Patent Application
20120316068
The invention relates to adjuvants for use in agriculture. More particularly, the invention relates to emulsion compositions having an oil and an ammonium salt solution as an adjuvant for enhancing the effect of agrochemicals (also known as agrichemicals).
In this specification where a document, act or item of knowledge is referred to or discussed, this reference or discussion is not an admission that the document, act or item of knowledge or any combination thereof was at the priority date publicly available, known to the public, part of the common general knowledge or known to be relevant to an attempt to solve any problem with which this specification is concerned.
Adjuvants are used in agriculture to assist the performance of agrochemicals such as herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, growth promoters etc. Many different classes of chemicals are used as adjuvants to assist the agrochemical in different ways. For example:
When preparing a mixture for spraying, an applicator may need more than one class of adjuvant and thus create a complex tank mix containing multiple adjuvant products and crop protection product(s). This can lead to problems such as incompatibility between the various products added to the spray tank or other unforeseen problems such as crop damage or toxicity to non-target organisms.
Recently, products which combined two or more classes of adjuvant have been made available. One such product combining lipophilic solvent (oil) and lipophobic plant nutrient (ammonium salt) is described by U.S. Pat. No. 7,314,848 which uses cationic surfactants to form a homogeneous liquid composition suitable as an agrochemical adjuvant, particularly for use with the herbicide glyphosate.
While cationic surfactants are powerful surfactants for a number of reasons, they are not the most desirable surfactants for use in agrochemical formulations. The use of cationic surfactants may increase the risk of tank mix incompatibility, foaming, driftable fines, crop phytotoxicity and toxicity to non-target organisms, such as beneficial insects, birds and aquatic life.
A liquid emulsion adjuvant product needs to be convenient to use (pourable and dispersible into water) and have a shelf-life (no substantial change) of at least a few months, and preferable greater than one year, to be useful. That is, such liquid emulsion products need to be stable, pourable and dispersible into water.
Generally, the amount of surfactant required to produce such a stable, pourable and dispersible liquid emulsion adjuvant product is related to the proportion of oil in the formulation. As a result, a higher proportion of surfactant is required to produce a stable emulsion containing a higher proportion of oil than emulsion containing a lower amount of oil. Further, an even higher proportion of surfactant is required to produce a stable emulsion if the aqueous phase contains electrolytes than an equivalent electrolyte-free formulation. For example, prior art formulations containing oil and saturated or nearly saturated solutions of ammonium salts using surfactants involve:
There is thus a need for improved adjuvant formulations which combine oils and ammonium onium salts in a form suitable for use as an agricultural adjuvant, but which also minimize the amount of powerful or harsh surfactants used, and thus reduce the detrimental effects of such surfactants.
It has surprisingly been found that certain polymeric surfactants can be used to prepare formulations suitable for use as agricultural adjuvants which contain oil and concentrated aqueous solutions of ammonium salts. Such adjuvant formulations contain a lower amount of surfactant than prior art formulations containing an equivalent amount of oil and ammonium salts. This has the benefit of reducing the detrimental effects due to the use of high levels of surfactants.
According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a liquid emulsion composition suitable for use as an agricultural adjuvant comprising:
The liquid emulsion composition according to the invention is stable, pourable and dispersible into water.
The oil must be liquid and crop safe. Preferred mineral oils have a carbon number in the range of 12 to 30, are low in aromatic compounds and have a viscosity (at 40° C.) in the range of approximately 5 to 50 cSt. Suitable vegetable oils include all liquid vegetable oils. Preferably, the vegetable oils are refined so as to remove gums and excess acidity to ensure that the liquid emulsion composition is stable, liquid and sprayable. More preferably, the amount of oil used in the composition is in the range of from 10 to 60% w/w, even more preferably 15 to 50% w/w, and most preferably 20 to 50% w/w.
Suitable esters of fatty acids include alkyl esters of fatty acids wherein:
Typical embodiments are methyl esters of canola oil, where the major component is methyl oleate.
Where an aliphatic alcohol is the oil of choice, it may be selected from primary or secondary alcohols having a carbon number of from 8 to 22 and may be saturated or unsaturated. A typical embodiment is a C-12 Guerbet alcohol.
The concentration of the ammonium salt in the saturated or substantially saturated aqueous solution will vary depending on the ammonium salt selected. For example, where the ammonium salt is either sulphate, nitrate or phosphate, then a solution containing approximately 20-50% w/w of the ammonium salt in water may be used. Where ammonium nitrate is the preferred ammonium salt, then it is common to prepare an aqueous solution further containing urea. For example, UAN32 contains 45 parts ammonium nitrate, 35 parts urea and 20 parts water.
The examples of ammonium salt solutions above may not be the maximum concentrations technically possible, but reflect the commercial high concentration solutions typically used in the fertilizer industry which must allow for cold temperatures and/or loss of water through evaporation without the risk of crystallization.
