Encapsulant compositions for use in signal transmission devices

TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates to encapsulating compositions, useful in encapsulating signal transmission devices.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Encapsulating compositions are often used to provide a barrier to contaminants. Encapsulants are typically used to encapsulate a device, such as a splice between one or more conductors, through which a signal, such as an electrical or optical signal, is transmitted. The encapsulant serves as a barrier to fluid and non-fluid contamination. It is often necessary that these devices, particularly splices, be re-entered for repairs, inspection or the like. In this use and others, it is desirable that the encapsulant be non-toxic, odorless, easy to use, transparent, resistant to fungi, and inexpensive.
Signal transmission devices, such as electrical and optical cables, typically contain a plurality of individual conductors, each of which conduct an electrical or optical signal. A grease-like composition, such as FLEXGEL, (commercially available from AT&T) is typically used around the individual conductors. Other filling compositions include petroleum jelly (PJ) and polyethylene modified petroleum jelly (PEPJ). For a general discussion of cable filling compositions, and particularly FLEXGEL type compositions, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,259,540.
When cable is spliced it is often the practice to clean the grease-like composition from the individual conductors so that the encapsulant will adhere to the conductor upon curing, preventing water or other contaminants from seeping between the conductor and the encapsulant. Therefore, an encapsulant which will adhere directly to a conductor coated with a grease-like composition is highly desirable.
Many of the connecting devices (hereinafter connectors) used to splice individual conductors of a cable are made from polycarbonate. A significant portion of prior art encapsulants are not compatible with polycarbonate, and thus, stress or crack connectors made from this material over time. Therefore, it is desirable to provide an encapsulant which is compatible with a polycarbonate connector.
Many of the prior art encapsulants, which have addressed the above problems with varying degrees of success, are based on polyurethane gels. Various polyurethane based gels are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,102,716; 4,533,598; 4,375,521; 4,355,130; 4,281,210; 4,596,743; 4,168,258; 4,329,442; 4,231,986; 4,171,998; Re 30,321; 4,029,626 and 4,008,197. However, all of the polyurethane gels share at least two common problems. It is well known in the art that isocyanates are extremely reactive with water. The above polyurethane systems utilize two part systems which include an isocyanate portion and a crosslinking portion designed to be added to the isocyanate when it is desired that the gel be cured. Because of the water reactivity of isocyanates, it has been necessary to provide involved and expensive packaging systems to keep the isocyanate from reacting with water until such time as the isocyanate can be cured with the crosslinking agent.
Further, it is well known in the art that isocyanate compounds are hypo-allergenic, and thus, can induce allergic reactions in certain persons. This is of particular concern when a two part system is used which requires a worker to mix the components on site.
Therefore, it is highly desirable to provide an encapsulant which may be used in conjunction with a signal transmission device as a water-impervious barrier, which has good adhesion to grease-coated conductors, which is compatible with polycarbonate splice connectors, and which does not require the use of an isocyanate compound.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides an encapsulant composition capable of use as an encapsulant for signal transmission devices, such as electrical or optical cables. It is to be understood that the invention has utility as an encapsulant for signal transmission devices which are not cables, for example, electrical or electronic components and devices, such as sprinkler systems, junction box fillings, to name a few. It is further contemplated that the encapsulant may have utility as an encapsulant or sealant for non-signal transmitting devices.
The encapsulant comprises an extended reaction product of an admixture of: 1) an anhydride functionalized compound having reactive anhydride sites; and 2) a crosslinking agent which reacts with the anhydride site of the anhydride functionalized compound. The reaction product is extended with at least one organic plasticizer, preferably essentially inert to the reaction product and substantially non-exuding.
The encapsulant may be used in a signal transmission component, for example, in a cable splice which comprises; 1) an enclosure member; 2) a signal transmission device, which includes at least one signal conductor; and 3) at least one connecting device joining the at least one conductor to at least one other conductor in the enclosure member. The signal conductor is capable of transmitting a signal, for example, an electrical or optical signal.
The invention also contemplates a method for filling an enclosure containing a signal transmission device comprising mixing an anhydride portion and a cross-linking portion together to form a liquid encapsulant, pouring the liquid encapsulant composition into an enclosure at ambient temperature, the liquid encapsulant curing to form a cross-linked encapsulant which fills the enclosure including voids between the individual conductors of the transmission device. The liquid encapsulant composition of the invention may also be forced into a contaminated component under pressure to force the contaminant from the component, the encapsulant subsequently curing to protect the component from recontamination. The liquid encapsulant composition may also be poured into a component so that upon curing the encapsulant forms a plug or dam in a cable or the like.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The encapsulant of the invention is suited for use as an encapsulant for signal transmission devices and other uses in which a water-impervious, preferably reenterable, barrier is desired. The encapsulant is formed by cross-linking an anhydride functionalized compound with a suitable cross-linking agent in the presence of an organic plasticizer which extends the reaction product. The plasticizer is preferably essentially inert to the reaction product and substantially non-exuding. The plasticizer system chosen contributes to the desired properties of the encapsulant, such as, the degree of adhesion to grease-coated conductors, the degree of compatibility with polycarbonate connectors, and the softness or hardness of the encapsulant.
"Essentially inert" as used herein means that the plasticizer does not become cross-linked into the reaction between the anhydride functionalizedcompound and the cross-linking agent.
"Non-exuding" as used herein means that the plasticizer has the ability to become and remain blended with the reaction product of the anhydride functionalized compound and the cross-linking agent. Many excellent plasticizers experience some blooming, or a slight separation from the solid, especially at higher temperatures, and over lengthy storage times. These plasticizers are still considered to be "substantially non-exuding".
"Anhydride functionalized compound" as used herein is defined as a polymer,oligomer, or monomer, which has been reacted to form a compound which has anhydride reactive sites thereon.
Examples of anhydride functionalized compound which are suitable for use inthe encapsulant of the invention include maleinized polybutadiene-styrene polymers (such as Ricon 184/MA), maleinized polybutadiene (such as Ricon 131/MA or Lithene LX 16-10MA), maleic anhydride modified vegetable oils (such as maleinized linseed oil, dehydrated castor oil, soybean oil or tung oil, and the like), maleinized hydrogenated polybutadiene, maleinizedpolyisoprene, maleinized ethylene/propylene/ 1,4-hexadiene terpolymers, maleinized polypropylene, maleinized piperylene/2-methyl-1-butene copolymers, maleinized polyterpene resins, maleinized cyclopentadiene, maleinized gum or tall oil resins, maleinized petroleum resins, copolymersof dienes and maleic anhydride or mixtures thereof. Maleinized polybutadiene is preferred.
