1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a device for filling and/or stabilizing the void within an anatomical organ of the body, particularly within the vasculature, and methods for making and using the device.
2. Description of the Related Art
An aneurysm is an abnormal dilatation of a biological vessel. Aneurysms can alter flow through the affected vessel and often decrease the strength of the vessel wall, thereby increasing the vessel's risk of rupturing at the point of dilation or weakening.
With the prosthesis 8 implanted, an aneurysm sac 10 is defined by the volume between the prosthesis 8 and the aneurysm wall 6. The sac 10 is often filled, partially or completely, with thrombi 12. The thrombi 12 can be partially removed prior to deploying the prosthesis 8. Whether the thrombi 12 are removed, gaps exist between the remaining thrombi 12 or the aneurysm wall 6 and the prosthesis 8, and even when thrombus is present, it can be soft and non-structural. The prosthesis 8 can dislodge or migrate due to the poor fit caused by these gaps and shrinkage of the sac 10 that occurs after the implantation of the prosthesis 8, either acutely due to sizing issues, or over time due to reformation of the sac 10. To reduce the risk of prosthesis dislodgement and migration, the sac 10 can be filled to stabilize the anatomy adjacent to the prosthesis 8 resulting in better efficacy of the prosthetic treatment.
A sac filler, or stabilizer, can be introduced to the sac 10 by trans-graft, trans-collateral, trans-sac, or endoluminal procedures. The trans-graft procedure introduces the sac filler through an opening in the prosthesis 8, as shown by arrows 12. The trans-collateral procedure, shown by arrows 16, introduces the sac filler through a collateral vessel 18 under fluoroscopic guidance that is in direct communication with the sac 10. The trans-sac procedure, often performed laparoscopically, introduces the sac filler through a puncture in the wall 6 of the aneurysm, as shown by arrows 20. The endoluminal procedure introduces the sac filler through the vessel that has the aneurysm 4, as shown by arrows 22, but within the space between the prosthesis and the vessel wall. The trans-graft, trans-collateral and endoluminal procedures are often performed as minimally invasive, entirely endovascular procedures.
It is desirable for a stabilizing element or sac filler to conform to the available space within the sac 10 by operation of the geometry of the device (e.g., by nesting or coiling) and/or by any coatings or materials utilized to promote fusing or other coagulative effect.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,146,373 to Cragg et al. discloses a catheter system and method for injecting a liquid embolic composition and a solidification agent directly into a sac. Cragg et al. teach the use of organic solvents such as DMSO, ethanol and others injected directly in the aneurysm. Cragg et al. teach that these solvents can be toxic to tissue and may cause vascular spasms. Using liquid-solidifying agents in active vessels also carries a high risk that the agents will flow downstream creating emboli or flow into collateral vessels (e.g., lumbar arteries), which may lead to paralysis or other adverse events.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,994,069 to Ritchart et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,133,731 to Butler et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,226,911 to Chee et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 5,312,415 to Palermo disclose examples of thrombogenic microcoils, common aneurysm treatments. The microcoil must be tightly packed into the aneurysm to minimize shifting of the microcoils. Shifting of the microcoil can lead to recanalization of the aneurysm. Another disadvantage of microcoils is that they are not easily retrievable. If a coil migrates out of the aneurysm, a second procedure to retrieve the coil and move the coil back into place, or replace the coil, might be necessary.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,238,403 and 6,299,619, both to Greene, Jr. et al., disclose an embolic device with expansible elements and methods for embolizing a target vascular site with the device. The device taught by Greene Jr. includes a plurality of highly-expansible elements disposed at spaced intervals along a filamentous carrier. The expansion of the device after deployment reduces the volumetric precision with which the sac can be filled. If the volume of the expanded device is too large, the device can press against the inner side of weakened aneurysm wall and outer side of prosthesis, altering flow within the prosthesis and increasing the risk of rupture of the aneurysm. If the volume of the expanded device is too small, the prosthesis can still alter its position and dislodge or migrate.
There is thus a need for a device and method that can precisely occlude a known sac volume with minimal displacement of the device over time. There is also a need for a device that can be deployed to the sac 10 while simultaneously minimizing toxicity, embolism risk, and other disadvantages previously associated with existing aneurysm sac fillers.
One embodiment of the disclosed device is a vascular embolization device having a flexible leader connected to at least one non-expandable, space-occupying element. The elements can be made, for example, from collagen and/or a polymer such as polypropylene. The device can also have a radiopaque agent fixed to or integrated with the device. Furthermore, the device can be coated or infused with a therapeutic and/or diagnostic agent.