More preferably, the amount of saturated or substantially saturated aqueous solution of ammonium salts used in the composition is in the range of from 40 to 80% w/w, and most preferably 50 to 75% w/w.
The high molecular weight polymeric surfactants are present in the formulation to maintain the oil and the saturated or substantially saturated aqueous solution of ammonium salts together in a stable liquid formula. Preferably, the amount of high molecular weight polymeric surfactants used in the composition is 0.1 to 5% w/w, more preferably 0.1 to 3% w/w, and most preferably 0.2 to 2% w/w.
Suitable high molecular weight polymeric surfactants having a molecular weight in the range 2000 to 12000 are typically linear. Examples of suitable high molecular weight polymeric surfactants having a molecular weight in the range 2000 to 12000 include:
Preferably, the composition may include an additive such as acidifiers or dispersing agents which may be desirable to help the application of the composition. Acidifiers may be added where a lower pH is required in the tank, for example when using alkaline sensitive agrochemicals. Suitable acidifiers include sulphamic acid, propionic acid or citric acid but many others may be equally suitable.
A dispersing agent may be added where there is a need to more easily disperse the emulsion (e.g. in a mixer tank). The dispersing agent may be selected from the group consisting of nonionic surfactants (e.g. alcohol ethoxylates, fatty acid ethoxylates, glycerol monooleate, polysorbate, and alkyl polyglucosides), anionic surfactants (e.g. calcium dodecylbenzene sulphonate, sulphated or phosphated fatty alcohols/fatty alcohol polyethers, alkyl polyether carboxylates and salts) and mixtures thereof. Typically, the amount of dispersing agent used is up to 5% w/w of the total composition.
When determining the proportion of total surfactants to oil in the composition, the determination must include all surfactants in the composition, for example any dispersing agents which are surfactants and the polymeric surfactant (c). Preferably, the proportion of total surfactants to oil in the composition is less than 1:4, and more preferably less than 1:6.
Compositions according to the invention are typically comprised of at least 94% w/w of oil and the saturated or substantially saturated aqueous solution of ammonium salts with the total amount of surfactants (including the high molecular weight polymeric surfactants and any dispersing agents) typically not being more than 6% w/w. The invention thus enables the production of liquid emulsion compositions containing oil and concentrated ammonium salt solutions which contain very low levels of surfactants enabling their use in situations where the use of harsh surfactants is restricted.
According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for reducing one or more of the detrimental effects caused by high levels of surfactants used in adjuvants for agrochemical formulations, the method comprising combining one or more agrochemicals with a liquid emulsion composition suitable for use as an agricultural adjuvant comprising:
Various embodiments/aspects of the invention will now be described with reference to the following non-limiting examples.
In this example, various formulations according to the invention were prepared.
Each of Compositions A to K was prepared by separately preparing an oil phase (oil, polymeric surfactant and dispersing agent) and an aqueous phase (ammonium salt and acidifier in water) then slowly adding the oil phase to the aqueous phase whilst mixing with a high speed laboratory blender. A stable milky emulsion was formed.
Compositions A to K were evaluated for stability by (i) standing at room temperature for 28 days and (ii) standing in a controlled temperature oven at 54° C. for 14 days. Compositions A to K remained uniform with no free oil apparent in both experiments.
The ratio of surfactant to oil in each of these compositions is set out below.
In this example, the adjuvant effect of Compositions C and D from Example 1 was compared with a range of commercially available adjuvants when applied with glyphosate in 2 water hardnesses to control oats in a glasshouse.
The trial confirms the following well established facts regarding the use of glyphosate as a herbicide:
The trial also shows that the formulations according to the invention, Compositions C and D, when applied under the conditions of this experiment are effective adjuvants for the agrochemical glyphosate. Both of Compositions C and D provide herbicidal efficacy enhancement to glyphosate which is similar to the commercial product Hot-Up. Compositions C and D when applied at 0.5% result in equivalent or better adjuvant effects than those obtained with the combination of 0.5% Infiltrator (oil) plus 2.0% Assert (ammonium sulphate).
In summary, Compositions C and D provide results which are comparable to or better than the prior art adjuvant options, and yet contain very low levels of surfactants which are likely to enable their use in situations where the use of harsh surfactants is restricted.
The word ‘comprising’ and forms of the word ‘comprising’ as used in this description and in the claims does not limit the invention claimed to exclude any variants or additions.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention described herein is susceptible to, variations and modifications other than those specifically described. It is to be understood that the invention includes all such variations and modifications. The invention also includes all of the steps, features, compositions and compounds referred to or indicated in this specification, individually or collectively, and any and all combinations of any two or more of said steps or features.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2010900739 | Feb 2010 | AU | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/AU2011/000189 | 2/23/2011 | WO | 00 | 8/23/2012 |
