Encryption key seed determination

Abstract

A computer implemented method for determining a plurality of data sources providing seed parameters for generation of an encryption key by a ransomware algorithm, the method including exposing a target computer system to the ransomware algorithm; monitoring application programming interface (API) calls made to an operating system of the target computer system to identify a set of API calls for retrieving data about one or more hardware components of the target computer system, the data about the hardware components being determined to constitute the seed parameters.

Description

PRIORITY CLAIM

The present application is a National Phase entry of PCT Application No. PCT/EP2019/074256, filed Sep. 11, 2019, which claims priority from EP Patent Application No. 18193910.9, filed Sep. 12, 2018, each of which is hereby fully incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to the categorization of ransomware.

BACKGROUND

A ransomware attack involves an attacking computer system encrypting data stored at a vulnerable target computer system—such as whole disk encryption—so as to prevent users of the target system from accessing the data. Targets may be offered access to their data on receipt of a payment.

SUMMARY

Accordingly it would be beneficial to mitigate such attacks.

The present disclosure accordingly provides, in a first aspect, a computer implemented method for determining a plurality of data sources providing seed parameters for generation of an encryption key by a ransomware algorithm, the method comprising: exposing a target computer system to the ransomware algorithm; monitoring application programming interface (API) calls made to an operating system of the target computer system to identify a set of API calls for retrieving data about one or more hardware components of the target computer system, the data about the hardware components being determined to constitute the seed parameters.

In some embodiments each hardware component includes one or more of: a central processing unit; a memory; a storage device; a peripheral device; a basic input/output subsystem; an output device; an input device; and a network device of the target computer system.

In some embodiments data about a hardware component includes one or more of: a reference number; an identifier; a version; a date; a time; an address; a serial number; and unique information about the hardware device.

In some embodiments monitoring includes using a process monitor to determine operating system API calls are made.

The present disclosure accordingly provides, in a second aspect, a computer system including a processor and memory storing computer program code for performing the method set out above.

The present disclosure accordingly provides, in a third aspect, a computer program element comprising computer program code to, when loaded into a computer system and executed thereon, cause the computer to perform the method set out above.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram a computer system suitable for the operation of embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a component diagram of an arrangement including a ransomware identifier according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a method of identifying a ransomware algorithm according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a component diagram of an arrangement including an encryption algorithm identifier according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a method of identifying an encryption algorithm used by a ransomware algorithm according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a component diagram of an arrangement including a monitor for determining a plurality of data sources providing seed parameters of an encryption algorithm according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a method for determining a plurality of data sources providing seed parameters of an encryption algorithm according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart of a method for decrypting an encrypted data store at a target computer system encrypted by a ransomware algorithm in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

In a ransomware attack, an attacker may refrain from providing complete decryption in order to pursue an ongoing program of extortion by providing only partial access to the maliciously encrypted data. For example, a victim be compelled to pay an agent of the attacker to access particular data such as data that only exists in the encrypted disk, data that is rare, data that is valuable, confidential data, personal data and the like. Additionally or alternatively, a ransomware attacker may seek to benefit from access to data at a target system by unauthorized data access, unauthorized data usage and/or data theft. For example, payment information such as credit card details, personal information such as name, address and other personal identification or other sensitive information may be stolen by an attacker. To achieve such targeted data theft, attackers identify such potentially valuable information within the data of a target system.

To these ends, attackers employ searchable encryption technologies (as are well known in the art) to selectively decrypt data stored on a victim system. Searchable encryption involves the generation of an index during the encryption process to categorize and identify parts of the encrypted data for subsequent selective decryption. For example, sensitive data, financial information, personal confidential information and the like may be selected for special indexing.