Another embodiment of the disclosed device is a vascular embolization device having a leader made from a flexible material and a space-occupying element connected to the leader. The element has a first component secured to a second component. The element can also be slidably connected to the leader, for example, by a ferrule.
Yet another embodiment of the disclosed device is a vascular embolization device having one or more cylindrical space-occupying elements connected by flexible helical segments. When fully extended, the element has a cross-sectional width to cross-sectional height ratio of equal to or greater than about 1.5:1. The cross-sectional width-to-height ratio can also be equal to or greater than 4:1.
A further embodiment of the disclosed device is a vascular embolization device having a first space-occupying element having a first male interference-fit piece, and a second space-occupying element having a first female interference-fit piece. The first male interference-fit piece and the first female interference-fit piece attach to impede removal of the first male interference-fit piece from the first female interference-fit piece.
Yet another embodiment of the disclosed device is a vascular embolization device. The device has a first space-occupying element comprising a body and a first female interference-fit piece. The device also has a second space-occupying element comprising a body and a second female interference-fit piece. Furthermore, the device has a leader comprising a first male interference-fit piece on a first end and a second male interference-fit piece on a second end. The first male interference-fit piece attaches to the first female interference-fit piece attach and the second male interference-fit piece attaches to the second female interference-fit piece.
A method is also disclosed for placing a space-occupying device or a plurality of space-occupying devices, such as the embolization devices disclosed herein, within a void. For example, a catheter having a distal exit is placed at a vascular site. A vascular embolization device is then passed through the catheter and the distal exit and deployed into the vascular site. The device has a flexible leader and at least one non-expandable, space-occupying elements connected to the leader. The method can include selecting a device or devices having the proper volume so that the device(s) is large enough to substantially fill the void, such as an aneurysmal sac within the vasculature, yet small enough to prevent substantial alteration of the natural fluid flow through an adjacent element, for example a vascular prosthesis implanted at or near the vascular site. Furthermore, the method of the present invention may provide for the removal of material within the void, such as the removal of thrombus from the aneurysmal sac and treatment with therapeutic agents prior to, or in conjunction with, the placement of the space-occupying elements.
The leader 26 can be a suture, preformed resilient structure, poppet, wire, fiber, monofilament, rail, or a woven thread or other combination thereof. The leader 26 can be completely separate and discrete from the elements 28, 30 and 32. The leader 26 can be made from polymer, for example polyester (e.g., DACRON® from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del.), polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), expanded PTFE (ePTFE), nylon, extruded collagen, silicone and combinations thereof. The leader 26 can have a leader diameter 34 from about 0.050 mm (0.0020 in.) to about 1.3 mm (0.050 in.), more narrowly from about 0.2 mm (0.006 in.) to about 0.25 mm (0.010 in.). A leader span 36 between the elements 28 and 30 can be from about 0 to about 2 times an element outer diameter 38, more narrowly from about 0.5 to about 1 time the element outer diameter 38. A total device length 40 from one end of the device 24 to the other can be any length desired, for example about 30 cm (1 ft.).
The elements 28, 30 and 32 can be spherical, cylindrical, or an approximation thereof. The elements 28, 30 and 32 can be made from any of the materials disclosed above for the leader 26 as well as collagen, glass, polylactic acid (PLA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), polyglycolic acid (PGA), other bioabsorbable material, polyurethane, polyethylene, or metal, for example stainless steel, titanium or nitinol. The element outer diameter 38 can be more than about 0.1 mm (0.005 in.) of the leader diameter 34. The element outer diameter 38 can be larger than about 0.25 mm (0.010 in.) less than an inner diameter of a catheter through which the device 24 is deployed. The element outer diameter 38 can also be larger than about 2.0 mm (0.079 in.), more narrowly larger than about 2.7 mm (0.11 in.). An element length 42 can be in the aforementioned ranges for the element outer diameter 38.
A device volume can be determined by calculating the total volume of the elements 28, 30 and 32 added to the total volume of the leaders 26. If the leader 26 or the elements 28, 30 and 32 are made from bioabsorbable materials, the reduction of device volume over time can be accounted for when calculating device volume. The device volume can be from about 20 cc (1.2 in.3) to about 200 cc (12.2 in.3), more narrowly from about 60 cc (3.7 in.3) to about 100 cc (6.1 in.3).
The device 24 can be structurally reinforced. For example, a structural reinforcement 70 can be integrated onto the surface or encased by the leader 26 and/or the elements 28, 30, and 32. The reinforcement can be a polyester weave, or a coil or spiral element, for example a continuous wire wound within the device 24 such that the reinforcement 70 parallels the coils or helical shapes of the conjoined elements 28, 30 and 32 of the device 24.
