Patent Application
20070118262
The present invention relates to an electric power steering system.
Conventionally, the electric power steering system has been used, which applies a steering assist force to a steering mechanism by driving an electric motor according to a steering torque applied by a driver to a handle (steering wheel; steering member).
The electric power steering system typically uses a proportional integrator for providing a current control (feedback control) such that a target current may flow through the electric motor, the target current defined based on a steering torque indicated by a torque detection signal from a torque sensor.
Proportional gain and integral gain (hereinafter, collectively referred to as “PI gain”) of the proportional integrator may desirably have a higher value from the standpoint of increasing the response of the overall system.
Unfortunately, the electric power steering system includes a mechanical resonant system including a spring element constituted by a torsion bar and an inertial element constituted by the electric motor, the torsion bar interposed in a steering shaft for detecting the steering torque. Therefore, if the PI gain value is increased too much, the system tends to suffer destabilization (or is prone to vibrations) at resonant frequencies of the resonant system, which are near natural frequencies of the mechanical system of the electric power steering system (specifically, in the range of 10 to 25 Hz).
In the conventional system, therefore, the PI gain is not set to such a high value in order to ensure system stabilization at the expense of a high response of the overall system. In addition, the conventional system is provided with a phase compensator for improving phase characteristic in a practical frequency band.
Specifically, the torque sensor applies the torque detection signal to the phase compensator. The phase compensator advances the phase of the torque detection signal, whereby the overall system is improved in the response in the practical frequency band.
The phase compensator has its characteristics so defined as to decrease a resonant-frequency gain in order to prevent the system from becoming a vibratory system. In defining the characteristics of the phase compensator, therefore, damping at the resonant frequencies need be increased to meet a steer-without-driving assist characteristic of high gain. However, if the phase compensator is characterized by increased damping at the resonant frequencies, the input is highly damped in a wide frequency region with the resonant frequencies located at center. Consequently, damping in a low-frequency region is increased, so that phase lag in the low-frequency region is increased.
Vibrations during steer without driving may be suppressed by employing the phase compensator featuring high damping. During driving, however, the great phase lag in the low-frequency region degrades steering feeling in a low-load region corresponding to a neighborhood of a neutral position of the handle, so that the driver may experience a loadless steering feeling. This loadless steering feeling becomes particularly strong when vehicle speed is high. What is worse, this drawback is even more significant in a high-efficiency electric power steering system featuring low friction.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. H8 (1996)-91236 discloses an electric power steering system including software-type phase compensation means implemented in software. The phase compensation means uses vehicle speed as a parameter for varying its characteristics in correspondence to high vehicle speed, intermediate vehicle speed and low vehicle speed. However, the system disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. H8 (1996)-91236 provides steering assist whose characteristics are merely varied according to the vehicle speed. That is, this system does not differentiate between steering assist during steer without driving or when a vehicle speed V is at zero, and steering assist during driving. Hence, the system does not overcome the above problem related to the phase compensator whose characteristics are defined based on the steer-without-driving assist characteristic.
One problem to be solved by the invention is that if the vibrations during steer without driving are suppressed by means of the phase compensator, the increased phase lag causes the driver to experience the loadless steering feeling during driving.
According to the invention, an electric power steering system causing an electric motor to generate a steering assist force according to a steering torque, comprises: a torque sensor for detecting the steering torque; phase compensation means acting when a target control value of the electric motor is generated based on an output from the torque sensor; and means for varying the characteristics of the phase compensation means depending upon whether a steering mode is steer with driving or steer without driving.
The phase compensation means differentiates between the steering assist during steer without driving and the steering assist during driving and has its characteristics varied accordingly. This approach permits the steering assist during driving to be characterized by relatively small damping in the low-frequency region, even though the steering assist for steer without driving is characterized by the relatively higher damping in the low-frequency region in order to suppress the vibrations. Thus, the loadless steering feeling during driving may be lessened.
It is preferred that the phase compensation means includes a first phase compensator for steer with driving and a second phase compensator for steer without driving, and that the means for varying the characteristics of the phase compensation means comprises means for making changeover of the phase compensators in order that the target control value is generated by means of the first phase compensator in the case of steer with driving, and that the target control value is generated by means of the second phase compensator in the case of steer without driving. A proper steering feeling may be provided easily by switching the phase compensator between steer with driving and steer without driving.