Suitable cross-linking agents of the invention are compounds which will react with the anhydride sites of the anhydride functionalized compound toform a cross-linked polymer structure. Cross-linking agents suitable for the present invention include polythiols, polyamines and polyols, with polyols preferred.
Suitable polyol cross-linking agents include, for example, polyalkadiene polyols (such as Poly bd R-45HT), polyether polyols based on ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide and/or butylene oxide, ricinoleic acid derivatives (such as castor oil),polyester polyols, fatty polyols, ethoxylated fatty amides or amines or ethoxylated amines, hydroxyl bearingcopolymers of dienes or mixtures thereof. Hydroxyl terminated polybutadienesuch as Poly bd R-45HT is presently preferred.
The castor oil which may be used is primarily comprised of a mixture of about 70% glyceryl triricinoleate and about 30% glyceryl diricinoleate-monooleate or monolinoleate and is available from the York Castor Oil Company as York USP Castor Oil. Ricinoleate based polyols are also available from Caschem and Spencer-Kellogg. Suitable interesterification products may also be prepared from castor oil and substantially non-hydroxyl-containing naturally occurring triglyceride oils as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,603,188.
Suitable polyether polyol cross-linking agents include, for example, aliphatic alkylene glycol polymers having an alkylene unit composed of at least two carbon atoms. These aliphatic alkylene glycol polymers are exemplified by polyoxypropylene glycol and polytetramethylene ether glycol. Also, trifunctional compounds exemplified by the reaction product of trimethylol propane and propylene oxide may be employed. A typical polyether polyol is available from Union Carbide under the designation Niax PPG-425. Specifically, Niax PPG-425, a copolymer of a conventional polyol and a vinyl monomer, represented to have an average hydroxyl numberof 263, an acid number of 0.5, and a viscosity of 80 centistokes at 25.degree. C.
The general term polyether polyols also includes polymers which are often referred to as amine based polyols or polymeric polyols. Typical amine based polyols include sucrose-amine polyol such as Niax BDE-400 or FAF-529or amine polyols such as Niax LA-475 or LA-700, all of which are available from Union Carbide.
Suitable polyalkadiene polyol cross-linking agents can be prepared from dienes which include unsubstituted, 2-substituted or 2,3-disubstituted 1,3-dienes of up to about 12 carbon atoms. Preferably, the diene has up toabout 6 carbon atoms and the substituents in the 2- and/or 3-position may be hydrogen, alkyl groups having about 1 to about 4 carbon atoms, substituted aryl, unsubstituted ary, halogen and the like. Typical of suchdienes are 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, chloroprene, 2-cyano-1,3-butadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,2- butadiene, and the like. A hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene is available from ARCO Chemicals under the designation Poly-bd R-45HT. Poly-bd R-45HT is represented to have a molecular weight of about 2800, a degree of polymerization of about 50, a hydroxyl functionality of about 2.4 to 2.6 and a hydroxyl number of 46.6. Further, hydrogenated derivatives of the polyalkadiene polymers may also be useful.
Besides the above polyols, there can also be employed lower molecular weight, reactive, chain-extending or crosslinking compounds having molecular weights typically of about 300 or less, and containing therein about 2 to about 4 hydroxyl groups. Materials containing aromatic groups therein, such as N, N-bis (2-hydroxypropyl) aniline may be used to therebyproduce useful gels.
To insure sufficient crosslinking of the cured gels the polyol based component preferably contain polyols having hydroxyl functionality of greater than 2. Examples of such polyols include polyoxypropylene glycol, polyoxyethylene glycol, polyoxytetramethylene glycol, and small amounts ofpolycaprolactone glycol. An example of a suitable polyol is Quadrol, N,N,N',N'-tetrakis-(2-hydroxypropyl)-ethylene diamine, available from BASFWyandotte Corp.
Suitable polythiol and polyamine cross-linking agents may vary widely within the scope of the invention and include (1) mercaptans and (2) amines which are polyfunctional. These compounds are often hydrocarbyl substituted but may contain other substituents either as pendant or catenary (in the backbone) units such as cyano, halo, ester, ether, keto, nitro, sulfide or silyl groups. Examples of compounds useful in the present invention included the polymercapto-functional compounds such as 1,4-butanedithiol, 1,3,5-pentanetrithiol, 1,12-dodecanedithiol; polythio derivatives of polybutadienes and the mercapto-functional compounds such as the di- and tri-mercaptopropionate esters of the poly(oxypropylene) diols and triols. Suitable organic diamines include the aromatic, aliphatic and cycloaliphatic diamines. Illustrative examples include: amine terminated polybutadiene, the polyoxyalkylene polyamines, such as those available for Texaco Chemical Co., Inc., under the tradename Jeffamine, the D, ED, DU, BuD and T series.]
The reaction product of an anhydride functionalized compound and a suitablecross-linking agent is typically in the range of between about 5 and 95 percent and preferably between about 20 and 70 percent.
The plasticizing system, which extends the reaction product of the anhydride functionalized compound and the cross-linking agent contributes to many of the functional characteristics of the encapsulant of the present invention. Plasticizing system refers to the one or more plasticizer compounds which may be used together to achieve the desired properties for the encapsulant. The plasticizing system is preferably selected so as to be essentially inert with the reaction product of the anhydride functionalized compound and the cross-linking agent and substantially non-exuding. The plasticizing system selected also preferably provides an encapsulant which has excellent adhesion to grease-coated conductors and which is compatible with polycarbonate connectors.
Plasticizer compounds which may be used to achieve a suitable plasticizing system include aliphatic, naphthenic, and aromatic petroleum based hydrocarbon oils; cyclic olefins (such as polycyclopentadiene,) vegetable oils (such as linseed oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, and the like); saturated or unsaturated synthetic oils; polyalphaolefins (such as hydrogenated polymerized decene-1), hydrogenated terphenyls, propoxylated fatty alcohols (such as PPG-11 stearyl alcohol); polypropylene oxide mono-and di- esters, pine oil-derivatives (such as alpha-terpineol), polyterpenes, cyclopentadiene copolymers with fatty acid esters, phosphateesters and mono-, di-, and poly-esters, (such as trimellitates, phthalates,benzoates, fatty acid ester derivatives, castor oil derivatives, fatty acidester alcohols, dimer acid esters, glutarates, adipates, sebacates and the like) and mixtures thereof. Particularly preferred are a mixture of hydrocarbon oils with esters.