In other embodiments of the device 24 illustrated in
In another embodiment of the device 24 illustrated in
Radiopaque materials known to one having ordinary skill in the art can be used anywhere in or on the device 24. Examples of radiopaque materials are barium, sulfate, titanium, stainless steel, nickel-titanium alloys (e.g., NiTi), and gold. The ferrule 56 can be made from radiopaque materials. A radiopaque patch or contrast agent can also be integrated into or placed on the leader 26 or the elements 28, 30, and 32. The contrast agent can be permanent or can be adapted to extravagate over time post-implantation. A radiopaque fiber can be wound integrally with the leader 26. The radiopaque element can be present in a quantity sufficient to allow the operator to view deployment of the device 24 upon delivery, but not sufficient to obstruct the visualization of adjacent tissues and structures post-implantation. For example, upon deployment, the operator can visualize the initial placement and nesting of the elements 28, 29 and 30 and/or the leader 26, but post-implantation the visualization of the prosthesis 8 can be unobstructed by the radiopaque nature of the elements 28, 29 and 30 and/or the leader 26
The elements 28, 30 or 32 can be filled or coated with an agent delivery matrix known to one having ordinary skill in the art and/or a therapeutic and/or diagnostic agent. The device 24, or any of the parts of the device 24, can be coated with the agents. These agents can include radioactive materials; radiopaque materials, for example gold; thrombogenic agents, for example polyurethane, cellulose acetate polymer mixed with bismuth trioxide, and ethylene vinyl alcohol; lubricious, hydrophilic materials; phosphor cholene; anti-inflammatory agents, for example non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) such as cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibitors (e.g., acetylsalicylic acid, for example ASPIRIN® from Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany; ibuprofen, for example ADVIL® from Wyeth, Collegeville, Pa.; indomethacin; mefenamic acid), COX-2 inhibitors (e.g., VIOXX® from Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, N.J.; CELEBREX® from Pharmacia Corp., Peapack, N.J.; COX-1 inhibitors); immunosuppressive agents, for example Sirolimus (RAPAMUNE®, from Wyeth, Collegeville, Pa.), or matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors (e.g., tetracycline and tetracycline derivatives) that act early within the pathways of an inflammatory response. Examples of other agents are provided in Walton et al, Inhibition of Prostoglandin E2 Synthesis in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms, Circulation, Jul. 6, 1999, 48-54; Tambiah et al, Provocation of Experimental Aortic Inflammation Mediators and Chlamydia Pneumoniae, Brit. J. Surgery 88 (7), 935-940; Franklin et al, Uptake of Tetracycline by Aortic Aneurysm Wall and Its Effect on Inflammation and Proteolysis, Brit. J. Surgery 86 (6), 771-775; Xu et al, Sp1 Increases Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Hypoxic Vascular Endothelium, J. Biological Chemistry 275 (32) 24583-24589; and Pyo et al, Targeted Gene Disruption of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (Gelatinase B) Suppresses Development of Experimental Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms, J. Clinical Investigation 105 (11), 1641-1649 which are all incorporated by reference in their entireties. Once the device 24 is deployed, these agents can provide various benefits such as i) promote fusing of the space-occupying elements 28, 30 or 32 to each other or to the surrounding biologic materials (e.g., a collagen coating), and/or ii) promote a thrombogenic response within the sac 10 to stabilize the device 24 and the prosthesis 8, and/or iii) function to promote healing of the aneurysm at the cellular level such as in the case of treating an inflammatory response.
Method of Making
The elements 28, 30 and 32 and the leader 26 can be made from methods known to those having ordinary skill in the art. For example, the elements 28, 30 and 32 can be molded or machined. The embodiments of the device 24 illustrated in
The elements 28, 30 and 32 can be molded, machined, or mounted onto the leader 26. The elements 28, 30 and 32 can be mounted to the leader 26 with an interference fit, for example by tying knots in the leader 26 surrounding the elements 28, 30 and 32 mounting the elements 28, 30 and 32 onto the ferrule 56 which is already crimped onto the leader 26. The elements 28, 30 and 32 can be pressure fitted onto the leader 26, for example by crimping the elements 28, 30 and 32 onto the leader 26, snapping snap-together sections 44 and 46 onto the leader 26, or distortion mounting by heating the elements 28, 30 and 32 to a threshold of thermal distortion. The elements 28, 30 and 32 can be glued onto the leader 26 with a biocompatible adhesive (e.g., cyanoacrylate); bonded ultrasonically; or heat bonded (e.g., melting, heat welding). Each section 44 or 46 can be attached to the other section 44 or 46 with any of the above methods.
