e.g., computer-readable) storage medium, which may be read and executed by one or more processors. A machine-readable storage medium may be embodied as any storage device, mechanism, or other physical structure for storing or transmitting information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a volatile or non-volatile memory, a media disc, or other media device).
In the drawings, some structural or method features may be shown in specific arrangements and/or orderings. However, it should be appreciated that such specific arrangements and/or orderings may not be required. Rather, in some embodiments, such features may be arranged in a different manner and/or order than shown in the illustrative figures. Additionally, the inclusion of a structural or method feature in a particular figure is not meant to imply that such feature is required in all embodiments and, in some embodiments, may not be included or may be combined with other features.
Marketplace competitiveness of a given device for air processing, conditioning, or purification, such as a heat, ventilation, and A/C (HVAC) system, may be its energy efficiency and price. In addition, the overall size of the HVAC system in residential and light commercial applications is becoming increasingly important. Providing air dehumidification and associated cooling is a main environmental factor penalizing the energy performance of conventional mechanical type vapor compression-based dehumidification systems. However, energy-efficient dehumidification and cooling methods, in particular, have not yet been implemented in commercially viable forms applicable in residential or light commercial settings. As one example, an energy-efficient dehumidification method may be based on the nucleation of polar water molecules or ions, also referred to as dielectrophoresis, where generation of electrostatic attraction force causes an amount of the water vapor condensate to increase. Nevertheless, facilitating an electrostatic-based water vapor separation is made impractical in interior dehumidification given a magnitude of an electric field necessary to displace and remove water droplets from the air flow.
An example air conditioning device of the present disclosure uses electrically charged droplets to attract water vapor molecules from the surrounding air and uses a vortical flow or another rigorous mixing and/or induced movement to separate from the air the droplets made heavier by the attached vapor molecules. Put another way, the example air conditioning device uses electrically charged water droplets in vortically rotating airflows, and/or flows of air or another gas generated by rigorous mixing, spinning, or rotating, attract water vapor and dehumidify and cool the air stream. As such, the air conditioning device of the present disclosure integrates electrospray technology including high voltage corona discharge emitters, such that the high potential voltages are used only to charge the droplets in the electrospray, and the separation is achieved when the droplets move in the microgravity environment subjected to centripetal force. By injecting electrically charged droplets into vortical flows, or other types of flow generated by rigorous mixing spinning, stirring, or rotating, the electrostatic-based water harvesting techniques may be applied to achieve air dehumidification and cooling that are both commercially viable and energy efficient.
As one example, air conditioning device of the present disclosure provides energy savings in view of a significant reduction in humidity (e.g., 20% to 30%) of the entering outdoor air, which reduces the latent loads and increases the dew point evaporating temperatures of the coils. In an example, the unit energy savings (UES) provided by the air conditioning device of the present disclosure over that of a typical dehumidifying technology may depend on a climate zone and may range between 15% to 39%. For a hot and humid climate zone 3, the UES over the typical dehumidifying technology may be approximately 23%.
The inlet plenum 104 of the air conditioning device 100 comprises a plurality of walls 114 spaced apart from one another and defining a passage 116 therebetween. The inlet plenum 104 is configured to receive input air and deliver the input air into the air conditioning device 100. For example, the passage 116 may be enclosed, such that input air enters the inlet plenum 104 at a first inlet plenum end 124 and exits the inlet plenum 104 at a second inlet plenum end 126.
The input air may comprise one of outside air, inside air, recirculated air, and previously conditioned air, such as in a multi-stage HVAC system, or some combination thereof. The input air may enter (or be drawn into) the passage 116 of the inlet plenum 104 at a predefined amount of pressure and/or speed to facilitate movement of the input air, e.g., airflow, along a length of the inlet plenum 104. At least a portion of the inlet plenum 104 may extend in a circular or a semicircular manner to surround the spray chamber 106, such that the input air entering the passage 116 travels the length of the inlet plenum 104 in a predefined circular or semicircular arc.
The spray chamber 106 is operatively connected with the inlet plenum 104 and is configured to receive the input air therefrom, e.g., via the second inlet plenum end 126 of the inlet plenum 104. The spray chamber 106 comprises a sidewall 120 shaped as a hollow cylinder. The sidewall 120 defines a plurality of apertures 210, each aperture 210 configured to receive a spray nozzle 208. In one example, the apertures 210 are offset from one another at equal distances and are disposed in a single row along a vertical line perpendicular to a direction of flow of the input air. At least a portion of each spray nozzle 208 protrudes through a corresponding aperture 210 and extends into an inner portion of the sidewall 120, such that the spray nozzle 208 may be configured to selectively deliver liquid into a stream of air flowing inside the spray chamber 106.