Examples of polyalphaolefins which may be used as plasticizers in the present invention are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,355,130.
Examples of vegetable oils useful as plasticizers in the present invention are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,375,521.
The plasticizer compounds used to extend the reaction product of the anhydride functionalized compound and the cross-linking agent are typically present in the range of between about 35 and 85 percent by weight of the encapsulant, and preferably between about 50 and 70 percent.
Previously it has been difficult to provide an encapsulant which has excellent adhesion to grease-coated wires and which also does not stress or crack a polycarbonate splice module. It has been discovered that by using a plasticizing system, in conjunction with a cross-linked anhydride functionalized compound, to provide an encapsulant having a particular total solubility parameter, both of these objectives can be achieved.
It has been discovered that the total solubility parameter of an encapsulant of the present invention can be an indication of an encapsulant's ability to adhere to grease-coated conductors and of its compatibility with polycarbonate connectors. The solubility parameter value (represented by .delta.) is a measure of the total forces holding the molecules of a solid or liquid together and is normally given without units [actual units--(Cal/per cc).sup.1/2 ]. Every compound or system is characterized by a specific value of solubility parameters and materials having similar solubility parameters tend to be miscible. See, for example, A. F. M. Barton "CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters", 1983, CRC Press, Inc.
Solubility parameters may be obtained from literature values or may be estimated by summation of the effects contributed by all the groups in a molecular structure using available group molar attraction constants developed by Hoy, utilizing the following equation: ##EQU1##and using the group molar attraction constants in K. L. Hoy, "Tables of Solubility Parameters", Union Carbide Corp. 1975; J. Paint Technol 42, 76 (1970), where .SIGMA.F.sub.T is the sum of all the group molar attraction constants (F.sub.T), V.sub.M is the molar volume (MW/d), MW is the molecular weight and d is the density of the material or system in question.
This method can be used to determine the solubility parameters of the cross-linked polymer and the individual value of each component if the chemical structure is known.
To determine the solubility parameter for hydrocarbon solvents, the following equation was utilized:
.delta.=6.9+0.02 Kauri-butanol value
The Kauri-butanol value was calculated using the following equation:
KB=21.5+0.206 (% wt. naphthenes)+0.723 (% wt. aromatics)
See, W. W Reynolds and E. C. Larson, Off., Dig., Fed. Soc. Paint Technol. 34, 311 (1962); and Shell Chemicals, "Solvent Power", Tech. Bull ICS (x)/79/2,1979.
The approximate compositions for the hydrocarbon oil can be obtained from the product brochures under the carbon type analysis for naphthenic and aromatic carbon atoms.
Cross-linked polymers may swell by absorbing solvent but do not dissolve completely. The swollen macromolecules are called gels.
For a plasticized crosslinked polymer system, the total solubility parameter would be the weighted arithmetic mean of the value of each component.
.delta..sub.T =.delta..sub.a .phi..sub.a +.delta..sub.b .phi..sub.b +.delta..sub.c .phi..sub.c. . .
Where .phi..sub.a, .phi..sub.b, and .phi..sub.c are the fractions of A,B,and C in the system and .delta..sub.a, .delta..sub.b, and .delta..sub.c are the solubility parameter of the individual components.
A plasticized crosslinked polymer system with a total solubility parameter of between about 7.9 and about 9.5 would be substantially compatible with the major constituents in the PJ, PEPJ, or FLEXGEL compositions. In order to achieve maximum compatibility with the grease compositions and also be compatible with polycarbonate, the total solubility of the encapsulant is preferably between about 7.9 and about 8.6, and more preferably, between about 8.0 and about 8.3.
The reaction between the anhydride functionalized compound and the cross-linking agent may be catalyzed to achieve an increased curing rate. The type of catalyst useful for this reaction will depend upon the nature of the anhydride functionalized compound and the crosslinking agent. Many tertiary amine catalysts have been found to be particularly useful ("tertiary amine", as used herein, is meant to include amidines and quanidines as well as simple tri-substituted amines). These tertiary aminecatalysts include 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN), and salts thereof, tetradecyldimethylamine, octyldimethylamine, octadecyldimethylamine, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, tetramethylguanidine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, and 1,8-bis(dimetyhlamino)-naphthalene, with DBU and DBN being especially preferred on the basis of the more rapid reactionrates provided.
Although the use of a catalyst is generally not necessary when the crosslinking agent is amine functional, addition of catalysts such as DBU and DBN may have an accelerating effect upon the reaction rate.
Although the crosslinking reactions to prepare the encapsulant compositionsof the present invention are preferably conducted at or near ambient temperature, it should be obvious to one skilled in the art that the reaction rate may be accelerated, if desired, by the application of elevated temperatures.
It is also possible to add other additives, such as fillers, fungicides, oxidation preventatives or any other additive as necessary. As oxidation preventatives, there can be used hindered phenols, for example, Irganox 1010, Tetrakis methylene (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate)methane, and Irganox 1076, Octadecyl B(3,5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenol) propionate, (made by the Ciba-Geigy Company).
As stated above, the most common grease-like substance which is used to fill cables is FLEXGEL, an oil extended thermoplastic rubber, commerciallyavailable from AT & T. Other filling compositions include petroleum jelly (PJ) and polyethylene modified petroleum jelly (PEPJ). All such cable filling compositions are herein collectively referred to as grease.
To quantify the adhesion of an encapsulant to grease-coated conductors a test to determine an encapsulant's C-H Adhesion Value will be used. In general, this test measures the amount of force it takes to pull a grease-coated conductor from a vessel containing a cured encapsulant. The greater the force which is required, the greater the adhesion.