The phase compensation means includes the first phase compensator dedicated to steer with driving and arranged to have a damping peak at a predetermined frequency, and the second phase compensator dedicated to steer without driving and arranged to have a damping peak at a predetermined frequency, whereas the damping peak of the second phase compensator is on a lower frequency side than the damping peak of the first phase compensator. This constitution is adapted to suppress the vibrations during steer without driving and to lessen the loadless steering feeling experienced during driving.
It is preferred that the phase compensation means is represented by a transfer function GC (s) of the following formula, and that parameters ζ2 and ω2 of the transfer function GC(s) are set to values to reduce or cancel a peak of a gain characteristic of an open-loop transfer function for torque of the electric power steering system, the peak appearing based on natural vibrations of a mechanical system and a counter-electromotive force of the motor:
GC(s)=(s2+2ζ2ω2s+ω22)/(s2+2ζ1ω1s+ω12),
where ζ1 denotes a compensated damping coefficient; ζ2 denotes a damping coefficient of a compensated system; ω1 denotes a compensated natural angular frequency; and ω2 denotes a natural angular frequency of the compensated system, all these symbols representing the parameters of the function GC(s).
The above constitution is adapted to ensure stability and to improve response, because the phase compensation means reduces or cancels the peak of the gain characteristic of the open-loop transfer function for torque, the peak appearing based on the natural vibrations of the mechanical system and the counter-electromotive force of the motor. In order to limit an input/output steady-state gain to 1, the phase compensation means may also take another mode represented by the following formula where the function Gc(s) is multiplied by a gain correction coefficient ω12/ω22:
Gc(s)=ω12(s2+2ζ2ω2s+ω22)/{ω22(s2+2ζ1ω1s+ω12)}
It is further preferred that the parameters ζ1 and ζ2 of the transfer function Gc (s) of the phase compensation means are defined to satisfy the following expressions:
2−1/2≦ζ1≦1,
0<ζ2<2−1/2.
In this case, the parameter ζ2 as the damping coefficient of the compensated system is selected from the range of 0<ζ2<2−1/2, so that adequate phase compensation may be provided. Furthermore, the parameter ζ1 as the compensated damping coefficient is selected from the range of 2−1/2≦ζ1≦1, so that the phase compensation may ensure stability and improve the response.
It is preferred that the parameters ω1 and ω2 of the transfer function Gc (s) of the phase compensation means are defined to satisfy the following equation and to take values near 2π×fP, provided that fP denotes a frequency of the peak of the gain characteristic of the open-loop transfer function for torque:
ω1=ω2.
One design parameter of the phase compensation is deleted by defining the relation ω1=ω2. Furthermore, the parameter ω1 as the compensated natural angular frequency takes a value near 2π×fp, whereby destabilization due to the natural vibrations of the mechanical system is obviated. Hence, the phase compensation design may be facilitated, while the control system may be even further stabilized and improved in response.
It is preferred that the parameter ω1 of the transfer function Gc (s) of the phase compensation means is defined to satisfy the following expression:
ω1<ωm,
where ωm denotes an angular frequency of the natural vibrations of the mechanical system.
Since the parameter ω1 as the compensated natural angular frequency is smaller than the angular frequency ωm of the natural vibrations of the mechanical system, the control system is prevented from being destabilized by the natural vibrations of the mechanical system. Thus, the control system may more reliably maintain stability and achieve the improved response.
3: Torque sensor
6: Electric motor
15: Phase compensator portion
15
a: First phase compensator (phase compensation means)
15
b: Second phase compensator (phase compensation means)
15
c: Changeover switch (Means for varying characteristics)
First, a basic study for phase compensation design will be described.
The aforementioned conventional technique related to the phase compensation in the control design for the electric power steering system has been proposed as a measure for compensating for a peak of natural vibration frequencies of a mechanical system (hereinafter, referred to as “mechanical-system peak”) , which are mechanical resonant frequencies. However, the technique does not consider an influence of a counter-electromotive force of a motor. According to the conventional technique, a peak of a system gain characteristic of the electric power steering system or of a gain characteristic of open-loop transfer function for torque (hereinafter, referred to as “system peak”) is regarded as the peak of the mechanical system. However, the results of the following simulation revealed that the counter-electromotive force in the motor exerts such a significant influence on the characteristics of the system that the mechanical-system peak and the peak of the overall system (system peak) have different frequencies.
Referring to
Let us take note of the gain plot of
Next, let us take note of
Since the conventional technique does not consider the influence of the counter-electromotive force, the above peak P is regarded as the mechanical-system peak Pm and the phase compensation is so provided as to cancel the peak P. Hence, some phase compensator design may have a drawback that the overall system is destabilized (prone to vibrations) due to the influence. of the mechanical-system peak Pm even after the phase compensation is provided. In the electric power steering system according to the embodiment, therefore, the phase compensator is designed with consideration given to the point that the gain peak P of the overall system differs from the mechanical-system peak Pm due to the influence of the counter-electromotive force.
