Patent Grant
9124773
The present invention generally relates to digital multimedia distribution systems and more specifically to digital transmission of encrypted multimedia content over an unsecured connection.
Providers of multimedia content can digitize content for distribution via digital communication networks. An important issue faced by a content distribution system is enabling only those customers that have purchased the content to play the content and compartmentalize access to all the stakeholders in the content distribution chain. One approach is to encrypt portions of the content and to issue encryption keys to authorized users that enable encrypted portions of the content to be unencrypted. Layers of keys and protection policies can be used so a single encryption key alone is insufficient for the user to access the content. In a number of systems, users purchase players that possess specified decryption capabilities. Content providers can distribute content to user's owning such a player in an encryption format supported by the player. Complying with a specified protection policy typically involves using an encryption key specified by the manufacturer of the players. In many instances the manufacturer of the players will not reveal the encryption keys used in the specified encryption scheme and likewise the content provider does not want to share the content keys to the manufacturer of the players.
Communications between components or processes of players or playback systems are typically trustworthy and secured. However, when communication or the transporting of information becomes unsecured or untrustworthy, such gaps need to be accounted for and filled. This has become more evident with advent and popularity of open multimedia frameworks. Bi-directional communication requirements and/or run time challenges and authentication requests to fill such gaps have proved to be less than adequate.
There are many ways of securing communication, including ciphering and encryption.
Ciphering is a procedure used to secure data that typically involves using a series of steps to scramble and render the data readable only to the intended audience. The procedure itself does not require an outside source, such as a key, in order to encipher or decipher the data. Rather, data can be properly deciphered by the intended audience so long as deciphering exactly follows the enciphering steps to unravel the data. Encryption is a procedure used to secure data. That typically involves the use of an external input for at least one step in the procedure, such as a key, in order to secure and/or access the data. The external data is used to intentionally manipulate at least one step in the encryption or decryption process, changing the way the data processing for encryption occurs. Generally, without the external data or a corresponding decryption key in an encryption process, a step in a corresponding decryption process cannot properly be executed and the data cannot be properly decrypted.
In the context of digital media, encoding is a procedure by which digital media is represented in a digital format. The format is typically selected to obtain specific benefits during the transportation, playback and storage of the digital media format used. For example, representing the media using fewer bits may be beneficial to transfer data in order to minimize bandwidth usage or storage space. In another example, a media player may only decode or read media in a certain format and therefore the digital media may first be in that format in order to be decoded by that media player.
Decoding is a procedure by which digital media in a format is translated into a format readable by a media player for rendering on a display device. Often, decoding may also reverse processes associated with encoding such as compression. In instances where encryption and/or enciphering have been applied to encoded media, the enciphering process or encryption process typically must be reversed before the encoded media can be decoded.
Systems and methods are described for taking cryptographic material from a container file and inserting the cryptographic material in an elementary bitstream, where the cryptographic information can then be used to decrypt the elementary bitstream for playback
A number of embodiments include obtaining the cryptographic information, extracting the at least partially encrypted video data from the container file to create an elementary bitstream, enciphering the cryptographic information, inserting the cryptographic information in the elementary bitstream, providing the elementary bitstream to a video decoder, extracting the cryptographic information from the elementary bitstream at the video decoder, deciphering the cryptographic information, decrypting the elementary bitstream with the cryptographic information and decoding the elementary bitstream for rendering on a display device using the video decoder.
In a further embodiment, the cryptographic information is obtained from the container file.
In another embodiment, the cryptographic information includes key information and information concerning at least a portion of the at least partially encrypted video data that is encrypted using the key information.
In an additional embodiment, information concerning at least a portion of the at least partially encrypted video data is a reference to a block of encrypted data within an encoded frame of video that is encrypted using the key information.
In a still further embodiment, the cryptographic information inserted in the elementary bitstream is delimited by an identifier and the cryptographic information is inserted before the at least partially encrypted video data encrypted using the key information.
In a still other embodiment, the cryptographic information is extracted using the identifier.
In a still additional embodiment, the decrypting process is performed by using the key information to identify the encrypted portion of video data and decrypting the encrypted video data using the key information.
In a yet further embodiment, cryptographic information inserted in different locations within the elementary bitstream includes different key information.
In a yet other embodiment, the at least partially encrypted video data includes frames of encoded video. In addition, the at least partially encrypted video data includes at least a portion of a plurality of the encoded frames that is encrypted.
In a yet further additional embodiment, the enciphering process and the deciphering process are synchronized such that a delay in excess of a predetermined time between enciphering and deciphering results in the cryptographic information being unrecoverable.
In a still further embodiment again, the enciphering process enciphers data by using a sequence of scrambling processes to scramble data.
In a still other embodiment again, the deciphering process deciphers data by performing the inverse sequence of scrambling processes to the sequence used to scramble the data.