To determine the C-H Adhesion Value of an encapsulant the following test was conducted. Six, 0.046 cm (22 gauge) polyethylene insulated conductors(PIC), taken from a length of FLEXGEL filled telephone cable purchased fromGeneral Cable Co. were cut into 15 cm lengths. The test vessels were filledalmost flush with the top edge with the test encapsulant. A lid was placed thereon and a coated conductor was inserted into each hole such that 4 cm of the conductor protrude above the lid. A tape flag was placed at the 4 cm mark to support the conductors while the encapsulant cured. After four days at room temperature the lid was removed and the vessel mounted in a Instron tensile testing machine. Each conductor was pulled out of the encapsulant at a crosshead speed of about 0.8 mm/sec. The maximum pull-outforce was measured in Newtons/conductor for each of the conductors. The average of the six values in Newtons/conductor was assigned as the C-H Adhesion Value. Similar tests were also run to determine the C-H Adhesion Value for conductors coated with a PEPJ grease and are included in the examples below. A C-H Adhesion Value of at least 4 is an acceptable value (4 Newtons/conductor maximum pull-out force), with a C-H Adhesion Value ofat least 13 preferred.
As noted, a further concern in formulating an encapsulant for use in spliceenclosures is the compatibility of the encapsulant with polycarbonate connectors. Compatibility is evidenced by a lack of stressing or cracking of a polycarbonate connector over time. An encapsulant's compatibility with polycarbonate will be quantified by assigning a Polycarbonate Compatibility Value (PCV). This will be measured by means of a stress testconducted on polycarbonate modules which have been encapsulated in a particular encapsulant at an elevated temperature for an extended period of time. The percentage of the original flexure test control value after nine weeks at 50.degree. C. will be designated as the Polycarbonate Compatibility Value. The original flexure test control value is the breaking force in Newtons of three polycarbonate modules following flexuretest ASTM D790 using an Instron tensile machine at a crosshead speed of about 0.2 mm/sec. An acceptable Polycarbonate Compatibility Value is 80 (80% of the average of the three control modules), with a value of 90 being preferred.
Polycarbonate Compatibility Values were determined as follows: Three control modules were crimped with the recommended maximum wire gauge, the wires had solid polyethylene insulation. This produced maximum stress on each module. The breaking force of the three modules was measured in Newtons, using the flexure test outlined in ASTM D790 on an Instron tensile machine, at a cross head speed of about 0.2 mm/sec. The average ofthese three values was used as the control value. Three crimped modules were placed in a tray and submerged in encapsulant. The tray was placed inan air pressure pot under 1.41 Kg/cm.sup.2 pressure for 24 hours, while theencapsulant gelled and cured. After 24 hours, the tray with the encapsulated modules was placed in an air circulating oven at 50.degree. C. for 9 weeks.
After 9 weeks, the samples were removed and allowed to cool to room temperature. The encapsulant was peeled from the modules. The breaking force of the three modules was measured following the ASTM D790 flexure test. The average of these three values, divided by that of the control, multiplied by 100, is assigned as the Polycarbonate Compatibility Value.
The following lists of commercially available components were used in the examples which follow. Preparations A through E were prepared as described. The function of each component is also listed. Function is indicated as follows: Anhydride Functionalized Compound --"AFC"; Cross-linking Agent--"CA"; plasticizer compound--"P"; and catalyst--"C".
The invention is further described in the following non-limiting inventionswherein all parts are by weight. Where a particular test was not run in a particular example it is indicated by "--".
PREPARATION A
MALENIZED LINSEED OIL
Linseed Oil (Spencer Kellogg "Superior", 800 grams) and maleic anhydride (MCB, 153.6 grams) were added to a one liter resin flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, gas inlet tube, reflux condensor connected to a gas trap and a thermowell. The vessel headspace was purged with nitrogen flowing at 2 liters per minute for 30 minutes while the mixture was stirred slowly. The mixture was heated using three 250 watt infrared lamps, two of which were controlled by a Therm-O-Watch connected to a sensing head on a thermometer contained in the thermowell. The temperaturerose from room temperature to 200.degree. C. within 30 minutes and was heldat 200.degree. C. for three hours. After cooling, the amount of unreacted anhydride was estimated by dissolving a weighed sample of the product in toluene, extracting the toluene with water and titrating an aliquot of thewater extract with standard alkali. The results showed less than 0.03% unreacted anhydride remained in the product.
PREPARATION B
MALENIZED POLYISOPRENE
Polybutadiene (Hardman Isolene 40, 661.5 grams), maleic anhydride (Fisher Scientific, 33.1 grams) and 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methyl phenol (Aldrich 3.31 grams) were added to the apparatus described above. After purging the headspace with nitrogen, a small quantity of xylenes (Baker, bp 137-140, 33 grams) was added through the reflux condensor. The mixture was heated with stirring to 180.degree. C. over 45 minutes and held at the temperature for 3.5 hours. The gas inlet was replaced with a stopper, the condensor replaced with a vacuum distillation head and the reaction mixture held at 150.degree. C. under pump vacuum until no vapor bubbles appeared in the liquid phase. After cooling the product was tested for loss on drying at 105.degree. for 24 hours in a forced air oven and found to lose 1.2% of its original weight.
PREPARATION C
AMINE COMPOUND A
The following amine compound was prepared by charging to a reaction vessel 33.92 gram of 1,6-hexanediamine, 0.58 equivalents, and 66.08 gram n-butyl acrylate (0.58 equivalents). The vessel was mixed and heated slightly for 3 days to produce the Michael adduct. Spectral analysis confirmed that theaddition had taken place.
PREPARATION D
AMINE COMPOUND B
By a procedure similar to that described for Amine Compound A, Amine Compound B was formed by the Michael addition of Jeffamine T-403 (polyether triamine from Texaco Chemicals, Inc., amine equivalent weight 146) to n-butyl acrylate. Spectral analysis confirmed the addition.
PREPARATION E
AMINE COMPOUND C
Amine Compound C was prepared by a similar procedure as Amine Compound B substituting isooctyl acrylate for n-butyl acrylate. Spectral analysis confirmed the addition.
