Electrosurgery is commonly used to cauterize, cut and/or coagulate tissue. In typical electrosurgical devices, RF electrical energy is applied to the tissue being treated. Local heating of the tissue occurs, and, depending upon the waveform of the applied energy and the electrode geometry, the desired effect is achieved. By varying the power output and the type of electrical waveform, it is possible to control the extent of heating and, thus, the resulting surgical effect. For example, a continuous sinusoidal waveform is best suited for cutting, while a waveform having periodically spaced bursts of a partially rectified signal produces coagulation.
In bipolar electrosurgery, the electrosurgical device includes two electrodes. The tissue being treated is placed between the electrodes, and the electrical energy is applied across the electrodes. In monopolar electrosurgery, the electrical excitation energy is applied to a single electrode at the surgical site, and a grounding pad is placed in contact with the patient. The energy passes from the single monopolar electrode through the tissue to the grounding pad.
While tissue heating is the mechanism by which the various surgical treatments are realized, it can also cause various obstacles to optimum procedure performance. For example, the heat causes tissue fluids to evaporate. As the tissue is desiccated, the electrical resistance of the tissue increases, making it increasingly more difficult to supply adequate power to the tissue. Eventually, the resistance rises to such a high level that it is impossible to continue the procedure. This is such a well-known and common problem in prior electrosurgical devices that surgeons have become accustomed to it and have tailored their procedures to minimize its effects. Typically, surgeons operate prior electrosurgical devices at a very low power level. This prevents the electrode and the adjacent tissue from becoming too hot too fast. Unfortunately, it also requires the surgeon to perform the procedure much more slowly than he would if he could operate the device at full power. As a result, the procedure takes much longer, requiring more operating room time and longer exposure of the patient to dangerous anesthetics.
Heating also causes charring of the tissue. Like desiccated tissue, charred tissue is of very high resistance. Therefore, as the surface of the tissue being treated becomes charred, it becomes difficult, and eventually impossible, to continue delivering power to the tissue as desired. Once again, to avoid the problem, surgeons perform procedures much more slowly than is desirable.
Electrosurgical procedures are also hindered by adherence of tissue to heated electrodes. During electrosurgery, the heated tissue tends to transfer heat to the electrodes. As an electrode becomes hot, tissue tends to stick to it, resulting in various complications. First, the tissue stuck to the electrode can have a high resistance and can therefore hinder delivery of power to the tissue. In prior devices, while performing a procedure, a surgeon must periodically remove the device from the patient and clean it before continuing. In addition, surgeons can perform the procedure at reduced power settings to reduce tissue adherence and thus the frequency of cleanings.
Tissue sticking can also cause unwanted bleeding. During electrosurgical procedures, the tissue being treated often heats the electrode such that, when the electrode is removed from the tissue, a portion of the tissue sticks to the electrode and is torn away, which likely results in bleeding. Thus, as the surgeon is attempting to cauterize in order to stop bleeding, he is actually causing more bleeding. He must therefore make repeated attempts to cauterize the area, first cauterizing, then tearing away tissue, then recauterizing the torn tissue, etc. Once again, in an attempt to alleviate the problem, surgeons will typically operate at low power, resulting in a procedure requiring much more time to complete than is desirable.
Another problem caused by heated electrodes is the creation of smoke in the proximity of the surgical site. As a result, the surgeon's visibility is reduced, and he must periodically interrupt the procedure to allow the smoke to dissipate.
It has been recognized that cooling the surgical site during electrosurgery would be desirable. In response, systems have been developed which flush the surgical site with fluid during surgery. However, this results in much more steam being created at the surgical site and the associated reduction in visibility. Also, the fluid introduced at the site must be aspirated as the procedure is performed.
The present invention is directed to a medical device, such as an electrosurgical device, and a method of treatment in which an end effector, such as an electrosurgical electrode, is cooled. The end effector applies energy to tissue to heat the tissue, and a heat pipe having a sealed cavity containing a heat transfer fluid conducts heat from the end effector.
The temperature at the electrode-tissue interface is maintained at less than about 80° C. when the electrosurgery device is used. At the proximal end of the electrode, a heat exchanger in the form of external heat conductive fins can be used to carry heat away from the device.