Many embodiments include a demultiplexer configured to extract the at least partially encrypted video data from the container file to create an elementary bitstream, a video decoder configured to decrypt the elementary bitstream using the cryptographic information and decode the elementary bitstream for rendering on a display device. Additionally, the demultiplexer is configured to encipher the cryptographic information and insert the enciphered cryptographic information in the elementary bitstream and the decoder is configured to extract enciphered cryptographic information from an elementary bitstream and to decipher the cryptographic information.
In a further embodiment, the cryptographic information is obtained from the container file.
In another embodiment, the cryptographic information includes key information and information concerning at least a portion of the at least partially encrypted video data that is encrypted using the key information.
In an additional embodiment, the information concerning at least a portion of the at least partially encrypted video data is a reference to a block of encrypted data within an encoded frame of video that is encrypted using the key information.
In a further embodiment again, the demultiplexer is configured to insert the cryptographic information delimited by an identifier in the elementary bitstream and insert the cryptographic information before the at least partially encrypted video data encrypted using the key information.
In another embodiment again, the decoder is configured to extract the cryptographic information using the identifier.
In an additional embodiment again, the decoder is configured to decrypt the portion of the video data encrypted using the key information by identifying the encrypted portion of video data and decrypting the encrypted video data using the key information.
In a still further embodiment again, cryptographic information inserted in different locations within the elementary bitstream includes different key information.
In still another embodiment again, the at least partially encrypted video data includes frames of encoded video. Additionally, at least a portion of a plurality of the encoded frames is encrypted.
In a still additional embodiment, both the demultiplexer and the decoder are configured to be synchronized such that a delay in excess of a predetermined time between enciphering and deciphering results in the cryptographic information being unrecoverable.
In a yet further embodiment, the demultiplexer is configured to encipher data by using a sequence of scrambling processes to scramble data.
In a yet other embodiment, the decoder is configured to decipher data by performing the inverse sequence of scrambling processes to the sequence used to scramble the data.
Numerous embodiments include obtaining the cryptographic information. In addition, the cryptographic information is obtained from the container file. Also, the at least partially encrypted video data includes frames of encoded video and at least a portion of a plurality of the encoded frames is encrypted. Additionally, the cryptographic information includes key information and information concerning at least a portion of the least partially encrypted video data that is encrypted using the key information. Furthermore, the information concerning at least a portion of the at least partially encrypted video data is a reference to a block of encrypted data within an encoded frame of video that is encrypted using the key information and the cryptographic information inserted in different locations within the elementary bitstream includes different key information.
Several embodiments include extracting the at least partially encrypted video data from the container file to create an elementary bitstream. In addition, the cryptographic information inserted in the elementary bitstream is delimited by an identifier and the cryptographic information is inserted before the at least partially encrypted video data encrypted using the key information.
Many embodiments include enciphering the cryptographic information and inserting the cryptographic information in the elementary bitstream. In addition, the cryptographic information is extracted using the identifier.
A number of embodiments include providing the elementary bitstream to a video decoder, extracting the cryptographic information from the elementary bitstream at the video decoder and deciphering the cryptographic information. In addition, the enciphering process and the deciphering process are synchronized such that a delay in excess of a predetermined time between enciphering and deciphering results in the cryptographic information being unrecoverable. Also, the enciphering process enciphers data by using a sequence of scrambling processes to scramble data. Furthermore, the deciphering process deciphers data by performing the inverse sequence of scrambling processes in the sequence used to unscramble data.
Several embodiments include decrypting the elementary bitstream with the cryptographic information. In addition, the decrypting process is performed by using the key information to identify the encrypted portion of video data and decrypting the encrypted video data using the key information.
Many embodiments include decoding the elementary bitstream for rendering on a display device using the video decoder.
Systems and methods for providing multimedia content from one process or component to another process or component over an unsecured connection are provided. In several embodiments, the transmission occurs between a demultiplexer and a decoder over an unsecured connection where traditionally such connections are secured. In many embodiments, the transmission occurs on a bi-directional communication path. Embodiments of the present invention do not secure the transmission but rather secure the data being transmitted via the unsecured connection. The transmitted data in a number of embodiments includes an encrypted multimedia bitstream and associated cryptographic material in the bitstream for transmission to a decoder for decryption. In various embodiments, a bi-directional communication path between a demultiplexer and the decoder is not used. Additionally, by allowing the decryption to occur on the decoder the bitstream is protected even if the connection is compromised and an unauthorized component or process intercepts the bitstream.
In various embodiments, frame keys are used to decrypt the bitstream. For example, in the manner described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,295,673 to Grab et al. the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In several embodiments, the frame keys are protected by a cryptographic wrap algorithm that uses a separate series of newly generated keys. The wrapped frame keys are inserted into the encrypted bit stream for deciphering and decoding by the decoder. The cryptographic information in various embodiments includes information to decrypt a video frame or a portion of the video frame. In various embodiments, a time indicator in the form of a frame sequence is also utilized to ensure connection between the demultiplexer and decoder is not being intercepted or spied upon.