Different ransomware attacks will have different characteristics that must be taken into account to inform, inter alia, a nature, order and speed of defensive and responsive measures that may be taken in a physical or virtual computer system or network of such computer systems when ransomware is detected. For example, a rate of encryption, a nature and rate of propagation of malicious software employed by a ransomware attacker, a nature, extent and reliability of any paid-for decryption. Such characteristics, and others that will be apparent to those skilled in the art, may impact how an organization should react to a ransomware attack. Reactive measures can involve: determining an extent of isolation required for a network of connected systems within an organization (e.g. is the ransomware likely confined or widely spread at a point in time following detection?); determining an extent of spread of ransomware (e.g. are network appliances, peripherals and network storage implicated?); whether a remediation or mitigation mechanism is known; whether the attacker is cooperative; and others. Accordingly, it is beneficial to categorize ransomware to determine attributes for informing and selecting reactive measures.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a computer system suitable for the operation of embodiments of the present disclosure. A central processor unit (CPU) 102 is communicatively connected to a storage 104 and an input/output (I/O) interface 106 via a data bus 108. The storage 104 can be any read/write storage device such as a random access memory (RAM) or a non-volatile storage device. An example of a non-volatile storage device includes a disk or tape storage device. The I/O interface 106 is an interface to devices for the input or output of data, or for both input and output of data. Examples of I/O devices connectable to I/O interface 106 include a keyboard, a mouse, a display (such as a monitor) and a network connection.

FIG. 2 is a component diagram of an arrangement including a ransomware identifier 218 according to embodiments of the present invention. A server 202 is a computer system involved in delivering, triggering, prompting or serving a ransomware attack on a target computer system 206. For example, the ransomware attack can be effected by delivering malicious software (ransomware 204) to the target computer system 206 to encrypt data 208 stored at the target computer system 206. The ransomware 204 employs a searchable encryption (se) algorithm 210 to encrypt the data at the target computer system 206. In doing so, the encryption algorithm 210 generates a searchable encryption index 212 that is communicated to the server 202.

Embodiments of the present disclosure exploit the method of operation of ransomware and the mechanism of ransomware attacks to identify ransomware attacks undertaken using an identifiable ransomware algorithm such that responsive actions 214 known to be effective, appropriate, occasioned or otherwise warranted in response to a particular ransomware 204 can be effected. Thus, a ransomware identifier 216 component is a hardware, software, firmware or combination component communicatively connected to the target computer system 206 and a communication means through which the ransomware server 202 communicates therewith, such as a computer network. The ransomware identifier 216 actively exposes the target computer system 206 to the ransomware algorithm 204. The data 208 stored by target computer system 206 is a predetermined data set such that it can be reconstituted, replicated and reused. In some embodiments, the data 208 includes data that may be actively indexed by ransomware such as data of value to a malicious entity including, inter alia: personal sensitive information such as names, addresses, contact information; financial information such as bank account information, credit card details, debit card details, online banking credentials and the like; payment information; data marked confidential; data marked secret; a private encryption key; a digital signature; username information; password, passphrase, personal identification number, or other access control credentials; and other data as will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

During exposure of the target computer system 206 to the ransomware 204 the data 208 becomes encrypted by the ransomware 204 using the searchable encryption algorithm 210, including the generation of the encryption index 212. The ransomware identifier 216 intercepts the index 212 which can be provided in plaintext form. Subsequently, the ransomware identifier trains an autoencoder 218 based on the index such that the autoencoder 218 is trained to recognize the particular ransomware 204 based on the index 212 generated by the ransomware 204 for data 208. Notably, different ransomware algorithms will cause the generation of different indices for a number of reasons including: a different emphasis or preference of different ransomware algorithms for different types of data stored in the data set 208, for example, some ransomwares will seek to index all personal data while others might focus only on credit card numbers and the like; and the different searchable encryption algorithms employed by different ransomwares will result in different indexes.

Thus, the autoencoder 218 can be trained using index data to recognize indices generated by ransomware 204. One arrangement for generating input data for training (or, indeed, testing) the autoencoder 218 is outlined below.

