Patent Grant
11913767
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
This section is intended to introduce various aspects of the art, which may be associated with exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. This discussion is believed to assist in providing a framework to facilitate a better understanding of particular aspects of the present disclosure. Accordingly, it should be understood that this section should be read in this light, and not necessarily as admissions of prior art.
The present disclosure relates to the field of hydrocarbon recovery operations. More specifically, the invention relates to a tandem sub used to mechanically and electrically connect detonation tools in a perforating gun assembly. Further still, the invention relates to an assembly residing within a tandem sub for initiating an explosive charge for a perforating gun, and further, to a detonation assembly that protects the electronics located inside of the tandem sub from wellbore fluid and debris produced by the detonation of charges from an associated perforating gun.
In the drilling of an oil and gas well, a near-vertical wellbore is formed through the earth using a drill bit urged downwardly at a lower end of a drill string. After drilling to a predetermined depth, the drill string and bit are removed and the wellbore is lined with a string of casing. An annular area is thus formed between the string of casing and the formation penetrated by the wellbore.
A cementing operation is conducted in order to fill or “squeeze” the annular volume with cement along part or all of the length of the wellbore. The combination of cement and casing strengthens the wellbore and facilitates the zonal isolation, and subsequent completion, of hydrocarbon-producing pay zones behind the casing.
In connection with the completion of the wellbore, several strings of casing having progressively smaller outer diameters will be cemented into the wellbore. These will include a string of surface casing, one or more strings of intermediate casing, and finally a production casing. The process of drilling and then cementing progressively smaller strings of casing is repeated until the well has reached total depth. In some instances, the final string of casing is a liner, that is, a string of casing that is not tied back to the surface.
Within the last two decades, advances in drilling technology have enabled oil and gas operators to “kick-off” and steer wellbore trajectories from a vertical orientation to a horizontal orientation. The horizontal “leg” of each of these wellbores now often exceeds a length of one mile, and sometimes two or even three miles. This significantly multiplies the wellbore exposure to a target hydrocarbon-bearing formation. The horizontal leg will typically include the production casing.
The wellbore 100 is completed with a first string of casing 120, sometimes referred to as surface casing. The wellbore 100 is further completed with a second string of casing 130, typically referred to as an intermediate casing. In deeper wells, that is, wells completed below 7,500 feet, at least two intermediate strings of casing will be used. In
The wellbore 100 is finally completed with a string of production casing 150. In the view of
It is observed that the annular region around the surface casing 120 is filled with cement 125. The cement (or cement matrix) 125 serves to isolate the wellbore 100 from fresh water zones and potentially porous formations around the casing string 120.
The annular regions around the intermediate casing strings 130, 140 are also filled with cement 135, 145. Similarly, the annular region around the production casing 150 is filled with cement 155. However, the cement 135, 145, 155 is optionally only placed behind the respective casing strings 130, 140, 150 up to the lowest joint of the immediately surrounding casing string. Thus, a non-cemented annular area 132 is typically preserved above the cement matrix 135, a non-cemented annular area 142 may optionally be preserved above the cement matrix 135, and a non-cemented annular area 152 is frequently preserved above the cement matrix 155.
The horizontal leg 156 of the wellbore 100 includes a heel 153 and a toe 154. In this instance, the toe 154 defines the end (or “TD”) of the wellbore 100. In order to enhance the recovery of hydrocarbons, particularly in low-permeability formations 115, the casing 150 along the horizontal section 156 undergoes a process of perforating and fracturing (or in some cases perforating and acidizing). Due to the very long lengths of new horizontal wells, the perforating and formation treatment process is typically carried out in stages.
In one method, a perforating gun assembly 200 is pumped down towards the end of the horizontal leg 156 at the end of a wireline 240. The perforating gun assembly 200 will include a series of perforating guns (shown at 210 in
After perforating, the operator will fracture (or otherwise stimulate) the formation 115 through the perforations (not shown). This is done by pumping treatment fluids into the formation 115 at a pressure above a formation parting pressure. After the fracturing operation is complete, the wireline 240 will be raised and the perforating gun assembly 200 will be positioned at a new location (or “depth”) along the horizontal wellbore 156. A plug (such as plug 112) is set below the perforating gun assembly 200 using a setting tool 160, and new shots are fired in order to create a new set of perforations. Thereafter, treatment fluid is again pumping into the wellbore 100 and into the formation 115 at a pressure above the formation parting pressure. In this way, a second set (or “cluster”) of fractures is formed away from the wellbore 156.
The process of setting a plug, perforating the casing, and fracturing the formation is repeated in multiple stages until the wellbore has been completed, that is, it is ready for production. A string of production tubing (not shown) is then placed in the wellbore to provide a conduit for production fluids to flow up to the surface 105.
In order to provide perforations for the multiple stages without having to pull the perforating gun 200 after every detonation, the perforating gun assembly 200 employs multiple guns in series.