__________________________________________________________________________COMPONENT TABLE FUNC-MATERIALS DESCRIPTION SOURCE TION__________________________________________________________________________Ricon 131/MA Polybutadiene (80 .+-. 5% Trans and Cis 1,4 vinyl, 20 .+-. 5% 1,2 Colorado Chemical AFC vinyl) - Maleic anhydride adduct with average molecular weight of Specialities, Inc. about 6000 and equivalent weight of about 1745Lithene LX16-10MA Polybutadiene (50-60% 1,4-Trans, 25-35%, 1,4 Cis, 10-15% Revertex Ltd. AFC vinyl) - Maleic anhydride adduct with average molecular weight of about 8800 and equivalent weight of about 1100Lithene PM 25 MA Polybutadiene (30-40% 1,4-Trans, 15-25% 1,4 Cis, 40-50% Revertex Ltd. AFC vinyl) - Maleic anhydride adduct with average molecular weight of about 1750 and equivalent weight of about 381Lithene PM 12 MA Polybutadiene - Maleic anhydride adduct with average molecular Revertex Ltd. AFC weight of about 1457 and equivalent weight of about 911Lithene PM 6 MA Polybutadiene - Maleic anhydride adduct with average molecular Revertex Ltd. AFC weight of about 1378 and equivalent weight of about 1723Nisso BN 1015 Polybutadiene (>85% 1,2 vinyl) - maleic anhydride adduct Nippon Soda Co., AFC. average molecular weight of about 1207 and equivalent weight of about 750Ricon 184/MA Butadiene-styrene random copolymer - maleic anhydride adduct with Colorado Chemicals AFC average molecular weight of about 10,000 and equivalent weight of Specialities, Inc. about 1730Maleinized Polyisoprene Cis 1,4 polyisoprene (Hardman Isolene 40) - maleic Preparede AFC adduct (10 parts MA to 100 parts Isolene 40) with acid number of about 32Maleinized Linseed Oil Linseed Oil (Spencer Kellog Superior Linseed Oil) - Prepared AFC anhydride adduct (19.2 parts MA to 100 parts Linseed Oil)PA-18 Copolymer of octadecene-1 and maleic anhydride with Gulf Oil AFC molecular weight of about 50,000Poly bd R-45 HT Hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (about 60% Trans-1,4, 20% Cis, Arco Chemical CA. 1,4 and 20% 1,2 vinyl) with average molecular weight of about 3000 and hydroxyl functionality of about 2.5Nisso G-1000 Hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (>90% 1,2 vinyl) with average Nippon Soda Co., CAd. molecular weight of about 2000 and hydroxyl functionality of >1.6Nisso G-2000 Hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (>90% 1,2 vinyl) with average Nippon Soda CO., CAd. molecular weight of about 1350 and hydroxyl functionality of >1.6Nisso G-3000 Hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (>90% 1,2 vinyl) with average Nippon Soda Co., CAd. molecular weight of about 3000 and hydroxyl functionality of >1.6Nisso GI-1000 Hydrogenated Hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (>90% 1,2 vinyl) Nippon Soda Co., CAd. with average molecular weight of about 1400 and hydroxyl functionality of >1.6Nisson GI-3000 Hydrogenated Hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (>90% 1,2 vinyl) Nippon Soda Co., CAd. with average molecular weight of about 3100 and hydroxyl functionality of >1.6York USP Caster Oil Vegetable oil of about 70% glyceryl triricinolein and about 30% York Caster Oil CA. glyceryl diricinolein mono-oleate or monolinoleate and hydroxyl functionality about 2.7Flexricin 17 Pantaerythritol mono-ricinoleate (three primary hydroxyls and 1 CasChem, Inc. CA secondary hydroxyl)Pluronic L121 Poly (oxypropylene) - poly (oxethylene) block copolymer BASF Wyandotte CArp. hydroxyl functionality of 2 and average molecular weight of about 4400Pluronic L101 Poly (oxypropylene) - poly (oxethylene) block copolymer BASF Wyandotte CArp. average molecular weight of about 3800 and hydroxyl functionality of 2Pluracol TPE 4542 Polyether polyol with average molecular weight of about 4550 and BASF Corp. CA hydroxyl functionality of 3Pluracol 355 Polyether polyol with average molecular weight of about 500 and BASF Corp. CA.C hydroxyl functionality of 4Sovermol VP95 Fatty ether triol with average molecular weight of about 456 with Henkel Corp. CA two primary hydroxyl and one secondary hydroxylQuadrol Tetrakis (2-hydroxyl propyl) ethylenediamine with BASF Wyandotte CA.C. molecular weight or 292 and four secondary hydroxylsEthoduomeen T/13 Ethoxylated fatty diamines with average molecular weight of about Armak CA.C 470 and three primary hydroxylsPolycat DBU 1,8 diaza-bicyclo (5,4,0) undecene-7 Air Products CPolycat SA-1 Phenolic salt of DBU Air Products CPolycat SA-102 2-ethyl hexanoate salt of DBU Air Products CFlexon 766 Naphthenic Oil, Aniline pt 224 Exxon Co. PTufflo 500 Naphthenic Oil, Aniline pt 192 Arco PFlexon 650 Naphthenic Oil, Aniline pt 190 Exxon Co. PTufflo 300 Naphthenic Oil, Aniline pt 188 Arco PSunthane 4130 Naphthenic Oil, Aniline pt 181 Sun Oil Co. PSunthane 480 Naphthenic Oil, Aniline pt 178 Sun Oil Co. PCalumet 450 Naphthenic Oil, Aniline pt 196 Calumet Refining Po.Dabco 33-LV Triethylene diamine Air Products CT-8 Dibutyltin laurate M&T Chem., Cnc.ADMA 4 Tetradecyldimethylamine Ethyl Chemicals CN,N,N',N'-tetramethyl- Aldrich Chem. Co.1,4-butadiamineFlexon 391 Aromatic Oil, Aniline pt 129 Exxon Co. PSundex 750T Aromatic Oil, Aniline pt 121 Sun Oil Co. PTelura 171 Aromatic Oil, Aniline pt 117 Exxon Co. PPaol 40 Polyalphaolefin Burmah-Castrol Pnc.Plasthall 100 Isooctyl Tallate C.P. Hall Co. PPlasthall DTDA Ditridecyl Adipate C.P. Hall Co. PPlasthall R-9 Octyl Tallate C.P. Hall Co. PSchercemol PGDP Propylene glycol dipelargonate Scher Chemical PSoybean Oil Supreme Soybean Oil Spencer Kellogg PAlpha-Terpincol -- Hercules Inc. PTarpine 66 -- Richhold PTricresyl Phosphate -- FMC Inc. PWickenol 171 2-ethylhexyl Oxystearate Wickenol Products P Inc.Witconol APS PPG-11 Stearyl Ether Witco Chemical PYarmor 302 Pine Oil Hercules