The index 212 will generally consist of a series of locations within the encrypted form of data 208, each location identifying a particular data item or type of data of interest. Such locations will therefore occur across a range of locations from a lowest location (or offset) in the encrypted data to a highest location (or offset) in the data. In one embodiment, such an index is converted to a suitable input vector for the autoencoder 218 as follows:

• • 1. Normalize each index location in the range [0 . . . 1]. Such normalization can be achieved by:

$\frac{\mathrm{index}\mathrm{location}-\mathrm{lowest}\mathrm{location}}{\mathrm{highest}\mathrm{location}-\mathrm{lowest}\mathrm{location}}$

• • where: index location is the location (or offset) of a current index entry being processed; lowest location is the lowest location (or offset) in the index; and highest location is the highest location (or offset) indicated in the index.
  • 2. All normalized index entries are discretized by association with slots in a range [0 . . . 1] with the slot size (width) being determined by:

$\frac{1}{\mathrm{highest}\mathrm{location}-\mathrm{lowest}\mathrm{location}}$

• • Thus, if locations range from 50 to 150 then the slot size is

$\frac{1}{150-50}=\frac{1}{100}$

• • and thus slots will occur at [0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03 . . . ].
  • 3. Map each normalized index entries to a slot in the discretized range of slots. Locating an appropriate slot can use any suitable and consistent approach such as: rounding down to the nearest slot; or rounding up to the nearest slot; or truncating, etc.
  • 4. A count of entries for each slot can now be generated, and once counted, each slot assumes a normalized value depending on the lowest and highest counts for all slots. Thus, each slot ultimately has a normalized value in the range [0 . . . 1].
  • 5. The normalized slot values are used to constitute an input vector for training the autoencoder.

Once trained, the autoencoder 218 can be further used to determine if a subsequent ransomware matches the one used to train the autoencoder. Thus, responsive to a subsequent ransomware attack using an unknown ransomware, the ransomware identifier 216 exposes a computer system having the predetermined set of sample data to the unknown ransomware to effect encryption of the data by a searchable encryption algorithm of the unknown ransomware. Subsequently, an index generated by the unknown ransomware can be intercepted and used to generate an input vector for the trained autoencoder 218 using the steps outlined above. The input vector so processed is then fed into the autoencoder 218 to determine if the autoencoder 218 is able to recognize the input vector as indicative that the index generated by the unknown ransomware is indicative of the unknown ransomware being the same as the ransomware 204 used to train the autoencoder 218. Thus, in this way appropriate responsive actions 214 associated with a ransomware 204 can be selected for the unknown ransomware as appropriate.

In one embodiment, the autoencoder 218 is trained using multiple training examples based on indices generated from repeated exposures of the target computer system 206 to the ransomware 204. Further, in one embodiment, the autoencoder 218 is trained using multiple training examples based on indices from a plurality of different ransomware algorithms to which the target computer system 206 is exposed to discriminate ransomware algorithms.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a method of identifying a ransomware algorithm according to embodiments of the present disclosure. Initially, at 302, the method exposes the target computer system 206 to the ransomware 204. At 304 a searchable encryption index 212 is intercepted and used to generate training input vector(s) to train the autoencoder 218 at 306. At 308 the method determines if a new ransomware attack is detected, and if so, 308 exposes a computer system with the predetermined sample data to the ransomware in the attack. At 310 the method executes the trained autoencoder 218 using an input vector generated from a searchable index of the ransomware used in the attack. At 312 the method determines if the ransomware is recognized by the autoencoder 218 and, if recognized, the method selects and effects responsive actions associated with the recognized ransomware at 314.

FIG. 4 is a component diagram of an arrangement including an encryption algorithm identifier 422 according to embodiments of the present disclosure. Many of the features of FIG. 4 are identical to those described above with respect to FIG. 2 and these will not be repeated here. The encryption algorithm identifier 422 of FIG. 4 is a software, hardware, firmware or combination component arranged to determine which one of a set of candidate searchable encryption algorithms 430 is used by the ransomware 204 to encrypt the data 208. This is achieved by the encryption algorithm identifier 422 intercepting an ordered plurality of messages 420 communicated from the target computer system 206 to the ransomware server 202. Such messages are responses by the ransomware acting on the target computer system 206 to requests made by the server 202 for encrypted data from the data store 208 at locations in the index 212. For example, where the server 202 requests to receive encrypted credit card information stored in the data store 208, the location of such credit card information is determined by the server 202 in the index 212 and data at that location is requested from the target computer system 206. The messages 420 constitute responses to such requests and are ordered temporally according to the requests.