The spray nozzles 208 are configured to selectively spray, inject, or otherwise direct a plurality of liquid droplets into the inner portion of the spray chamber 106. As described in reference to at least
A plurality of electrically grounded c-rings 212 may be used as collectors to measure collector current for a given emitter voltage. The c-rings 212 are disposed within the interior of the spray chamber 106 and along a portion of the sidewall 120 opposite the apertures 210 and the nozzle 208 protruding therethrough. Each c-ring 212 comprises an elongated strip that that extends along, and mimics the shape of, the sidewall 120 of the spray chamber 106. The c-rings 212 are disposed in row directly above and below one another and are offset from one another at equal distances along a vertical axis. In some instances, distances between the c-rings 212 may correspond to those between the apertures 210, such that a center of each c-ring 212 is in a horizontal alignment with a center of the aperture 210 disposed opposite the c-ring 212. As one example, an arc length of each c-ring 212 corresponds to approximately one-half of a circumference of the sidewall 120 of the spray chamber 106. While the air conditioning device 100 is illustrated as generating vortical flow using electrospray and emitter panels, other methodologies are also contemplated. For example, in some instances, the air conditioning device 100 may include a fan configured to supplement the vortex airflow. Furthermore, in some examples, other types of gas flow may be used instead of, or in conjunction with, the vortex airflow, such as flow types generated by self-generated or induced rigorous mixing, spinning, stirring, or rotating.
The separation chamber 108 may be operatively connected with the spray chamber 106, e.g., about a first end 150 of the spray chamber 106 opposite a second end 152 of the spray chamber 106 connected to the inlet plenum 104. (See, e.g.,
Within the separation chamber 108, the vortical flow cyclone separates largest (heaviest or having a predefined mass greater than a threshold) droplets from the air and causes these droplets to collect on a sidewall 130 of the separation chamber 108. In particular, by applying the vortical flow, the air conditioning device 100 uses collision of the charged droplets during their flight as additional mechanism of water vapor condensation on surfaces of the charged droplets. The attraction of water vapor molecules reduce the initial charge applied to the droplet and coalesce phenomena with other neutral droplets during in-flight trajectory across the vortical flow increases the effective mean radius within which the droplet collects the humidity present in the input air. Accordingly, the air conditioning device 100 eliminates a need for high-magnitude external electrostatic fields necessary to move the charged droplets in the air, when the air moves at airflow speeds exceeding a predefined threshold. The air conditioning device 100 also eliminates a need for a membrane or other cold surfaces that physically condensate and/or remove the water droplets from the air stream.
The droplets may grow as a result of attracting water vapor molecules in microgravity environment. Upon exceeding a predefined size, the droplets may then collect (or pool) 132 at the outlet plenum 110 operatively connected with the separation chamber 108. The outlet plenum 110 may comprise a conical funnel having a round drain opening 134 narrower than a top opening 136 of the outlet plenum 110, such that the droplets that enter the output plenum 110 through the top opening 136 may drain, or otherwise exit, the body 102 of the air conditioning device 100 through the drain opening 134. In some instances, upon exiting the body 102 of the air conditioning device 100, the collected droplets may be recirculated to be sprayed or otherwise released into the spray chamber 106.
Once moisture is removed from the input air, the output air may exit the air conditioning device 100 via the outlet tube 112. The output air may have lower humidity and/or a lower temperature than the input air received by the air conditioning device 100. As illustrated in
The example spray systems 302a, 302b include high-voltage electrodes 304a, 304b and tubular housings 308a, 308b, respectively. As illustrated in
As illustrated in
The electrode 304b movably inserted into the channel 312b via an electrode opening 306b may extend beyond the tubular housing 308b toward interior of the spray chamber 106. The electrode 304b may define an electrode intake opening 322 and an electrode sprayer 324 about opposing ends of the electrode 304b and connected with one another via a passage 324 interior to the electrode 304b. The electrode 304b may be configured to receive liquid therewithin through the electrode intake opening 322 and expel the liquid via the electrode sprayer 324. At least a portion of the channel 312b has a width W greater than a width w of the electrode 304b, such that air or other gases entering the channel 312b via the gas inlets 314b envelops or surrounds at least a portion of the electrode 304b.