Any part of the device 24, or the device 24 as a whole after assembly, can be coated by dip-coating or spray-coating methods known to one having ordinary skill in the art. One example of a method used to coat a medical device for vascular use is provided in U.S. Pat. No. 6,358,556 by Ding et al. and hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Time release coating methods known to one having ordinary skill in the art can also be used to delay the release of an agent in the coating, for example inclusion of a collagen matrix in the coating.
Method of Use
Before using the device 24, the sac 10 can be cleaned of debris (e.g., thrombi), for example by mechanically macerating the debris or using a lytic agent (e.g., Urokinase, for example Abbokinase® from Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Ill.). Examples of devices capable of performing pharmomechanical treatment—that can be delivered to the sac 10 through the same delivery apparatus as the device 24—are the TRELLIS™ and FINO™ from Bacchus Vascular, Inc. (Santa Clara, Calif.). Use of the device 24 can be performed while using a visualization tool, for example fluoroscopy or computed tomography (CT) scanning. The volume of the sac 10 not filled by debris can be estimated from visual inspection, for example by inspection of images from the visualization tool. Software known to one having ordinary skill in the art can also be used to assist in estimating the volume of the sac 10.
A length of the device 24 can be stored in a sterile package, for example by an individual predetermined length or on a spool, spindle, or in a cartridge. The device volume can be reduced by removing more than enough of the device 24 from the sterile package and then reducing the length of the device 24, for example by cutting the leader 26 or unplugging a poppet 72 from a socket 74. In this way, the device volume can be reduced to the approximate volume of the sac 10 not filled by debris. The device volume can be large enough to substantially fill the vascular site, and the device volume can be small enough to prevent substantial alteration of the natural fluid flow through the prosthesis 8.
The device 24 can be deployed to the sac 10 using a trans-graft, trans-collateral, trans-sac, or endoluminal procedure. As illustrated in
As illustrated in
An end of the catheter 80 can have a valve 87 to minimize or completely prevent backflow of body fluids or other leakage and improve the connection of other devices to the end of the catheter 80. Use of the valve 87 at the end of the catheter 80 is understood to one having ordinary skill in the art. The valve 87 can be, for example, a hemostasis valve (e.g., from Cook, Inc., Bloomington, Ind.).
The geometries of the elements 28, 30 and 32 of the device 24 and the properties of the leader 26 can benefit delivery of the device 24. As the slider 102 delivers force to the end of the device 24, the leader 26 can buckle or flex, allowing elements 28, 30 and 32 to approximate and transmit force from one element 28, 30 or 32 to the other elements 28, 30 or 32, thereby giving the device 24 sufficient column strength to move through the channel 92.
As illustrated in
When a force (shown by arrows in
The connector 106 can have a lock 122 that can be rotatably attached to the remainder of the connector 106. Tabs 124 can protrude from the lock 122. The tabs 124 can be used to aid rotation (shown by arrows in
The lock 122 can be rotated to position the thick portion 126 between the lever arms 116 and a retaining wall 130 (shown in
The lock 122 can be rotated to position the thin portion 128 between the lever arms 116 and the retaining wall 130 (shown in
The driver 88 can be integrated with the sterile package (e.g., individual predetermined length, spool, spindle, or cartridge) loaded with the device 24. A new package loaded with the device 24 can replace or be swapped for an old package at the connector 106.
The device 24 can be visualized by the visualization tool before, during and after the device 24 has been deployed. After the device 24 has been deployed, any agents in or on the device 24 can elute into the tissue and fluids. The vascular prosthetic 8 can be implanted before, during or after the device 24 is deployed.
It is apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made to this disclosure, and equivalents employed, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/058,986, filed Oct. 21, 2013, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/569,348, filed Aug. 8, 2012, (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,562,636 issued on Oct. 22, 2013), which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/340,483, filed Dec. 19, 2008, (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,262,686 issued on Sep. 11, 2012), which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/293,139, filed Nov. 12, 2002, (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,481,821 issued on Jan. 27, 2009), each of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
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Number | Date | Country | |
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20150182228 A1 | Jul 2015 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 12340483 | Dec 2008 | US |
Child | 13569348 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 14058986 | Oct 2013 | US |
Child | 14657888 | US | |
Parent | 13569348 | Aug 2012 | US |
Child | 14058986 | US | |
Parent | 10293139 | Nov 2002 | US |
Child | 12340483 | US |