Each message 420 includes a message payload storing an encrypted unit of data (data unit) from the target computer system. Different encryption algorithms can operate on blocks (or units) of data of different sizes. For example, 64 byte blocks, 128 byte blocks, 256 byte blocks and other encryption block sizes as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the data unit in the payload of messages 420 will be an integral multiple of blocks (units) of encryption for an encryption algorithm employed by the ransomware 204. Where the actual data requested by the server does not constitute such an integral multiple of encryption blocks, then the data unit in the message payload will be padded using padding characters (bytes). These padding characters may vary within the same encryption algorithm across different messages in a sequence of messages, though within one message the same character will occur. Further, across an ordered sequence of messages, commonality can occur—such as commonality of the sequence of padding characters employed.

The encryption algorithm identifier 422 uses these padding characters to characterize an encryption algorithm by training an autoencoder 426 (notably, a different autoencoder to that described with respect to FIGS. 2 and 3). Initially, a padding byte identifier 424 identifies a padding byte for a message payload as a last byte in the data unit of the payload. The last byte is used because, where padding takes place, padding is at the end of the data unit. The autoencoder 426 is then trained based on the padding byte used by the encryption algorithm of the ransomware. The autoencoder 426 is trained using multiple training vectors arising from the padding bytes identified in each of an ordered sequence of message payload data units. In this way, the autoencoder 426 encodes the characteristics of the padding bytes and the order of padding bytes across multiple messages.

The nature of the training vector will now be described according to an exemplary embodiment. The padding byte extracted as the last byte can be assumed to be taken from a subset of all byte values. In some embodiments, all possible values of a character set may be employed, or all values of a byte (0 to 255). By way of example, the 62 byte values [a . . . z], [A . . . Z] and [0 . . . 9] are considered. The byte value for a padding byte of a particular message in the ordered sequence of messages is combined with the position in the ordered sequence to constitute an input vector. Thus, the autoencoder 426 in the exemplary embodiment has input units for each possible byte value for each possible sequence value. In a preferred embodiment, the autoencoder 426 is a restricted Boltzmann machine having hidden units according to a number of messages in the ordered sequence of messages, such that each hidden unit corresponds to a position in the ordered sequence.

Thus, when trained, the autoencoder 426 is adapted to differentiate encryption algorithms used by ransomwares. The identification of a particular encryption algorithm from the set of candidate algorithms 430 can also be achieved using an algorithm matcher 428. The operation of the algorithm matcher 428 is outlined below.

The sample data set 432 (corresponding to the data set 208 stored at the target computer system) is encrypted by each algorithm in the set of candidate searchable algorithms 430, each algorithm also generating a searchable encryption index. Each version of the encrypted sample data set is then used to request and receive an ordered plurality of elements of the encrypted data set using locations indicated in a corresponding index. A final byte of each element is then used, along with a position in the ordered set of the element, to constitute an input vector for the trained autoencoder 426. The trained autoencoder 426 is then invoked with the input vector to determine if the autoencoder 426 recognizes the candidate searchable encryption algorithm. In this way, a particular encryption algorithm from the candidate set can be associated with the autoencoder 426 trained for a particular ransomware 204, so identifying the searchable encryption algorithm for the ransomware.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a method of identifying an encryption algorithm used by a ransomware algorithm according to embodiments of the present disclosure. Initially, at 502, the method intercepts messages in an ordered plurality of messages 420 from the target computer system 206 to the server 202. At 504 the method inspects a final byte of an encrypted data unit in a message payload to identify a padding byte. At 506 the autoencoder 426 is trained based on the padding bytes and the position of each message in the ordered plurality of messages. At 508, for each searchable encryption algorithm in the candidate set of algorithms 430, the method performs 510 to 518. At 510 the algorithm matcher 428 encrypts the sample data set 432 using a current candidate algorithm. At 512 the algorithm matcher 428 requests an ordered plurality of encrypted elements from the data set 432. At 514 the algorithm matcher 428 invokes the trained autoencoder 426 based on the final (padding) byte of each element and the position of each element in the ordered plurality to determine, at 516, if the autoencoder 426 recognizes the candidate encryption algorithm. Where there is recognition, the candidate encryption algorithm is associated with the ransomware 204 at 520. Otherwise, the flowchart repeats for all candidate algorithms 430 at 518.