Inc. PAcintene DP738 Dipentene Arizona Chemical Po.Cykellin Dicyclopentadiene copolymer of linseed oil Spencer Kellogg PDiundecyl Phthalate -- Monsanto PEmory 2900 Dioctyl dimerate Emery PEscopol R-020 Polycyclopentadiene Exxon Chemical PFalkowood 51 Maleinized Oil Cargill PFinsolv TN C12-15 Alcohols Benzoate Finetex, Inc. PFlexricin P-8 Glyceryl tri (acetyl ricinoleate) CasChem, Inc. PIndopol H-100 Polybutene Amoco Chemical Porp.Isocetyl Stearate -- Stepan Co. PKemester 3681 Di-octyl Dimerate Humko Chemical Po.Linseed Oil Supreme Linseed Oil Cargill PNuoplaz 6959 Tri-octyl Trimellitate Nuodex, Inc. P1,6-Hexanediamine -- Aldrich Chem. CA.1,6-Hexanedithiol -- Aldrich Chem. CA.Jeffamine T-403 Polyether triamine with amine equivalent weight Texaco Chem. CAc. about 1501,9-Nonanedithiol -- Aldrich Chem. CA.Irganox 1076 Octadecyl[8-(3,5-t-butyl-4-hydroxylphenyl)]proprionate Ciba-GeigyCasChem 126 Polyurethane Encapsulant CasChem Inc.D-1000 Polyurethane Encapsulant AT&T__________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLE 1
An encapsulant of the present invention was prepared by mixing 27 parts of Plasthall 100, 22.19 parts of Ricon 131/MA, and 0.81 parts of Sunthene 480in a beaker, using an air-driven stirrer until the mixture appeared homogeneous. To another beaker, 15.81 parts of Poly BD 45 HT, 33.86 parts of Sunthene 480, and 0.33 parts of Polycat DBU were added and likewise mixed. Equal weight amounts of the mixtures were added to a third beaker and were mixed by hand for 1 minute. Once mixed, the gel time was measuredby determining the amount of time required from a 200g sample to reach a viscosity of 1,000 poise using a Sunshine Gel Time Meter, available from Sunshine Scientific Instrument. Clarity was measured visually. Clarity is either transparent (T) or opaque (O).
Tear strength was tested by the procedure of ASTM D-624, tensile strength and elongation were measured by the procedure of ASTM D412; adhesion of the encapsulant to a grease coated wire was measured as described above (C-H adhesion value); and the encapsulants compatibility with polycarbonate (Polycarbonate Compatibility Value, PCV), was also measured as described above. The approximate Total Solubility Parameter for some ofthe encapsulants was also calculated as described above.
EXAMPLES 2-86, and Comparative Examples
Encapsulants of the invention were prepared and tested as described in Example 1. The formulations and test results are set forth in Tables 1 through 15 below.
TABLE 1______________________________________Components 1 2 3 4 5______________________________________Ricon 131/MA 22.19 22.19 23.36 20.44 20.44Poly bd R45 HT 15.81 15.81 16.64 14.56 14.56DBU 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.3 0.3Sunthene 480 34.67 34.67 64.7 36.7Plasthall 100 27.0 28.0Witconol APS 27.0Kessco Isocetyl 59.66StearateGel - Clarity T T TC--H Adhesion ValuePEPJ 16.0 -- -- -- --FLEXGEL 18.7 -- -- -- --Tear Strength Kg/cm 0.5 -- -- -- --Tensile Strength 0.9 -- -- -- --Kg/cm.sup.2Elongation % 103 -- -- -- --PolycarbonateCompatibility at50.degree. C.(Breaking Force,Newtons)1 week 582 542 551 640 5383 weeks 524 520 -- 569 5249 weeks 502 560 587 489 538PCV* 93 104 109 91 100Total Solubility 8.0 8.0 8.1 7.9 8.0Parameter (TSP)______________________________________*Original flexure test value was 538.4 and is given in Table 15
TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________Components 6 7 8 9 10 11 12__________________________________________________________________________Ricon 131/MA 20.44 20.44 20.44 23.36 24.36 24.36 24.36Poly bd R45 HT 14.56 14.56 14.56 16.64 15.64 15.64 15.64DBU 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34Sunthene 480 31.66Plasthall DTDA 24.0 59.66Plasthall 100 28.0Tufflo 300 48.5Yarmor 302 16.2Flexon 650 41.7 39.7 35.66Flexricin P-8 23.0Nuoplaz 6959 25.0 59.66Gel - Clarity T T T T T T TC--H Adhesion ValuePEPJ -- 5.3 8.9 -- 16.4 26.7 20FLEXGEL -- 26.2 20 -- 26.2 40.9 25.8PolycarbonateCompatibility at 50.degree. C.(Breaking Force, Newtons)1 week 578 587 524 507 560 507 5513 weeks 533 511 551 520 529 502 4899 weeks 520 511 542 551 564 -- --PCV 97 95 101 102 105 -- --TSP 8.1 8.1 8.2 8.1 8.1 8.6 8.4__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________Components 13 14 15 16 17 18 19__________________________________________________________________________Ricon 131/MA 24.36 24.36 22.19 24.36 22.19 24.36 42.63Poly bd R45 HT 15.64 15.64 15.81 15.64 15.81 15.64 27.37DBU 0.34 0.34 0.33 0.34 0.33 0.3 0.3Flexon 650 39.66 39.66 27.66 13.3Falkowood 51 20.0Linseed Oil 20.0Plasthall 100 27.0 34.0Paol 40 34.67 27.67Soybean Oil 32.0 59.7 16.4Gel - Clarity T T T T T T TC--H Adhesion ValuePEPJ 12.9 12.9 -- 20 6.2 19.6 --FLEXGEL 31.6 23.1 -- 30.2 16.9 24.4 --PolycarbonateCompatibility at 50.degree. C.(Breaking Force, Newtons)1 week 520 524 524 569 -- 534 5563 weeks 520 547 542 551 -- 565 5929 weeks 573 568 573 -- -- -- --PCV 107 106 107 -- -- -- --TSP -- 8.1 8.2 8.1 8.3 8.2__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 4______________________________________Components 20* 21* 22* 23 24 25______________________________________Ricon 131/MA 33.97 33.97 59.45 19.15 17.69 32.1Castor Oil 6.03 6.03 10.55DBU 0.34 0.34 0.4 0.34 0.34Flexon 650 59.66 37.66 29.6 59.66 59.66 40.0Soybean Oil 22.0 25.0Pluronic L101 20.85Pluronic L121 22.31Ethoduomeen 2.9T-13Gel - Clarity T T O O O OC--H AdhesionValuePEPJ 1.3 21.8 -- -- -- --FLEXGEL 1.8 22.7 -- -- -- --Tear Strength -- 0.2 0.6 -- 0.5 --Kg/cmTensile Strength -- 0.4 2.1 -- 0.7 --Kg/cm.sup.2Elongation % 110 79 -- 295 --PolycarbonateCompatibilityat 50.degree. C.(Breaking Force,Newtons)1 week 502 -- -- 520 -- --3 weeks 533 -- -- 547 -- --TSP 7.9 8.0 8.1 -- -- --______________________________________*Heated at 50.degree. C.