With reference to
The spray opening 310 of the spray system 302a is configured to spray, inject or otherwise deliver charged liquid droplets to the vortex pathway 206, where the charged liquid droplets mix with the inlet air inside air rotating vortexes. With respect to the spray system 302b, the electrode 304b may expel charged liquid droplets, via the electrode sprayer 324, into the vortex pathway 206, such that the charged liquid droplets mix with the inlet air inside air rotating vortexes. With respect to each of the spray systems 302a and 302b, the charged liquid droplets deposited into the vortexes attract water vapor molecules present in the input air, thereby, removing the humidity from and cooling the input air. Furthermore, as described above, other types of gas flow may be used instead of, or in conjunction with, the vortex airflow, such as flow types generated by self-generated or induced rigorous mixing, spinning, stirring, or rotating.
Fdp=ρ0×g rad(E), (1)
Amount of energy required to move a water molecule 404 from the surface of a sphere having a radius r to infinity against the dielectrophoresis, i.e., the work of this force from the distance r, generates additional potential energy, UDEP, which is given by Equation (2), such that
UDEP=p0q/(4πε0r2), (2)
The saturated vapor pressure pR, near the surface of a charged droplet with radius R, is based on a surface tension, a polarization of vapor near the charged droplet, and the additional potential energy UDEP, where the polarization of the vapor is due to the water molecule dipole reorientation, as illustrated, for example, in
pR=pC exp[−ρ0q/(4πkTR2)], (3)
where pC is indicative of the saturated vapor pressure according to the Kelvin-Thomson equation, q is indicative of the charge in the nucleation center of radius R (electrically charged ion or droplet), k is indicative of Boltzmann's constant, and T is indicative of absolute temperature. The charge q may be distributed over the surface or over the volume of the droplet, but it affects the electric field outside the droplet similar to the magnitude charge located at the center of droplet.
From Equation (3), the electrical charge q decreases the pressure of the surrounding vapor in equilibrium with the droplet. The decrease in charge may be said to correspond to a decrease in surface tension since the surface tension is caused by an asymmetry of the cohesive forces acting on a molecule on the surface of a liquid droplet and depends on the interaction with the media on the other side of the surface, i.e., air or vapor. Water molecules drift toward the droplet surface due to the dielectrophoresis and a gradient of the vapor concentration occurs.
At steady state, the dielectrophoresis drift and the local diffusion flows are equal; which leads to the classic Maxwell distribution of the vapor concentration. Because dielectrophoresis force moves the vapor 404 toward the droplets 402, a local enrichment of the vapor occurs near the charged droplet. In thermodynamic terms, additional potential energy from the electric charge increases the energy barrier for the molecules to leave the droplet, shifting the equilibrium between evaporation and condensation toward condensation and causing the equilibrium vapor pressure to become smaller than that of a neutral droplet of the same radius, which, in turn, allows for the growth of the droplet at the same vapor pressure. During the growth of charged droplets, the Gibbs free energy diminishes, which means that this process is always favorable as long as the droplet radius remain below the Rayleigh critical radius.
The polarization of vapor near the curved surface of the charged droplet is the result of interfacial polarization of water in the droplet and the vapor near this droplet. For a dielectric sphere α, the polarization may be described as shown in Equation (4), such that:
α=3ε0Vr(ε−ε0)/(ε+2ε0), (4)
and the dielectrophoresis force, Fdp, acting on such aerosol droplet at distance R from the center of a droplet charge q may be described as shown in Equation (5), such that:
Fdp=αEg rad|E|=2αq2/(εε0R5), (5)
where r is indicative of a radius of the sphere α, ε is indicative of dielectric permittivity of the sphere α, and Vr is indicative of volume of the sphere, such that Vr=4πr3/3.
Equation (5) indicates that larger charged droplets collect aerosol at greater distances. Thus, when using ions, the limited charge of the ions as nucleation centers restrict the collection area to few nanometers. When electrospray droplets of micrometer size are used as nucleation centers, they can be initially charged to the Rayleigh limits (that is, to the maximum charge carried by the droplet at which fission occurs) in which the electrostatic forces do not exceed those of surface tension. As such, initially larger droplets (electrospray) collect the vapor more efficiently (over wider area) because they hold more electrical charge.
When the vapor density exceeds the saturation level, a nucleation occurs. The limited charge of ions, which serve as nucleation centers, restrict the equilibrium size of the micro-droplets. However, if electrospray droplets are used as nucleation centers, the droplets can be initially charged to the Rayleigh limit when electrostatic forces do not exceed those of surface tension. The high electric charges decrease the pressure of the vapor, which is in equilibrium with the droplets. Put another way, as result of additional electrical energy, which increases the energy barrier for a molecule to leave a droplet, the evaporation of a charged droplet is suppressed. This shifts the equilibrium between evaporation and condensation toward condensation and thus, allows for the growth of the droplet.