It has been determined that for certain heat pipe diameters and lengths, the heat pipe itself can store and transfer sufficient heat to the environment, without the use of an additional heat sink, to maintain its temperature below the required 80° C.
There are several advantages to using the heat pipe to dissipate heat, rather than using a heat sink. First, elimination of the heat sink makes the device more compact, less expensive and therefore practical for sale. Second, the ideal electrosurgical pencil device would operate between 60 and 80° C. The lower temperature is the initiation of coagulation and the upper temperature is the sticking point. The addition of the heat sink lowers the operating temperature of the heat pipe which can negatively affect the depth of penetration of the thermal effect. If the pencil tip is too cold, then there may be a delay in the onset of coagulation and the effect of the coagulation will be deeper in the tissue than may be desired. The present invention passively controls the temperature of the pencil so that the temperature remains closer to the desired set point. Also, the addition of a heat sink adds thermal inertia to the device. This slows the rise time of the heat pipe temperature and also slows the drop in temperature after energy application is stopped. Both of these situations are undesirable. Removal of heat sink removes the thermal inertia.
The heat pipe of the electrosurgical device also has a length where substantially all of the heat conducted from the electrode through the heat pipe dissipates along the length of the heat pipe. The distal end of the heat pipe includes an outer surface having a nickel plated layer or a gold plated layer. The heat pipe is covered along its length by a sheath. The sheath can be formed of a heat shrink tubing. The heat pipe can be attached to and extend from a handle.
The heat pipe has a surface area between approximately 11.0 cm2 (1.71 in2) and 15.0 cm2 (2.33 in2). The heat pipe also includes a diameter of 3 mm (0.12 inches) and a length between approximately 9 cm (3.5 inches) and 11.5 cm (4.5 inches). The heat pipe has a thermal time constant less than 60 seconds and preferably has a thermal time constant less than 30 seconds.
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention.
A description of preferred embodiments of the invention follows.
Referring to
The proximal end 416 of the heat pipe 404 is in conductive contact with the male connector 16 at the proximal end of the probe 402. The male connector 116 is inserted into the female receptacle 118 of the monopolar pencil 114. When electrical energy is applied to the male connector 116, it is conducted along the conductive outer shell 410 of the heat pipe 404 to the distal end 414 of the heat pipe 404. The distal end 414 serves as a ball-end monopolar electrode of the device.
In operation, the electrode 414 is placed adjacent to tissue being treated. At the same time, the patient is maintained in contact with the grounding pad 132. As in the previous embodiments, the monopolar pencil 114 controls application of the electrical energy. One of the pushbuttons 128 and 130 is depressed to apply the electrical energy to the tissue according to the desired tissue treatment. When one of the buttons is pressed, electrical energy from the monopolar generator 134 is applied across the ball-end electrode 414 and the grounding pad 132 to treat the tissue.
The heat pipe 404 of the probe 402 serves to cool the monopolar electrode 414. During operation, the distal end electrode 414 is heated by the tissue. In accordance with the well-known operation of the heat pipe heat transfer device 404, the water 408 within the cavity 406 of the heat pipe 404 evaporates, and the cavity 406 fills with vapor. The inner wall 420 of the heat pipe 404 serves as a wick, which, in one embodiment, takes the form of multiple grooves or slots distributed over the entire inner wall 420 of the outer shell 410. At the proximal end of the device, the vapor condenses, and the resulting liquid flows back to the distal end of the device via capillary action within the wick 420. Heat is thus carried away from the electrode 414 at the distal end of the device.
The proximal end of the heat pipe 404 includes a heat exchanger in the form of multiple radial heat conductive fins 422 attached to the outer shell 410 so as to conduct heat away from the heat pipe 404. A non-conductive enclosure 424 encloses the fins 422 as a safety precaution to prevent burning the surgeon's hands. The enclosure 424 includes multiple holes 426 to allow the heat to be dissipated.
In a preferred embodiment, the heat pipe used has a circular cross section with a diameter of approximately 5 mm. However, other configurations are possible and have been shown to be effective in eliminating the effects of electrode heating. For example, an oval cross-sectional heat pipe, such as part number 1861-4 produced by Noren Products Inc. of Menlo Park, Calif., has been shown to be effective. The device is oval shaped in cross-section having a minor diameter of 2.3 mm and a major diameter of 3.8 mm and an overall length of approximately 15 inches.