The cryptographic information inserted into the elementary bitstream can take any of a variety of forms. In many embodiments, the cryptographic information includes a frame key and/or a reference to a block of encrypted video data. In several embodiments, the cryptographic information contains an index to a frame key or a separate reference to both a frame key and an encrypted block. A number of embodiments provide for first inserting a table of possible keys and still further embodiments provide for sending multiple keys where different keys are used to encrypt different portions of the video.
Turning now to the drawings,
The demultiplexer parses the multimedia container file and transmits portions or chunks of data, e.g., video or audio, to a decoder. However, prior to transmitting the video data, the demultiplexer incorporates or attaches cryptographic material to the video data.
Referring now to
The connection between the demultiplexer and the decoder is typically secured. However, in the illustrated embodiment, the connection is not secured. Typically, the multimedia file is authorized and decrypted in a demultiplexer and then transmitted downstream unencrypted to the decoder via an inter-communication data channel. This however can present a security problem due to the high value of the unencrypted but still encoded bitstream that can be captured during transmission. This bitstream is considered high-value since the encoded data can be easily multiplexed back into a container for unprotected and unauthorized views and/or distribution with no loss in the quality of the data. In the illustrated embodiment, the video provided to the decoder 20 by the demultiplexer 10 is at least partially encrypted and the decoder 20 communicates with a downstream digital rights management component 25 that deciphers the cryptographic material. Utilizing the deciphered cryptographic material, the digital rights management component is able to access the encryption data and thereby decrypt and decode the video data for playback.
The general processes of the demultiplexer and the decoder are now described. In
In
To further elaborate on the demultiplexer and decoder processes and the bitstream transport system, a more detailed representation of the demultiplexer's and decoder's associated digital rights manager along with the associated processes are illustrated in the remaining figures.
Referring to
The payload builder 18 provides discrete units of cryptographic material in the bitstream delimited by an identifier. On the decoder, the payload parser 28 utilizes the identifiers to extract the discrete units, which are then processed by the decrypt engine 26. In many embodiments, the cryptographic material in one embodiment includes a bitstream frame header along with a cryptographic payload. The cryptographic payload, however, is not dependent on the format of the header of the elementary bitstream, e.g., MPEG-4 or H.264.
In one embodiment, the payload builder 18 inserts a reserved start code identifier along with a cryptographic payload at the front of each video chunk that is demultiplexed. By utilizing a reserved start code, the decrypt engine 26 can pass the entire video data including the inserted cryptographic material to the decoder 20 that simply discards or ignores the cryptographic material. For example, a MPEG-4 compliant decoder discards frames that contain a reserved start code identifier that is included in the bitstream. Accordingly, removal of any of the cryptographic material from the bitstream is not needed to decode the associated data.
The cryptographic payload in one embodiment includes three different packet types: a wrap key, a synchronization payload and a frame payload. The frame payload indicates that the current frame is encrypted and includes key information and a reference to at least a portion of the encoded frame that is encrypted. The frame payload can be used to decrypt the video frame. The synchronization payload is the first packet sent to synchronize the authentication engine of the demultiplexer to the decrypt engine of the decoder. This synchronization ensures that data transmitted from the demultiplexer to the decoder is not being intercepted. The wrap key includes information to unwrap or decipher the transmitted data from the demultiplexer.
The bit stream inserter 17 packages the cryptographic material for transport with the video data. Conversely, the bit stream decoder 27 of the decoder unpacks the cryptographic material from the bitstream. In one embodiment, frame keys are transported in the bitstream and are sent when a key index change is detected by the authentication engine of the demultiplexer. In many embodiments, the decrypt engine of the decoder stores only one frame key and thus frame encryption information sent by the demultiplexer applies to the current frame. If the decrypt engine receives a new frame key from the demultiplexer, the decrypt engine stores the new frame key and uses it to decrypt the next frame. In a number of embodiments, a key table is transmitted and stored in the decrypt engine for reference by subsequent encryption information. In several embodiments, the decoder does not enforce key rotation. In many embodiments, however, the decoder expects a new frame key after a predetermined number of frames in the sequence of frames. In this way, the decrypt engine can identify when supplied frame information is unreliable and terminate the decoding of the multimedia bitstream.
The wrap key factory 19 encrypts or wraps the cryptographic material for transport on the bitstream to the decoder. In one embodiment, the wrap key factory uses a key wrap process based on the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and uses the ECB Cipher Mode to provide cryptographic security for wrapping small blocks of data using chaining and cipher feedback loop. The key wrap process is stateless. A corresponding wrap key factory is included with the decoder to unwrap the cryptographic material. Synchronization with the corresponding wrap key factory 29 is used to allow unwrapping of the material without communication back to the demultiplexer (i.e., bi-directional communication) and to prevent unauthorized decoding of the content by, for example, a rogue process intercepting or copying the transmitted content.