The nucleation and growth of the charged droplets deplete the vapor phase near a droplet, which is compensated for by the dielectrophoresis flow and diffusion. Dielectrophoresis flow involves surrounding vapor at a distance of about 10 nm to 100 nm for droplets charged by an electrospray compared to a distance necessary for a single electron charge in a droplet (e.g., ˜2 nm). The electrically charged droplets sweep the air stream in the radial direction. In a 1-g environment, the buoyancy force is describe by the Equation (6), such that
FB=V×ρW×g, (6)
where FB is the buoyancy force, V is the volume of the droplet, ρW is the water density and g is the gravitational acceleration. In microgravity environment the centripetal acceleration is used to substitute the gravitational acceleration. The resulting solution from Navier-Stoke equations indicates that droplet migrates through a rotating flow and experience a drag force, FD.
The rotating flow does not travel as a uniform body and a discontinuity exists therein. Two distinct layers of flow exist during the separation process: the outer layer is closer to the wall and moves at a greater velocity than the inner layer (extending to the center of the separator). The integration of an electrospray that generates electrically charged small droplets inside the rotating vortex and the growth of these droplets in a microgravity vortical flow environment are new innovations that the present project aims to investigate. Other types of gas flow may be used instead of, or in conjunction with, the vortex airflow, such as flow types generated by self-generated or induced rigorous mixing, spinning, stirring, or rotating.
The rotational vortical flows of the air conditioning device 100 facilitates energy-efficient dehumidifying and cooling scaled to residential and light commercial interior HVAC applications. In an example, multiple air conditioning devices 100 may be installed within a given air duct system. In another example, the air conditioning device 100 may replace a 90-degree bend to limit pressure losses. The air conditioning device 100 may be configured to run on the outdoor air, which is typically 10% (minimum outdoor air) to 40% (high air changed per hour) of the total supplied air flow to the building. In a given HVAC application, the air conditioning device 100 may include more or fewer electrosprays, equally or unequally distributed along the walls of the mixing chamber. The air conditioning device 100 performance may be further modified to desirable operation by at least one of adopting larger mixing chambers and connecting the air conditioning device 100 in series and in parallel with respect to the outdoor air flow intake.
The air conditioning device 100 may be configured to decrease the relative humidity by as much as 30%. Such a reduction in humidity may eliminate completely the latent loads in some climate zones. A number of charged droplets in a single electrospray emitter may be about 7 droplets/sec for 1 cfm to 2 cfm of air and may result in a dehumidification of 2.4% R.H. To achieve 5% dehumidification, about 46 droplets/sec for 5 cfm air may need to be delivered. For accommodating an airflow of 200 cfm and producing 10% dehumidification, a rate of charged droplets may need to be 4,000 droplets/sec or greater. A commercial embodiment of the air conditioning device 100 may include electrospray systems that deploy over 25,000 charged droplets/sec in the rotating air flows. Likewise, implementations of the air conditioning device 100 may include multiple electrosprays, distributed and multi-stage approaches and so on.
Advantages of the air conditioning device of the present disclosure include eliminating a need to generate high electrostatic field to push the charged droplets across the airflow, eliminating a need for condensation walls necessary in the existing water harvesting technology, as well as, a need for regeneration technology. The air conditioning device does not create undesirable odors. Indeed, electrostatic droplets may be used to clean dust, smoke, and others odors from the air. Further, the air conditioning device 100 is not vulnerable to corrosion. Notably, the air conditioning device 100 does not consume water and the water droplets extracted from the air are reused in the electrospray, resulting in net amount of potable water generated from the air. The air conditioning device of the present disclosure can be made of inexpensive non-toxic materials and provides excellent part-load performance in view of readily available fast and modular electrospray technology. The air conditioning device is lighter than enthalpy wheels used for heat exchanging in some HVAC implementations. The air conditioning device 100 may be easy to integrate as an add-on component in air conditioning devices for retrofitting SSLC A/C systems and/or may be adapted to connect to high voltage amplifiers used in ultraviolet (UV) systems of some air conditioning devices.
While the disclosure has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, such an illustration and description is to be considered as exemplary and not restrictive in character, it being understood that only illustrative embodiments have been shown and described and that all changes and modifications that come within the spirit of the disclosure are desired to be protected.
There are a plurality of advantages of the present disclosure arising from the various features of the method, apparatus, and system described herein. It will be noted that alternative embodiments of the method, apparatus, and system of the present disclosure may not include all of the features described yet still benefit from at least some of the advantages of such features. Those of ordinary skill in the art may readily devise their own implementations of the method, apparatus, and system that incorporate one or more of the features of the present invention and fall within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims.
This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/906,913, filed Sep. 27, 2019, which is expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 20210093996 A1 | Apr 2021 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 62906913 | Sep 2019 | US |