When the steering shaft 102 is rotated, the rotation thereof is converted into a reciprocal motion of a rack shaft by means of the rack and pinion mechanism 104. Opposite ends of the rack shaft are coupled with road wheels 108 via coupling members 106 each including a tie rod and a knuckle arm. The directions of the road wheels 108 are changed according to the reciprocal motion of the rack shaft. Friction in the rack-and-pinion steering gear is reduced to a small value of 0.6 Nm or less in terms of torque around the steering shaft.
The electric power steering system further includes: a torque sensor 3 for detecting a steering torque applied to the steering shaft 102 by operating the handle 100; an electric motor 6 (brushless motor) for generating a steering assist force; a reduction gear 7 for transmitting the steering assist force, as generated by the motor 6, to the steering shaft 102; and an electronic control unit 5 (ECU) powered by an onboard battery 8 for drivably controlling the motor 6 based on sensor signals from the torque sensor 3 and the like. Friction in the reduction gear 7 is set to a small value of 0.3 Nm or less, or preferably 0.2 Nm or less in terms of the torque around the steering shaft. The system of the embodiment is designed to reduce the friction values of the steering gear 104 and the reduction gear 7 as principal frictional elements, so that the system as a whole features low friction and high efficiency. A specific value of the sum of the friction value of the steering gear 104 and that of the reduction gear 7 is preferably 1.0 Nm or less, or more preferably 0.9 Nm or less.
When a driver operates the handle 100 of a vehicle equipped with such an electric power steering system, a steering torque associated with the handle operation is detected by the torque sensor 3. Based on a detected value of the steering torque Ts, a vehicle speed and the like, the ECU 5 drives the motor 6 which, in turn, generates a steering assist force. The steering assist force is applied to the steering shaft 102 via the reduction gear 7 whereby load on the driver operating the handle is reduced. Specifically, a sum of the steering torque Ts applied by operating the handle and the steering assist force Ta generated by the motor 6 is applied to the steering shaft 102 as an output torque Tb, whereby the vehicle is steered.
The ECU 5 has an arrangement including a microcomputer, which executes programs thereby bringing plural function processors into action. The plural function processors include: a phase compensator portion 15 for providing phase compensation by filtering a torque signal which is the output signal from the torque sensor 3; a target current setting portion 16 for setting a target current based on the torque signal processed by the phase compensator portion 15 and a vehicle speed signal outputted from the vehicle speed sensor 4; and a motor controller 17 for providing feedback control of the electric motor 6 based on the target current set by the target current setting portion 16.
The torque sensor 3 detects the steering torque Ts applied by operating the handle 100. Specifically, a torsion bar is interposed in the steering shaft 102 between its handle-side portion and its portion which is applied with a steering assist force Ta via the reduction gear 7. The torque sensor 3 senses a quantity of torsion of the torsion bar, thereby detecting the steering torque Ts. A value of the steering torque Ts thus detected is outputted from the torque sensor 3 as a steering torque detection signal (hereinafter, also represented by the symbol “Ts”), which is inputted to the phase compensator portion 15 of the ECU 5.
The phase compensator portion 15 subjects the steering torque detection signal Ts to a filtering process for phase compensation and then, outputs the processed signal to the target current setting portion 16. The phase compensator portion 15 includes: a first phase compensator 15a and a second phase compensator 15b individually having different characteristics; and a changeover switch 15c for selectively applying the steering torque detection signal Ts to the first phase compensator 15a or the second phase compensator 15b.
The changeover switch 15c (means for varying the characteristics of the phase compensator) is supplied with a vehicle speed signal V from the vehicle speed sensor 4. The changeover switch selects either of the phase compensators 15a, 15b (phase compensation means) based on whether the signal indicates steer with driving (V≠0) or steer without driving (V=0). In the case of steer with driving, the changeover switch 15c selects the fist phase compensator 15a for phase compensation during steer with driving. Hence, the steering torque detection signal Ts is applied to the first phase compensator 15a, which applies an output of the first phase compensator 15a to the target current setting portion 16.
In the case of steer without driving, on the other hand, the second phase compensator 15b for phase compensation during steer without driving is selected. Thus, the steering torque detection signal Ts is applied to the second phase compensator 15b, which applies an output of the second phase compensator 15b to the target current setting portion 16.