An encryption algorithm used by a ransomware will require the generation of an encryption key. Ransomware servers may not manage keys for all infected target computer systems because such management is resource intensive and introduces a vulnerability of key storage. Accordingly, a ransomware will utilize immutable characteristics of a target computer system to generate a key at the time of ransomware infection in order that the same key can be reliably generated by a ransomware server in respect of the same target computer system subsequently. The key will, thus, be generated based on seed data or parameters arising from the target computer system that cannot be expected to change, i.e. data relating to hardware features of the target computer system such as one or more of any or all of, inter alia: a central processing unit; a memory; a storage device; a peripheral device; a basic input/output subsystem; an output device; an input device; a network device; and other hardware as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Data about such hardware components can include, inter alia: a reference number; an identifier; a version; a date; a time; an address; a serial number; and/or any unique information about one or more hardware components as will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

FIG. 6 is a component diagram of an arrangement including a monitor 642 for determining a plurality of data sources providing seed parameters of an encryption algorithm according to embodiments of the present disclosure. Many of the features of FIG. 6 are the same as those described above with respect to FIG. 2 and these will not be repeated here. On infection by a ransomware 204, the target computer system 206 will be used to generate an encryption key. To access data about hardware components, devices, features and the like calls will be made to or via an operating system (OS) 640 of the target computer system. Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a monitor 642 for monitoring application programming interface (API) calls made to the operating system 640 to identify a set of one or more calls for retrieving data about one or more hardware components of the target computer system 206. The data about such components is then determined to constitute the seed parameters for the generation of an encryption key by the ransomware 204.

In some embodiments, the timing of the monitoring by the monitor 642 is selected to coincide with a period when generation of the encryption key can be expected. Thus, the target computer system 206 is exposed to the ransomware 204 intentionally and, at the point of initial exposure and before encryption commences, monitoring of the API calls is performed. The commencement of encryption can be detected by a sudden increase in storage activity—such as disk input/output activity—arising from the process of reading, encrypting and writing data 208 to storage device(s).

In one embodiment, the monitor 642 uses a process monitor to identify API calls, such process monitors being commonly available as part of, or to supplement, operating systems of computer systems.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a method for determining a plurality of data sources providing seed parameters of an encryption algorithm according to embodiments of the present disclosure. At 702 the method exposes the target computer system 206 to the ransomware 204. At 704 the monitor 642 monitors API calls to or via the operating system 40 to identify calls retrieving (or possibly useful for retrieving) data about hardware components of the target computer system. At 706 the method determines data about hardware retrieved via the API calls detected at 704 to constitute seed parameters for the generation of an encryption key for the ransomware 204.

Previously described embodiments serve to identify ransomware, determine a searchable encryption algorithm used by the ransomware and determine seed information for the generation of an encryption key for the ransomware. The combination of these techniques can be further applied to remediate a ransomware infection by decrypting a data store encrypted by a ransomware.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart of a method for decrypting an encrypted data store at a target computer system encrypted by a ransomware algorithm in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. At 802 a searchable encryption algorithm used by the ransomware is determined. For example, the techniques described above with respect to FIGS. 4 and 5 can be employed. At 804, seed parameters used by the encryption algorithm for key generation are determined. For example, the techniques described above with respect to FIGS. 6 and 7 can be employed. The particular order of seed parameters used in the key generation process can be determined by trial and error using, for example, software. Furthermore, the key generation algorithm required can be determined based on the identified encryption algorithm from 802. Subsequently, at 806, an encryption key for the ransomware infection is generated using the seed information determined at 804 and the encryption algorithm determined at 802. Finally, at 808, data encrypted by a ransomware is decrypted using the encryption algorithm determined ate 802 and the key generated at 808.