Wrap Key Factory
In one embodiment, each of the authentication and decryption blocks (digital rights managers 15, 25) construct a series of predictable transform number sequences using a common heuristic. Subsequently, those numbers are combined with a random value for additional entropy used to contribute toward key material for wrapping keys.
A flow diagram of a wrap key generation process 300 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is illustrated in
In accordance with various embodiments, one such heuristic (302) may combine the use of a predictable number sequence generator such that identical transform sequences can be generated by different heuristics even though no information is exchanged. If both authentication and decrypt blocks are created such that the output of the common heuristic are identical, the key material (304) generated from such heuristic will be identical. This may apply in situations where a wrapped key (306) and a selected heuristic (302) are provided. Any process for generating identical encryption keys without exchange of key material can be used as an appropriate heuristic to generate wrapping keys (306) in accordance with embodiments of the invention. Although, some information exchange to enable synchronization between the two wrap key factories can be utilized in accordance with embodiments of the invention.
The two wrap key factories use the same transform sequence. To synchronize the wrap key factories, the sender's wrap key factory selects one heuristic (302) from a predetermined set of heuristics to generate the key material for the next wrap key. The decoder factory will receive a known payload that has been encrypted with the sender's wrap key (306) generated using selected heuristic (302) from the known set of heuristics. The receiver then attempts to decrypt and verify the contents of the payload using each of the predetermined heuristics. If the material matches what is expected, then the receiver has identified the correct heuristic (302). If all the heuristics are exhausted, then this is considered a fatal error and decryption cannot continue.
Initially, the synchronization payload is used to assist the decrypt block in identifying the appropriate transform sequence quickly. Once the decrypt block locates the proper heuristic (302), the decrypt block wrap key factory utilizes that transform sequence for all subsequent transforms. In several embodiments, once a heuristic has exhausted all values, that heuristic will deterministically choose the next heuristic to use.
Run time synchronization is maintained through monotonically incrementing a wrap number that is incremented for each wrap key generated. If an error occurs using a particular wrap key (i.e. unallowable data present in the cryptographic payload), the wrap key factory will regenerate a new wrap key and subsequently increment the wrap number. In one embodiment, the frame payload received by the decrypt block contains a wrap number element. On the decrypt block, this wrap number element is compared with the internal wrap number of the decrypt block to determine if the current wrap key needs to be skipped. In one embodiment, the wrap key includes data fed into a cryptographic digest. The resulting bytes from the digest are then used to create an AES key. A new wrap key will be generated for each payload that is wrapped.
Bitstream Data Insertion
A flow diagram of a bitstream insertion process 400 utilized with respect to video data extracted from an AVI container in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is illustrated in
In various embodiments, bitstream data insertion occurs in the authentication block of the demultiplexer. The digital rights manager in one embodiment first receives the container's encryption data and temporarily stores or caches the information. The cached encryption data contains the information for the next video chunk. From this information, the digital rights manager can determine the proper bitstream payload to insert, if any. To reduce memory copies, the digital rights manager inserts the bitstream payload before extracting the chunk from the container.
Based on the cached encryption data chunk, the digital rights manager can detect frame key changes. If the frame key index has not changed since the last cached encryption data, no key material is sent. In one embodiment, the encryption data is always transported if there is cached encryption data in the digital rights manager. On the first payload, there will be a synchronization payload to allow the decrypt block to synchronize the wrap sequence. The frame information payloads in one embodiment follow the synchronization payload. It should be appreciated that not all payloads are required to appear in each decrypt block. Furthermore, the processes similar to those described above with reference to
Although the present invention has been described in certain specific aspects, many additional modifications and variations would be apparent to those skilled in the art. It is therefore to be understood that the present invention may be practiced otherwise than specifically described, including various changes in the size, shape and materials, without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. Thus, embodiments of the present invention should be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive.