TABLE 5______________________________________Components 26 27 28 29 30______________________________________Ricon 131/MA 36.43 34.83 33.88 38.35 37.91Amine Compound A* 3.57Amine Compound B** 5.17Amine Compound C*** 6.121,6-Hexanedithiol 1.651,9-Nonanedithiol 2.09DBU 0.34 0.34Flexon 650 27.0 27.0 27.0 26.66 26.66Soybean Oil 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0Gel Time (min.) 7.9 128.7 147 2.1 78.6Gel - Clarity T T T T TC--H Adhesion ValuePEPJ -- 6.7 9.3 -- --FLEXGEL -- 17.8 24.4 -- --Tear Strength Kg/cm -- 0.6 0.6 -- --Tensile Strength Kg/cm.sup.2 -- 0.3 0.3 -- --Elongation % -- 236 260 -- --______________________________________*See Preparation C**See Preparation D***See Preparation E
TABLE 6______________________________________Components 31 32 33 34 35______________________________________Ricon 131/MA 19.28 23.3 26.96 18.32Nisso G-3000 20.72 19.68Nisso G-2000 16.7Nisso G-1000 13.04Nisso BN1015 16.44Poly bd R45 HT 24.56DBU 0.34 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.33Soybean Oil 37.0Flexon 650 19.66 22.7 21.7 28.7Plasthall DTDA 39.0 38.0 31.0Sunthene 480 26.67Plasthall 100 35.0Gel - Clarity T T T T TC--H Adhesion ValuePEPJ 15.1 19.1 17.8 19.6 21.3FLEXGEL 18.2 32.9 25.8 28.9 24.4Tear Strength Kg/cm -- 0.3 -- -- --Tensile Strength Kg/cm.sup.2 -- 1.0 -- -- --Elongation % -- 104 -- -- --PolycarbonateCompatibility at 50.degree. C.(Breaking Force, Newtons)1 week -- 561 -- -- --3 weeks -- 556 -- -- --TSP -- 8.0 8.1 8.0 8.0______________________________________
TABLE 7______________________________________Components 36 37 38 39 40 41 42______________________________________Ricon 131/MA 20.44 20.44 20.44 20.44 22.19 24.36 20.44Poly bd R45 HT 14.56 14.56 14.56 14.56 15.81 15.64 14.56DBU 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.34 0.2Emory 2900 43.0 44.66Flexon 766 64.8Indopol H-100 16.2Plasthall 100 18.7Soybean Oil 15.0Calumet 450 48.6Flexon 391 64.7Sundex 750T 64.7Telura 171 64.8Gel - Clarity T T T T T T TC--H AdhesionValuePEPJ 0.9 10.2 20.4 18.7 -- 14.2 1.3FLEXGEL 1.8 29.8 25.3 27.6 -- 28.4 3.6PolycarbonateCompatabilityat 50.degree. C.(Breaking Force,Newtons)1 weeks -- -- -- -- 564 -- --3 weeks -- -- -- -- -- -- --9 weeks -- -- -- -- 533 -- --PCV -- -- -- -- 99 -- --TSP 7.8 7.9 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.8______________________________________
TABLE 8______________________________________Components 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50______________________________________Ricon 20.44 20.44 20.44 20.44 20.44 20.44 20.44 20.44131/MAPoly bd 14.56 14.56 14.56 14.56 14.56 14.56 14.56 14.56R45 HTDBU 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2Tufflo 300 48.6 48.6 48.6 48.6 48.6 48.6 48.6 48.6Witconol 16.2 8.1APSYarmor 302 16.2Dipentene 16.2Wickenol 171 16.2Schercemol 16.2PGDPFinsolv TN 16.2Cykelin 16.2Escopol 8.1R-020Gel - T T T T T T T TClarityC--HAdhesionValuePEPJ 18.2 20.4 12.4 16.4 23.6 19.6 6.7 18.7FLEXGEL 27.1 28 14.7 33.3 24.4 26.7 18.2 25.3TSP 8.0 8.2 8.0 -- -- -- -- --______________________________________
TABLE 9______________________________________Components 51 52 53 54 55 56______________________________________Ricon 131/MA 20.44 20.44 20.44 20.44 20.44 20.44Poly bd R45 HT 14.56 14.56 14.56 14.56 14.56 14.56DBU 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2Tufflo 300 48.6 48.6 48.6 48.6 48.6Diundecyl Phthallate 16.2Nuoplaz 6959 16.2Alpha-Terpineol 16.2Calumet 450 48.6Tarpine 66 16.2Flexricin P-8 16.2Tricrecyl Phosphate 16.2Gel - Clarity T T T O T TC--H Adhesion ValuePEPJ 12.4 11.6 18.7 5.3 11.6 9.3FLEXGEL 29.3 27.6 26.2 18.7 26.7 23.6TSP 8.1 8.1 8.2 -- 8.1 8.0______________________________________
TABLE 10______________________________________Components 57 58 59 60______________________________________Lithene PM 12MA 17.04Poly bd R45 HT 20.96 15.50 16.01 24.7DBU 0.33 0.3 0.4 1.32Sunthene 480 41.67Plasthall 100 20.0 32.0 22.0Lithene PM 25MA 0.92Ricon 131 MA 18.52 18.04Flexon 650 32.76 42.6PA-18 0.95 7.49Tufflo 500 66.49Gel - Clarity T O T TC--H Adhesion ValuePEPJ 4.4 17.3 8FLEXGEL 7.1 18.7 16.4Tear Strength Kg/cm 0.1 0.3 -- 0.03Tensile Strength Kg/cm.sup.2 0.2 0.7 -- 0.1Elongation % 218 160 -- 94______________________________________