It will also be appreciated that the distal end of the heat pipe can be shaped to form any desired electrode shape such as the spatula, L-hook, and J-hook. It will also be appreciated that the heat pipe configuration can also be used in bipolar instruments. The monopolar instrument is shown in
Referring to
The proximal end 18 of the heat pipe 10 includes a male connector 22 and is in conductive contact with a receptacle 32 of the pencil or handle 34. The male connector 22 is inserted into the receptacle 32 of the handle 34. When electrical energy is applied to the male connector 22, the energy is conducted along the conductive outer shell 15 of the heat pipe 10 to the distal end 20 of the heat pipe 10. The distal end 20 serves as a monopolar electrode of the device. The distal end 20 can be a ball end or can be a tapered end, for example.
In operation, the electrode 26 is placed adjacent to tissue being treated. At the same time, the patient is maintained in contact with a grounding pad 42. The pencil 34 controls application of the electrical energy. One of the pushbuttons 36 and 38 can be depressed to apply the electrical energy to the tissue according to the desired tissue treatment. Typically, one of the buttons 36 applies a coagulation waveform to the heat pipe 10 to coagulate tissue while the other button 38 causes a cutting waveform to be applied to the tissue. When one of the buttons is pressed, electrical energy from a monopolar generator 40 is applied across the electrode 20 and the grounding pad 42 to treat the tissue.
The heat pipe 10 of the probe 52 serves to cool the monopolar electrode 20. During operation, the distal end electrode 20 is heated by the tissue. In accordance with the well-known operation of the heat pipe heat transfer device 10, the water 57 within the cavity 12 of the heat pipe 10 evaporates, and the cavity 12 fills with vapor. The inner wall 56 of the heat pipe 10 serves as a wick, which, in one embodiment, takes the form of multiple grooves or slots distributed over the entire inner wall 56 of the outer shell 15. At the proximal end 18 of the device 52, the vapor condenses, and the resulting liquid flows back to the distal end of the device via capillary action within the wick 56. Heat is thus carried away from the electrode 20 at the distal end of the device.
The heat pipe 10 itself is used as a heat exchanger to dissipate heat formed in the heat pipe. During operation, the distal end electrode 20 is heated by the tissue. Heat from the surgical site can flow from the distal end 20 of the heat pipe 10 to the proximal end 18 of the heat pipe 10 and can be dissipated along the length of the heat pipe 10 to cool the entire heat pipe 10, thereby maintaining the electrode at a temperature below 80° C.
The heat pipe 10 can also have a diameter of 3 mm (0.12 inches). For a 3 mm diameter heat pipe 10 having a sheath 16 with insulation 1 mm thick (4 mm diameter overall), the optimal length of this design is between 9 cm (3.5 inches) and 11.5 cm (4.5 inches). Based on experimentation, a heat pipe length shorter than this range does not provide sufficient length or area to transfer the heat. A heat pipe length longer than this range does not provide a sufficient temperature. The optimal length of larger diameter heat pipes will be shorter, and smaller diameter heat pipes will be longer.
The heat transfer area for a cylinder is πDL. Based on the above dimensions, the ideal surface area for heat transfer for this device is between 11.0 cm2 (1.71 in2) and 15.0 cm2 (2.33 in2). This area can be obtained through many combinations of length, diameter and surface geometry. For example, the heat transfer area can be increased by adding serrations or fins around the outside of the tube. If this is done, shorter or smaller diameter heat pipes 10 can be made to work.
The distal end of the heat pipe can be shaped to form any desired electrode shape such as the spatula, L-hook, and J-hook. The heat pipe configuration can also be used in bipolar instruments. The monopolar instrument is shown in
The heat pipe 10 can include a proximal end 18 and a distal end 20. The proximal end can be swaged at 22 for insertion within a handle of an electrosurgical device from which electrical power is obtained. The distal end 20 can be crimped to provide a tapered end 24, as shown in
It has been shown in the literature that many of the effects caused by heated electrodes can be avoided if the temperature at the electrode-tissue interface is maintained below a temperature of about 80° C. (See “Temperature-Controlled Radio Frequency Catheter Ablation of AV Conduction: First Clinical Experience,” by Hoffmann et al., European Heart Journal (1993) 14, pages 57–64.) The present invention can maintain that electrode temperature during any of the various procedures performed. Electrode temperature is maintained by dissipating heat along the length of the heat pipe 10 rather than by utilizing a heat sink attached to the heat pipe 10.