Based on the filtered signal from the first phase compensator 15a or the second phase compensator 15b, and the above vehicle speed signal V, the target current setting portion 16 calculates a target value of current to be supplied to the motor 6 and outputs the calculated value as a target current value It.
The motor controller 17 receives the target current value It outputted from the target current setting portion 16 and provides current control such as to match a value Is of current actually flowing through the motor 6 with the target current value It. Provided as the current control is, for example, a proportional-plus-integral control wherein such a voltage command value as to cancel a difference between the target current value It and the actual current value Is is calculated, the command value representing a voltage to be applied to the motor 6. The motor controller 17 applies a voltage to the motor 6 according to the voltage command value.
The motor 6 generates a torque Tm, as the steering assist force, according to a current flow therethrough caused by the applied voltage. The torque Tm, as a steering assist force Ta, is transmitted to the steering shaft 102 via the reduction gear 7.
The phase compensator portion 15 is described as below.
It is known that in a practical frequency band, a frequency characteristic of the open-loop transfer function for torque, which represents the characteristic of the overall electric power steering system, can be approximated using a transfer function of a second-order lag system.
First, description is made on the case where the phase compensation is not provided. The curve ‘d’ represents a gain characteristic of the case where the phase compensation is not provided. It is seen from the curve ‘d’ that the open-loop transfer function for torque of the overall system is poor in stability as indicated by the gain characteristic which has a peak frequency fp of about 17 Hz, which is corresponded by a gain of about 9dB. As seen from a curve ‘f’ representing a characteristic of the case where the phase compensation is not provided, phase lag is increased in a frequency range of 20 Hz to 30 Hz. The following is a general formula of a transfer function G(s) of the second-order lag system:
G(s)=ωn2/(s2+2ζ2ωns+ωn2),
where s denotes a Laplace operator; ζ2 denotes a damping coefficient; and ωn denotes a natural angular frequency.
The transfer function Gc(s) of the phase compensator 15a, 15b should be so defined as to cancel the system peak P which is the peak of the gain characteristic of the transfer function G(s) of the above second-order lag system representing a compensated system. The embodiment determines the transfer function G(s) based on the following formula:
Gc(s)=(s2+2ω2s+ω22)/(s2+2ζ1ω1s+ω12),
where s denotes the Laplace operator; ζ1 denotes a compensated damping coefficient; ζ2 denotes a damping coefficient of the compensated system; ω1 denotes a compensated natural angular frequency; and ω2 denotes a natural angular frequency of the compensated system. The embodiment provides the electric power steering system including the phase compensator whose parameters are defined effectively from the standpoint of realizing a control system having a desired frequency characteristic.
In a case where the gain characteristic of the compensated system contains a peak, it is known that the parameter ζ2 in the formula representing the transfer function G(s) of the system takes a value of ζ2<2−1/2. Therefore, adequate phase compensation is not provided if the value of the parameter ζ2 of the formula representing the transfer function G(s) of the phase compensator is selected from the range represented by the expression: 2−1/2<ζ2<1. As a result, the electric power steering system tends to work as an instable control system (vibratory system).
Therefore, the value of the parameter ζ2 of the transfer function of the phase compensator should be selected from a range excluding the range expressed as:
2−1/2<ζ2<1.
If the value of the damping coefficient ζ1 compensated by the phase compensator portion 15 is selected from the range represented by the expression: 0<ζ1<2−1/2, the compensated gain characteristic contains a peak so that the compensated control system is prone to instable operation.
Therefore, the value of the parameter ζ1 of the transfer function of the phase compensator should be selected from a range excluding the range expressed as:
0<ζ1<2−1/2.
Hence, the embodiment defines the parameters ζ1 and ζ2 of the phase compensators 15a, 15b having the transfer function G(s) in a manner to satisfy the following expressions:
2−1/2≦ζ1≦1, and
0<ζ2<2−1/2.
By making such definitions, the embodiment can achieve an improved response while ensuring stability.
The peak frequency fp of the overall system differs from the mechanical-system peak frequency fm, which is higher than the system peak frequency fp. In order to prevent the system from working unsteadily (vibratory system) in a frequency band near ω1, the angular frequency ωm of the natural vibrations of the mechanical system must be adequately decreased in gain. If ωm<ω1, ωm is not adequately decreased in gain so that the system is prone to vibrations in the frequency band near ω1. For effective compensation for the mechanical-system peak, the parameter ω1 of the phase compensator may preferably be defined to satisfy the following expression:
ωm>ω1.