TABLE 11______________________________________Components 61 62 63 64*** 65______________________________________Ricon 184/MA 24.28 42.49Lithene LX 16-10MA 19.82Maleinized Linseed Oil* 21.13Maleinized Polyisoprene** 23.47Poly bd R45 HT 15.72 27.51 20.18 38.87 16.53DBU 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2Flexon 650 19.7 9.8 24.7 36.4 34.8Soybean Oil 40.0 19.9 35.0 3.3 25.0Gel - Clarity T T T T TC--H Adhesion ValuePEPJ 13.3 -- 12.4 25.8 --FLEXGEL 19.1 -- 20 33.3 --Tear Strength Kg/cm 0.5 1.3 0.4 0.6 --Tensile Strength Kg/cm.sup.2 0.8 2.3 1.3 1.5 --Elongation % 200 158 69 249______________________________________*See Preparation A**See Preparation B***Heated at 60.degree. C. for 42 hours
TABLE 12______________________________________Components 66 67 68 69 70 71______________________________________Ricon 131/MA 20.45 36.21 26.64 18.95 22.07 22.2Pluracol TPE 4542 19.55Poly bd R45 HT 12.56 12.65Flexricin 17 3.79Nisso GI-1000 13.36Nisso GI-3000 21.05DBU 0.34 0.34 0.3 0.3 0.24 0.24Flexon 650 29.66 29.7 24.7Tufflo 300 64.7 64.7Soybean Oil 59.66 30.0 30.0 35.0Sovermol VP95 0.43Quadrol 0.21Gel - Clarity T T T T T TC--H Adhesion ValuePEPJ -- 6.2 22.2 28 -- --FLEXGEL -- 13.8 23.6 36.9 -- --Tear Strength Kg/cm 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.5 -- --Tensile Strength 0.7 0.3 1.0 1.0 -- --Kg/cm.sup.2Elongation % 162 65 95 116 -- --______________________________________
TABLE 13__________________________________________________________________________Components 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79__________________________________________________________________________Ricon 131/MA 30.45 42.63 24.36 22.19PA-18 6.96 6.96Poly bd R45 HT 19.55 27.37 15.64 15.81 10.05 22.96 22.96 8.04DBU 0.3 0.3 0.2Sunthene 480 27.7 16.7 31.1 34.1Plasthall 100 22.0 13.0 28.0 27.0T-8 1.85 2.0SA-1 0.9DABCO 33-LV 7.41 5.56 1.0SA-102 0.9Ricon 184/MA 14.95 11.96Tufflo 500 74.8 62.67 62.67 77.00Gel Time (min) 136 43 14.1Gel - Clarity T T T T T T T TTear Strength Kg/cm 0.6 1.3 0.8 0.4 0.2 -- -- --Tensile Strength Kg/cm.sup.2 1.6 2.9 1.4 1.1 0.4 -- -- --Elongation % 109 94 94 92 505__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 14______________________________________Components 80* 81* 82* 83 84 85 86______________________________________DBU 0.15Ricon 131/MA 23.9 24.36Ricon 184/MA 8.97 11.96 11.96 24.0 13.99Poly bd 6.03 8.04 8.04 16.1 15.64R45 HTTufflo 500 82.00 77.00 79.85 75.0 85.0OilQuadrol 1.0T-8 2.00 2.00Dabco 33-LV 1.00Irganox 1076 3.6Pluracol 355 1.01ADMA 4 1.0 1.0N,N,N',N'- 1.0tetramethyl-1,4-butane-diamineFlexon 650 26.0 22.4Soybean Oil 33.0 33.0Gel Time (min) 19.9 49.5 51.1 4.9 24.5 -- 60Gel - Clarity T T T T T T TC--HAdhesionValue(N/conductor)PEPJ -- -- -- -- -- -- 18.2FLEXGEL -- -- -- -- -- -- 31.6Tear Strength -- -- -- -- -- 0.6 0.6Kg/cmTensile -- -- -- -- -- 1.4 1.3StrengthKg/cm.sup.2Elongation % -- -- -- -- -- 107 136______________________________________
TABLE 15______________________________________COMPARATIVE EXAMPLESComponents A B C D______________________________________ Control Heated D1000 126 ControlPolycarbonateCompatibility at 50.degree. C.(Breaking Force, grams) 538.41 week 570 507 4983 weeks 574 476 4499 weeks 552 405 369PCV 75 69______________________________________

Number	Name	Date
3836695	Strecker et al.	Sep 1974
4102716	Groves et al.	Jul 1978
4168258	Brauer et al.	Sep 1979
4171998	Brauer et al.	Oct 1979
4191799	Gruber	Mar 1980
4231986	Brauer et al.	Nov 1980
4259540	Sabia	Mar 1981
4281210	Brauer et al.	Jul 1981
4324453	Patel	Apr 1982
4329442	Pokorny	May 1982
4355130	Heinze	Oct 1982
4375521	Arnold	Mar 1983
4497663	Fisher et al.	Feb 1985
4533598	Downey et al.	Aug 1985
4596743	Brauer et al.	Jun 1986
4619951	Gorke et al.	Oct 1986
4756851	Billigmeier et al.	Jul 1988
4787703	Tomko et al.	Nov 1988
4849579	Chapin et al.	Jul 1989
4857563	Croft et al.	Aug 1989
4927801	Mahmud	May 1990
4985475	Croft et al.	Jan 1991

Encapsulant compositions for use in signal transmission devices

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Entry
I. G. Meldrum, R. G. Fisher and A. J. Plomer, "Oil Solidifying Additives for Oil Spills", Proceeding of the Fourth Arctic Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar, pp. 325-352 (1981).
G. McGibbon, R. G. Fisher, I. G. Meldrum and A. J. Plomer, "Further Development in Oil Spill Solidification", Proceedings of the Fifth Arctic Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar, pp. 199-210 (1982).