At low heat fluxes, the heat pipe is essentially an isothermal device. Therefore, as heat is input to one end, touching the tissue, the heat is rapidly distributed throughout the heat pipe, raising its temperature almost uniformly. Because the heat is uniformly distributed along the length of the device, the entire length of the device is available to convect the heat to the ambient air. If there is sufficient area of the heat pipe exposed to the ambient air, there is no need to store the heat in a heat sink at one end of the device.
A heat balance occurs in the heat pipe when heat coming into the heat pipe from the tissue raises the temperature of the heat pipe. As its temperature rises, the heat pipe convects heat to the ambient air. In the steady state, the heat entering the tip is equal to the heat convected to the ambient air.
A relationship exists between heat pipe length and steady state temperature or heat balance. The heat pipe can be sized to obtain a desired steady state temperature.
The heat entering the heat pipe due to tissue heating is largely unknown and can vary depending upon the type of tissue being heated. Experiments were conducted such that for a room temperature heat pipe (ie: one with a large heat sink attached), the heat transfer from cauterized tissue was measured as approximately 1.2–1.5 watts, depending upon the generator output. If, however, the heat pipe temperature is allowed to rise, less heat can conduct to the heat pipe since the temperature gradient between the heat pipe and the tissue is reduced.
The relation between heat pipe length and the steady state temperature of the heat pipe has also been determined using mathematical modeling techniques. The following is a mathematical model of the heat transfer from the heat pipes, as modeled by natural convection from a horizontal cylinder with a constant heat flux. The natural convection heat transfer from any object to an ambient sink is defined as:
Q=hA(Tw−Tamb)
Solving for the heat pipe wall temperature:
This equation is used to determine the heat pipe temperature (Tw) for various heat fluxes and heat pipe lengths.
Next the heat transfer coefficient h must be determined and is defined in terms of the dimensionless Nusselt number, a length and the thermal conductivity of the sink medium:
The Nusselt number for a horizontal cylinder taken from J. P. Holman, “Heat Transfer”, 1976, McGraw-Hill p. 250, herein incorporated by reference:
For 10−5<GrPr<1012
The Grashoff number is defined as:
Using these natural convection equations, the predicted wall temperatures were calculated for several heat pipe lengths and power inputs illustrated in
The mismatch between the model and the data at high temperatures (short heat pipes) can be because, as the heat pipe heats up significantly, the amount of heat conducted from the tissue should drop, making the actual heat pipe temperature drop as well. This was not accounted for in this analysis.
The mathematical and experimental analysis shows that by varying the length of the heat pipe without a specific heat sink attached to it, the steady state temperature of the heat pipe can be varied and therefore controlled. This cannot be done if a large heat sink is placed on one end of the heat pipe.
Another factor that can determine the optimal electrosurgical system is the vapor pressure inside the heat pipe. Current heat pipes are at a vacuum such that the water within the heat pipe vaporizes at temperatures below room temperature. The heat pipe can have a vapor pressure of approximately 60° C. In this way, the heat pipe can rapidly heat up to 60° C., and then remain at that temperature during use.
A thermally conductive sheath can also be used to cover the rod of the heat pipe. The thermally conductive sheath can increase the amount of heat transferred from the pipe to the atmosphere and can result in a pipe having a shorter length. The thermally conductive sheath can also be electrically insulating.
In contrast, testing was performed with the heat pipes used to produce
While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.
This application is a continuation of Ser. No. 09/780,028, filed Feb. 9, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,544,264, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/702,006, filed Oct. 30, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,503,248, and a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/516,089 filed Mar. 1, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,206,876, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/892,008, filed Jul. 14, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,074,389, which is a divisional of Ser. No. 08/402,881, filed Mar. 10, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,647,871. The entire teachings of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference.
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Parent | 08402881 | Mar 1995 | US |
Child | 08892008 | US |
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Child | 10354255 | US | |
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Parent | 09702006 | Oct 2000 | US |
Child | 09780028 | US | |
Parent | 09516089 | Mar 2000 | US |
Child | 09702006 | US |