If the parameters ζ1, ζ2 and ω1 are defined as described above, the electric power steering system may have characteristics which include a gain characteristic represented by a curve ‘e’ in
The phase compensator, as described above, facilitates the phase compensation design and ensures the stability of the control system. In addition, the phase compensator improves the response of the system so as to provide the open-loop transfer function for torque, which has a desired frequency characteristic.
In the light of implementing the preferred compensator design, the parameters ω1 and ω2 of the transfer function Gc(s) of the phase compensator are first considered. The parameter ω1 represents the compensated natural angular frequency or, in other words, the target natural angular frequency. That ω1 and ω2 are of different values means that the natural angular frequency of the compensation system does not achieve the target natural angular frequency. In the phase compensation of the control system of the electric power steering system, the compensation system may desirably have a natural angular frequency equal to the target natural angular frequency. Hence, definition is made as ω1=ω2. Thus, ωn=ω1=ω2 is deduced, which will be hereinafter referred to as “natural angular frequency of compensator”. If the compensated natural angular frequency is defined as ωn=2n·fp based on the peak frequency fp of the gain characteristic of the open-loop transfer function for torque of the overall system, the system destabilization (prone to vibrations) due to the influence of the mechanical-system peak Pm may be obviated. The compensated natural angular frequency may preferably be defined as ωm>ω1 such that the overall system may not become vibratory due to the influence of the mechanical-system peak Pm, as described above.
Hence, the parameter of the transfer function of the phase compensator may more preferably be defined to satisfy the following expressions:
ωm>ω1=ω2=ωn,
ωn=2π·fp,
2−1/2≦ζ1≦1,
0<ζ2<2−1/2.
Thus, one design parameter is deleted by setting ω1 and ω2 to the same value, so that both the response and the stability may be satisfied effectively and easily.
The parameter fp of ωn=2π·fp (which will hereinafter be represented by a symbol “fn” for differentiation from the system peak frequency fp and be referred to as “natural frequency of compensator”) need not have the same value as that of the peak frequency fp but may a value near the peak frequency fp to serve well the practical use. Hence, the natural angular frequency of compensator ωn may be defined by the following formula:
2π×(fp−α)≦ωn≦2π×(fp+β)
According to the embodiment, both the first phase compensator 15a for steer with driving and the second phase compensator 15b for steer without driving have the transfer functions represented by the above formula Gc (s) While the first phase compensator 15a and the second phase compensator 15b have mutually different values of the parameters of Gc(s), these values are selected from the above ranges.
For instance, in a case where ωn=2π×21 Hz, ζ1=1, ζ2=0.2 are selected as the parameters of the first phase compensator 15afor steer with driving, ωn=2π×20 Hz, ζ1=1, ζ2=0.2 may be selected as the parameters of the second phase compensator 15b for steer without driving, whereby these phase compensators 15a, 15b may have different characteristics.
In the above example, the value of ωn of the second phase compensator 15b for steer without driving is smaller than that of the first phase compensator 15a and hence, a damping peak of the second phase compensator 15b is on a lower frequency side than a damping peak of the first phase compensator 15a. As a result, the second phase compensator 15b has higher damping in a low frequency region as a whole.
On the other hand, the value ωn of the first phase compensator 15a is greater than that of the second phase compensator 15b, so that damping and phase lag in the low frequency region are relatively small during steer with driving. Thus, the loadless steering feeling may be lessened.
The first phase compensator 15a may be further varied in the parameter values according to the vehicle speed. For instance, the parameters may be set to ωn=2π×21 Hz, ζ1=1, ζ2=0.2 when the vehicle speed is low, whereas the parameters may be set to ωn=2π×23 Hz, ζ1=1, ζ2=0.3 when the vehicle speed is medium or above. The damping peak may be shifted to a high frequency region by increasing the value of ωn, whereas the attenuance may be decreased by increasing the value of ζ2. Thus, the steering feeling may be improved even further.
According to the embodiment, the first phase compensator 15a and the second phase compensator 15b are discretely provided as the phase compensator and are switched by means of the changeover switch 15c. Alternatively, the two phase compensators may be replaced by a single phase compensator, while the values of the parameters (ωn, ζ1, ζ2) of the Gc(s) thereof may be varied depending upon whether the steering mode is steer with driving or steer without driving.
According to the invention, the transfer function and the characteristics of the phase compensator are not limited to the above.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2003-343238 | Oct 2003 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP04/14376 | 9/30/2004 | WO | 3/29/2006 |