The current application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/946,631 filed Nov. 15, 2010 entitled “Elementary Bitstream Cryptographic Material Transport Systems and Methods” which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/266,982, filed Dec. 4, 2009, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5361332 | Yoshida et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5404436 | Hamilton | Apr 1995 | A |
| 5502766 | Boebert et al. | Mar 1996 | A |
| 5509070 | Schull | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5715403 | Stefik | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5754648 | Ryan et al. | May 1998 | A |
| 5805700 | Nardone et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5892900 | Ginter et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5999812 | Himsworth | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6031622 | Ristow et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6044469 | Horstmann | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6141754 | Choy | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6155840 | Sallette | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6175921 | Rosen | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6195388 | Choi et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6282653 | Berstis et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6289450 | Pensak et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6449719 | Baker | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6466671 | Maillard et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6510513 | Danieli | Jan 2003 | B1 |
| 6658056 | Duruöz et al. | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6807306 | Girgensohn et al. | Oct 2004 | B1 |
| 6810389 | Meyer | Oct 2004 | B1 |
| 6859496 | Boroczky et al. | Feb 2005 | B1 |
| 6956901 | Boroczky et al. | Oct 2005 | B2 |
| 6965993 | Baker | Nov 2005 | B2 |
| 7007170 | Morten | Feb 2006 | B2 |
| 7043473 | Rassool et al. | May 2006 | B1 |
| 7150045 | Koelle et al. | Dec 2006 | B2 |
| 7151832 | Fetkovich et al. | Dec 2006 | B1 |
| 7151833 | Candelore et al. | Dec 2006 | B2 |
| 7165175 | Kollmyer et al. | Jan 2007 | B1 |
| 7185363 | Narin et al. | Feb 2007 | B1 |
| 7242772 | Tehranchi | Jul 2007 | B1 |
| 7328345 | Morten et al. | Feb 2008 | B2 |
| 7349886 | Morten et al. | Mar 2008 | B2 |
| 7356143 | Morten | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7376831 | Kollmyer et al. | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7406174 | Palmer | Jul 2008 | B2 |
| 7472280 | Giobbi | Dec 2008 | B2 |
| 7478325 | Foehr | Jan 2009 | B2 |
| 7484103 | Woo et al. | Jan 2009 | B2 |
| 7526450 | Hughes et al. | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7594271 | Zhuk et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7640435 | Morten | Dec 2009 | B2 |
| 7747853 | Candelore | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7817608 | Rassool et al. | Oct 2010 | B2 |
| 7991156 | Miller | Aug 2011 | B1 |
| 8023562 | Zheludkov et al. | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8046453 | Olaiya | Oct 2011 | B2 |
| 8054880 | Yu et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8201264 | Grab et al. | Jun 2012 | B2 |
| 8225061 | Greenebaum | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8233768 | Soroushian et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8249168 | Graves | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8261356 | Choi et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8270473 | Chen et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8270819 | Vannier | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8289338 | Priyadarshi et al. | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8291460 | Peacock | Oct 2012 | B1 |
| 8311115 | Gu et al. | Nov 2012 | B2 |
| 8321556 | Chatterjee et al. | Nov 2012 | B1 |
| 8386621 | Park | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8412841 | Swaminathan et al. | Apr 2013 | B1 |
| 8456380 | Pagan | Jun 2013 | B2 |
| 8472792 | Butt | Jun 2013 | B2 |
| 8515265 | Kwon et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8781122 | Chan et al. | Jul 2014 | B2 |
| 8909922 | Kiefer et al. | Dec 2014 | B2 |
| 8918636 | Kiefer et al. | Dec 2014 | B2 |
| 20010046299 | Wasilewski et al. | Nov 2001 | A1 |
| 20020051494 | Yamaguchi et al. | May 2002 | A1 |
| 20020110193 | Yoo et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20030001964 | Masukura et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030002578 | Tsukagoshi et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030021296 | Wee et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030035488 | Barrau | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030035545 | Jiang | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030035546 | Jiang et al. | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030041257 | Wee et al. | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030093799 | Kauffman et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030152370 | Otomo et al. | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030163824 | Gordon et al. | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030174844 | Candelore | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030185542 | McVeigh et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030231863 | Eerenberg et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20030231867 | Gates et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20030233464 | Walpole et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20030236836 | Borthwick | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20030236907 | Stewart et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20040081333 | Grab et al. | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040105549 | Suzuki et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040136698 | Mock | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040139335 | Diamand et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040158878 | Ratnakar et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040202320 | Amini et al. | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040255115 | DeMello