Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to optical shutters. In particular, the present invention relates to electrowetting optical shutters based on total internal reflection (TIR) or angular beam steering.
Discussion of Related Art
Optical shutters are used in many applications such as atomic clocks, communications, lab-on-a-chip devices, and optical displays. Existing technologies typically utilize integrated lithium-niobate electro-optic modulators, acousto-optic modulators, or mechanical methods based on blades or diaphragms. However, integrated modulators suffer from limited aperture and contrast ratio, acousto-optic modulators are constrained in their extinction ratio by scattering, and mechanical methods are prone to friction issues and long term wear. Liquid-based electrowetting optical devices provide an attractive alternative for applications requiring large extinction ratios and apertures with no moving mechanical parts.
Although there are previous demonstrations of electrowetting-based displays, tunable irises, and switches, high extinction ratio (beyond 30 dB) shutters have not been demonstrated. There are many implementations of these functionalities, using opaque ink or oil droplets, tunable irises, and liquid interfaces operating around total internal reflection (TIR). The device using TIR uses a droplet in an enclosed box which spreads and contracts over a floor. This device is slow and achieves only modest extinction ratios.
A need remains in the art for electrowetting-actuated optical shutters with improved extinction ratios.
It is an object of the present invention to provide methods and apparatus for electrowetting-actuated optical shutters with improved extinction ratios. Embodiments of the present invention include large extinction ratio optical shutters using electrowetting liquids based on switching between a liquid-liquid interface curvature that produces total internal reflection and one that does not. Other embodiments angularly steer a beam transmitted through the shutter so that the output beam is transmitted or rejected based upon the angle of the output beam.
The present invention achieves greater than 60 dB extinction ratios with electrowetting shutters owing to its minimal interface roughness and unique geometry. The liquid-liquid interfaces of the present invention are particularly useful thanks to their well-defined interfaces, angstrom level surface roughness, optical isotropy, and low optical loss. The electrowetting effect enables transmissive, compact devices requiring minimal voltages and no moving mechanical parts.
An embodiment of the present invention comprises a device utilizing the electrowetting effect to control the shape of a conducting liquid droplet, or interface between a polar and non-polar liquid. The shutter is based on an electrowetting liquid interface switching between total internal reflection and transmission, or angular steering.
In this embodiment, laser diode beam 104 is spatially filtered and focused to a 250 μm diameter spot on liquid interface 220, offset from the center of the device by 2-3 mm to optimize the incident light position for switching between transmission and total internal reflection. In the case of transmitted beam 124, the output light is collimated and focused through optics 128 including two spatial filters of pinhole diameters of 100 and 75 mm. For totally internally reflected beam 122, one 200 μm pinhole 126 is used. Spatial filters were selected to provide maximum extinction ratio for both the transmitted and internally reflected states.
The sidewall of cylinder 212 has a thin film electrode followed by a dielectric layer and a hydrophobic coating (see
This embodiment implements the electrowetting shutter 120 using a design that enables tuning of the curvature of an interface 220 between a polar liquid 208 (here water with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate) and a non-polar liquid 210 (dodecane oil). By changing the applied voltage, the interface radius can switch from 9 mm to −45 mm.
The fabrication process for liquid shutter 120 is illustrated in
In
In
Prism-based liquid optical shutter 600 uses two pressure-driven lenses 602 that are offset from each other horizontally. The first lens 602A focuses light 620 on the edge of the second lens 602B, which acts like a prism. The first lens can be used to control the output 622 spot size and divergence. As an alternative, electrowetting cells 120 such as those described above can be used.
While the total internal reflection shutter of
While the exemplary preferred embodiments of the present invention are described herein with particularity, those skilled in the art will appreciate various changes, additions, and applications other than those specifically mentioned, which are within the spirit of this invention. For example, the ultrasmooth, angstrom-level surface roughness at the liquid-liquid interface gives the device design the potential for higher extinction ratios if the secondary reflections and sidewall interactions can be avoided. Future designs could mitigate the effects of secondary reflections and scattering by using anti-reflection coatings. Scattering effects can be mitigated with new geometries to avoid interaction with solid interfaces such as the coated sidewalls. Furthermore, existing electrowetting prism designs can further reduce the effects of secondary reflections and scattering by altogether avoiding interaction with curved liquid-liquid interfaces, instead biasing the TIR state on a flat, angled liquid interface. This has the potential to further increase the extinction ratio. Future system response time may also benefit from biasing the device operation around the transition point of total internal reflection and transmission, taking advantage of the full extinction ratio while reducing necessary changes in contact angle.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
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20080093220 | Cernasov | Apr 2008 | A1 |
20080100905 | Kato | May 2008 | A1 |
20120162269 | Bohn | Jun 2012 | A1 |
20140268161 | Arends | Sep 2014 | A1 |
20170082552 | Kim | Mar 2017 | A1 |
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Number | Date | Country | |
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20170255003 A1 | Sep 2017 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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62303589 | Mar 2016 | US | |
62310310 | Mar 2016 | US |