Insofar as embodiments of the disclosure described are implementable, at least in part, using a software-controlled programmable processing device, such as a microprocessor, digital signal processor or other processing device, data processing apparatus or system, it will be appreciated that a computer program for configuring a programmable device, apparatus or system to implement the foregoing described methods is envisaged as an aspect of the present disclosure. The computer program may be embodied as source code or undergo compilation for implementation on a processing device, apparatus or system or may be embodied as object code, for example.

Suitably, the computer program is stored on a carrier medium in machine or device readable form, for example in solid-state memory, magnetic memory such as disk or tape, optically or magneto-optically readable memory such as compact disk or digital versatile disk etc., and the processing device utilizes the program or a part thereof to configure it for operation. The computer program may be supplied from a remote source embodied in a communications medium such as an electronic signal, radio frequency carrier wave or optical carrier wave. Such carrier media are also envisaged as aspects of the present disclosure. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that, although the present invention has been described in relation to the above described example embodiments, the disclosure is not limited thereto and that there are many possible variations and modifications which fall within the scope of the disclosure. The scope of the present disclosure includes any novel features or combination of features disclosed herein. The applicant hereby gives notice that new claims may be formulated to such features or combination of features during prosecution of this application or of any such further applications derived therefrom. In particular, with reference to the appended claims, features from dependent claims may be combined with those of the independent claims and features from respective independent claims may be combined in any appropriate manner and not merely in the specific combinations enumerated in the claims.

Claims

1. A computer implemented method for determining a plurality of data sources providing seed parameters for generation of an encryption key by a ransomware algorithm, the method comprising: introducing the ransomware algorithm into a target computer system; andas the ransomware algorithm is introduced into the target computer system, monitoring application programming interface (API) calls made to an operating system of the target computer system to identify a set of API calls for retrieving data about one or more hardware components of the target computer system, the data about the one or more hardware components being determined to constitute the seed parameters.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the one or more hardware components includes one or more of: a central processing unit; a memory; a storage device; a peripheral device; a basic input/output subsystem; an output device; an input device; or a network device of the target computer system.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the data about the one or more hardware components includes one or more of: a reference number; an identifier; a version; a date; a time; an address; a serial number; or unique information about the hardware component.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the monitoring includes using a process monitor to determine operating system API calls are made.

5. A computer system comprising: a processor and memory storing computer program code for determining a plurality of data sources providing seed parameters for generation of an encryption key by a ransomware algorithm, by: introducing the ransomware algorithm into a target computer system; andas the ransomware algorithm is introduced into the target computer system, monitoring application programming interface (API) calls made to an operating system of the target computer system to identify a set of API calls for retrieving data about one or more hardware components of the target computer system, the data about the one or more hardware components being determined to constitute the seed parameters.

6. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program element comprising computer program code to, when loaded into a computer system and executed thereon, cause the computer system to determine a plurality of data sources providing seed parameters for generation of an encryption key by a ransomware algorithm, by: introducing the ransomware algorithm into a target computer system; andas the ransomware algorithm is introduced into the target computer system, monitoring application programming interface (API) calls made to an operating system of the target computer system to identify a set of API calls for retrieving data about one or more hardware components of the target computer system, the data about the one or more hardware components being determined to constitute the seed parameters.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein monitoring the API calls is performed before the encryption key is generated by the ransomware algorithm.

8. The method of claim 7, further comprising detecting commencement of the generation of the encryption key by ransomware algorithm by detecting an increase in storage activity in the target computer system.