et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20050038826 | Bae et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050071280 | Irwin et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050114896 | Hug | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050193070 | Brown et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050193322 | Lamkin et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050204289 | Mohammed et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050207442 | Zoest et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050207578 | Matsuyama et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050273695 | Schnurr | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20050275656 | Corbin et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20060036549 | Wu | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060052095 | Vazvan | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060053080 | Edmonson et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060064605 | Giobbi | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060078301 | Ikeda et al. | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060129909 | Butt et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060173887 | Breitfeld et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060245727 | Nakano et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060259588 | Lerman et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060263056 | Lin et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20070031110 | Rijckaert | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070047901 | Ando et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070083617 | Chakrabarti et al. | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| 20070086528 | Mauchly et al. | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| 20070136817 | Nguyen | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070140647 | Kusunoki et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070154165 | Hemmeryckx-Deleersnijder et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070168541 | Gupta et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070168542 | Gupta et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070180125 | Knowles et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070192810 | Pritchett et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070239839 | Buday et al. | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070255940 | Ueno | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070277234 | Bessonov et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070292107 | Yahata et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20080120389 | Bassali et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080126248 | Lee et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080137736 | Richardson et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080192818 | DiPietro et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080195744 | Bowra et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080256105 | Nogawa et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080263354 | Beuque et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080279535 | Haque et al. | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20080310454 | Bellwood et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20080310496 | Fang | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20090031220 | Tranchant et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090048852 | Burns et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090055546 | Jung et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090060452 | Chaudhri | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090066839 | Jung et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090097644 | Haruki | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090132599 | Soroushian et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090132721 | Soroushian et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090132824 | Terada et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090150557 | Wormley et al. | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090169181 | Priyadarshi et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090201988 | Gazier et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090226148 | Nesvadba et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090290706 | Amini et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090290708 | Schneider | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090293116 | DeMello | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090303241 | Priyadarshi et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20090307258 | Priyadarshi et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20090307267 | Chen et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20090313544 | Wood et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20090313564 | Rottler et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20090328124 | Khouzam et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20090328228 | Schnell | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20100040351 | Toma et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100074324 | Qian et al. | Mar 2010 | A1 |
| 20100083322 | Rouse | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100095121 | Shetty et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100107260 | Orrell et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100111192 | Graves | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100158109 | Dahlby et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100186092 | Takechi et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100189183 | Gu et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100228795 | Hahn | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100235472 | Sood et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20110047209 | Lindholm et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110066673 | Outlaw | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110080940 | Bocharov et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110082924 | Gopalakrishnan | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110126191 | Hughes et al. | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110135090 | Chan et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110142415 | Rhyu | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110145726 | Wei et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110149753 | Bapst et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110150100 | Abadir | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110153785 | Minborg et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110197237 | Turner | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20110225315 | Wexler et al. | Sep 2011 | A1 |
| 20110225417 | Maharajh et al. | Sep 2011 | A1 |
| 20110239078 | Luby et al. | Sep 2011 | A1 |
| 20110246657 | Glow | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20110246659 | Bouazizi | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20110268178 | Park | Nov 2011 | A1 |
| 20110302319 | Ha et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20110305273 | He et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20110314176 | Frojdh et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20120023251 | Pyle et al. | Jan 2012 | A1 |
| 20120093214 | Urbach | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120170642 | Braness et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120170643 | Soroushian et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120170906 | Soroushian et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120170915 | Braness et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120173751 | Braness et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120179834 | Schaar et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120254455 | Adimatyam et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
| 20120260277 | Kosciewicz | Oct 2012 | A1 |
| 20120278496 | Hsu | Nov 2012 | A1 |
| 20120307883 | Graves | Dec 2012 | A1 |
| 20120311094 | Biderman et al. | Dec 2012 | A1 |
| 20130019107 | Grab et al. | Jan 2013 | A1 |
| 20130044821 | Braness et al. | Feb 2013 | A1 |
| 20130046902 | Villegas Nuñez et al. | Feb 2013 | A1 |
| 20130061040 | Kiefer et al. | Mar 2013 | A1 |
| 20130061045 | Kiefer et al. | Mar 2013 | A1 |
| 20130166765 | Kaufman | Jun 2013 | A1 |
| 20130166906 | Swaminathan et al. | Jun 2013 | A1 |
| 20140101722 | Moore | Apr 2014 | A1 |
| 20140189065 | Schaar et al. | Jul 2014 | A1 |
| 20140201382 | Shivadas et al. | Jul 2014 | A1 |
| 20150139419 | Kiefer et al. | May 2015 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 813167 | Dec 1997 | EP |
| 936812 | Aug 1999 | EP |
| 2005080204 | Mar 2005 | JP |
| 2006524007 | Oct 2006 | JP |
| 2007174375 | Jul 2007 | JP |
| 2008235999 | Oct 2008 | JP |
| 0165762 | Sep 2001 | WO |
| 0237210 | May 2002 | WO |
| 02054196 | Jul 2002 | WO |
| 2004102571 | Nov 2004 | WO |
| 2008010275 | Jan 2008 | WO |
| 2009065137 | May 2009 | WO |
| 2010060106 | May 2010 | WO |
| 2010122447 | Oct 2010 | WO |
| 2011068668 | Jun 2011 | WO |
| 2011103364 | Aug 2011 | WO |
| 2012094171 | Jul 2012 | WO |
| 2012094181 | Jul 2012 | WO |
| 2012094189 | Jul 2012 | WO |
| 2013032518 | Mar 2013 | WO |
| 2013032518 | Sep 2013 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| “IBM Closes Cryptolopes Unit,” Dec. 17, 2007, CNET News, Retrieved from http://news.cnet.com/IBM-closes-Cryptolopes-unit/2100-1001—3206465.html, 3 pages. |
| “Information Technology—Coding of Audio Visual Objects—Part 2: Visual” International Standard, ISO/IEC 14496-2, Third Edition, Jun. 1, 2004, pp. 1-724. |
| Cloakware Corporation, “Protecting Digital Content Using Cloakware Code Transformation Technology”, Version 1.2, May 2002, pp. 1-10. |
| European Search Report for Application 11855103.5, Search Completed Jun. 26, 2014, 9 pages. |
| European Search Report for Application 11855237.1, Search Completed Jun. 25, 2014, 9 pages. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application PCT/US2011/066927, International Filing Date Dec. 22, 2011, Report Completed Apr. 3, 2012, Mailed Apr. 20, 2012, 14 pages. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application PCT/US2011/067167, International Filing Date Dec. 23, 2011, Report Completed Jun. 19, 2012, Mailed Jul. 2, 2012, 11 pages. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application PCT/US2011/068276, International Filing Date Dec. 31, 2011, Report Completed Jun. 19, 2013, Mailed Jul. 8, 2013, 24 pages. |
| International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/US2005/025845, International Filing Date Jul. 21, 2005, Report Completed Feb. 5, 2007, Mailed May 10, 2007, 3 pages. |
| International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/US2007/063950 filed Mar. 14, 2007, report completed Feb. 19, 2008, Mailed Mar. 19, 2008, 3 pgs. |
| Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2005/025845, International Filing Date Jul. 21, 2005, Report Completed Feb. 5, 2007, Mailed May 10, 2007, 5 pages. |
| Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2007/063950, International Filing Date Mar. 14, 2007, Report Completed Mar. 1, 2008, Mailed Mar. 19, 2008, 6 pages. |
| “Adaptive Streaming Comparison”, Jan. 28, 2010, 5 pgs. |
| “Best Practices for Multi-Device Transcoding”, Kaltura Open Source Video, 13 pages. |
| “IBM Spearheading Intellectual Property Protection Technology for Information on the Internet; Cryptolope Containers Have Arrived”, May 1, 1996, Business Wire, Retrieved from http://www.thefreelibrary.com/IBM+Spearheading+Intellectual+Property+Protection+Technology+for...-a018239381, 6 pages. |
| “Informationweek: Front End: Daily Dose, Internet on Wheels”, Jul. 20, 1999, 3 pages. |
| “Netflix turns on subtitles for PC, Mac streaming”, 3 pages. |
| “Supported Media Formats”, Supported Media Formats, Android Developers, Nov. 27, 2013, 3 pages. |
| “Thread: SSME (Smooth Streaming Medial Element) config.xml review (Smooth Streaming Client configuration file)”, 3 pages. |
| “Transcoding Best Practices”, From movideo, Nov. 27, 2013, 5 pgs. |
| “Using HTTP Live Streaming”, iOS Developer Library, Retrieved from: http://developer.apple.com/library/ios/#documentation/networkinginternet/conceptual/streamingmediaguide/UsingHTTPLiveStreaming/UsingHTTPLiveStreaming.html#//apple—ref/doc/uid/TP40008332-CH102-SW1, 10 pages. |
| Akhshabi et al., “An Experimental Evaluation of Rate-Adaptation Algorithms in Adaptive Streaming over HTTP”, MMSys'11, Feb. 24-25, 2011, 12 pages. |
| Anonymous, “Method for the encoding of a compressed video sequence derived from the same video sequence compressed at a different bit rate without loss of data”, ip.com, ip.com No. IPCOM000008165D, May 22, 2012, pp. 1-9. |
| Author Unknown, “Entropy and Source Coding (Compression)”, TCOM 570, 1999-9, pp. 1-22. |
| Author Unknown, “MPEG-4 Video Encoder: Based on International Standard ISO/IEC 14496-2”, Patni Computer Systems, Ltd., Publication date unknown, 15 pages. |
| Author Unknown, “Tunneling QuickTime RTSP and RTP over HTTP”, Published by Apple Computer, Inc.: 1999 (month unknown), 6 pages. |
| Blasiak, Darek, “Video Transrating and Transcoding: Overview of Video Transrating and Transcoding Technologies”, Ingenient Technologies, TI Developer Conference, Aug. 6-8, 2002, 22 pages. |
| Deutscher, “IIS Transform Manager Beta—Using the MP4 to Smooth Task”, Retrieved from: https://web.archive.org/web/20130328111303/http://blog.johndeutscher.com/category/smooth-streaming, Blog post of Apr. 17, 2010, 14 pages. |
| Gannes, “The Lowdown on Apple's HTTP Adaptive Bitrate Streaming”, GigaOM, Jun. 10, 2009, 12 pages. |
| Ghosh, “Enhancing Silverlight Video Experiences with Contextual Data”, Retrieved from: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/ee336025.aspx, 15 pages. |
| Inlet Technologies, “Adaptive Delivery to iDevices”, 2 pages. |
| Inlet Technologies, “Adaptive delivery to iPhone 3.0”, 2 pages. |
| Inlet Technologies, “HTTP versus RTMP”, 3 pages. |
| Inlet Technologies, “The World's First Live Smooth Streaming Event: The French Open”, 2 pages. |
| Kim, Kyuheon, “MPEG-2 ES/PES/TS/PSI”, Kyung-Hee University, Oct. 4, 2010, 66 pages. |
| Kurzke et al., “Get Your Content Onto Google TV”, Google, Retrieved from: http://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/io2012/presentations/live%20to%20website/1300.pdf, 58 pages. |
| Lang, “Expression Encoder, Best Practices for live smooth streaming broadcasting”, Microsoft Corporation, 20 pages. |
| Levkov, “Mobile Encoding Guidelines for Android Powered Devices”, Adobe Systems Inc., Addendum B, source and date unknown, 42 pages. |
| MSDN, “Adaptive streaming, Expression Studio 2.0”, 2 pages. |
| Nelson, “Arithmetic Coding + Statistical Modeling = Data Compression: Part 1—Arithmetic Coding”, Doctor Dobb's Journal, Feb. 1991, Printed from http://www.dogma.net/markn/articles/arith/art1.htm; Printed Jul. 2, 2003, 12 pages. |
| Nelson, “Smooth Streaming Deployment Guide”, Microsoft Expression Encoder, Aug. 2010, 66 pages. |
| Nelson, Michael, “IBM's Cryptolopes,” Complex Objects in Digital Libraries Course, Spring 2001, Retrieved from http://www.cs.odu.edu/˜mln/teaching/unc/inls210/?method=display&pkg—name=cryptolopes.pkg&element—name=cryptolopes.ppt, 12 pages. |
| Noé, Alexander, “Matroska File Format (under construction!)”, Jun. 24, 2007, XP002617671, Retrieved from the Internet: URL:http://web.archive.org/web/20070821155146/www.matroska.org/technical/specs/matroska.pdf [retrieved on Jan. 19, 2011], pp. 1-51. |
| Ozer, “The 2012 Encoding and Transcoding Buyers' Guide”, Streamingmedia.com, Retrieved from: http://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/Editorial/Featured-Articles/The-2012-Encoding-and-Transcoding-Buyers-Guide-84210.aspx, 2012, 8 pages. |
| Pantos, “HTTP Live Streaming, draft-pantos-http-live-streaming-10”, IETF Tools, Oct. 15, 2012, Retrieved from: http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-pantos-http-live-streaming-10, 37 pages. |
| Pantos, “HTTP Live Streaming: draft-pantos-http-live-streaming-06”, Published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), Mar. 31, 2011, 24 pages. |
| Phamdo, “Theory of Data Compression”, printed from http://www.data-compression.com/theory.html on Oct. 10, 2003, 12 pages. |
| RGB Networks, “Comparing Adaptive HTTP Streaming Technologies”, Nov. 2011, Retrieved from: http://btreport.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/RGB-Adaptive-HTTP-Streaming-Comparison-1211-01.pdf, 20 pages. |
| Schulzrinne, H. et al., “Real Time Streaming Protocol 2.0 (RTSP): draft-ietfmmusic-rfc2326bis-27”, MMUSIC Working Group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), Mar. 9, 2011, 296 pages. |
| Siglin, “Unifying Global Video Strategies, MP4 File Fragmentation for Broadcast, Mobile and Web Delivery”, Nov. 16, 2011, 16 pages. |
| Wu, Feng et al., “Next Generation Mobile Multimedia Communications: Media Codec and Media Transport Perspectives”, In China Communications, Oct. 2006, pp. 30-44. |
| Zambelli, Alex, “IIS Smooth Streaming Technical Overview”, Microsoft Corporation, Mar. 2009, 17 pages. |
| Federal Computer Week, “Tool Speeds Info to Vehicles”, Jul. 25, 1999, 5 pages. |
| HTTP Live Streaming Overview, Networking & Internet, Apple, Inc., Apr. 1, 2011, 38 pages. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/US2011/068276, International Filing Date Dec. 31, 2011, Issue Date Mar. 4, 2014, 23 pages. |
| ITS International, “Fleet System Opts for Mobile Server”, Aug. 26, 1999, 1 page. |
| Microsoft, Microsoft Media Platform: Player Framework, “Silverlight Media Framework v1.1”, 2 pages. |
| Microsoft, Microsoft Media Platform: Player Framework, “Microsoft Media Platform: Player Framework v2.5 (formerly Silverlight Media Framework)”, 2 pages. |
| The Official Microsoft IIS Site, Smooth Streaming Client, 4 pages. |
| Siglin, “HTTP Streaming: What You Need to Know”, streamingmedia.com, 2010, 16 pages. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2010/56733, International Filing Date Nov. 15, 2010, Completed Jan. 3, 2011, Mailed Jan. 14, 2011, 9 pgs. |
| Supplementary European Search Report for Application No. EP 10834935, International Filing Date Nov. 15, 2010, Completed May 27, 2014, 9 pgs. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20140376720 A1 | Dec 2014 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61266982 | Dec 2009 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12946631 | Nov 2010 | US |
| Child | 14306146 | US |