Each perforating gun 210 represents various components. These typically include a “gun barrel” 212 which serves as an outer tubular housing. An uppermost gun barrel 212 is supported by an electric wire (or “e-line”) 240 that extends from the surface 105 and delivers electrical energy down to the tool string 200. Each perforating gun 210 also includes an explosive initiator, or “detonator” (shown at 594 in
The detonator is surrounded by a sensitive explosive material such as RDX. When current is run through the detonator, a small explosion is set off by the electrically heated resistor. Stated another way, the explosive compound is ignited by the detonator. This small explosion sets off an adjacent detonating cord (shown at 595 in
The perforating gun assembly 200 may include short centralizer subs 220. In addition, tandem subs 225 are used to connect the gun barrel housings 212 end-to-end. Each tandem sub 225 comprises a metal threaded connector placed between the gun barrels 210. Typically, the gun barrels 210 will have female-by-female threaded ends while the tandem sub 225 has opposing male threaded ends.
The perforating gun assembly 200 with its long string of gun barrels (the housings 212 of the perforating guns 210) is carefully assembled at the surface 105, and then lowered into the wellbore 10 at the end of the e-line 240. The e-line 240 extends upward to a control interface (not shown) located at the surface 105. An insulated connection member 230 connects the e-line 240 to the uppermost perforating gun 210. Once the assembly 200 is in place within a wellbore, an operator of the control interface sends electrical signals to the perforating gun assembly 200 for detonating the shaped charges 520 and for creating perforations into the casing 150.
After the casing 150 has been perforated and at least one plug 112 has been set, the setting tool 120 and the perforating gun assembly 200 are taken out of the wellbore 100 and a ball (not shown) is dropped into the wellbore 100 to close the plug 112. When the plug 112 is closed, a fluid (e.g., water, water and sand, fracturing fluid, etc.) is pumped by a pumping system down the wellbore (typically through coiled tubing) for fracturing purposes.
As noted, the above operations may be repeated multiple times for perforating and/or fracturing the casing 150 at multiple locations, corresponding to different stages of the well. Multiple plugs may be used for isolating the respective stages from each other during the perforating phase and/or fracturing phase. When all stages are completed, the plugs are drilled out and the wellbore 100 is cleaned using a circulating tool.
It can be appreciated that a reliable electrical connection must be made between the gun barrels 210 in the tool string 200 through each tandem sub 225. Currently, electrical connections are primarily made using a side entrance port on the tandem sub 225 to manually connect wires. When the charges are fired, the electronics in each carrier tube are lost and the tandem subs are frequently sacrificed.
A need exists for a detonation system wherein the electronic switch is housed within the tandem sub such that the wiring connections may be pre-assembled before the perforating guns are delivered to the field. A need further exists for a detonation system utilizing a tandem sub having a carrier end plate, wherein the end plate seals off the tandem sub from wellbore fluids and debris following detonation of explosive charges in an associated perforating gun. Additionally, a need exists for a detonation system that uses signal transmission pins that extend through an end plate in order to deliver detonation signals, while mechanically and fluidically sealing off an associated tandem sub from wellbore fluids and debris following detonation of explosive charges.
A detonation system for a perforating gun assembly is provided. The detonation system utilizes an addressable switch that transmits a detonation signal to a detonator in an adjacent perforating gun. The detonator, in turn, ignites an explosive material, creating an explosion that is passed through a detonating cord. The detonating cord then ignites shaped charges along the perforating gun.
The detonation system first includes a tandem sub. The tandem sub defines a short tubular body having a first end and a second opposing end. A circular shoulder may be provided intermediate the first and second ends. The first and second ends comprise male threads that are configured to connect to gun barrels of adjacent perforating guns. The gun barrels are threaded onto the opposing ends of the tandem sub until they reach the intermediate shoulder.
The detonation system also includes a perforating gun. The perforating gun comprises a carrier tube, a plurality of charges residing within the carrier tube, and a gun barrel. The gun barrel serves as a housing for the carrier tube and the plurality of charges. In one aspect, the gun barrel has female threads that connect to male threads at a first end of the tandem sub.
The detonation system additionally includes a switch housing. The switch housing resides within an inner bore of the tandem sub, proximate the first end.
As noted, the detonation system also includes the addressable switch. The addressable switch resides entirely within the switch housing. The addressable switch is configured to receive instruction signals from the surface by means of a signal line. The addressable switch listens for a detonation signal that is associated with that tandem sub.
The detonation system also comprises a bottom end plate. The bottom end plate resides between the carrier tube of the perforating gun and the first end of the tandem sub. The bottom end plate has a first through-opening.
The detonation system additionally comprises a detonator pin. The detonator pin extends through the first through-opening of the bottom end plate. The detonator pin has a proximal end that extends into the carrier tube and that is in electrical communication with a detonator. The detonator pin further has a distal end that extends into the switch housing and is in electrical communication with the addressable switch. The detonator pin is preferably fabricated from an electrically conductive material.
Beneficially, the bottom end plate provides a seal against the first end of the tandem sub to protect the addressable switch from a pressure wave generated by detonation of the plurality of charges in the adjacent carrier tube. Preferably, the carrier tube is upstream from the tandem sub, which means that the bottom end plate is actually above, or upstream from, the tandem sub.
In one aspect, the detonation system further comprises a bulkhead for the detonation pin. The bulkhead resides around an intermediate portion of the detonation pin such that the bulkhead frictionally resides within the through-opening of the bottom end plate. Preferably, the bulkhead for the detonation pin is fabricated from a non-conductive material, and resides substantially within the bottom end plate.
In one aspect, the detonation system further comprises a contact pin. The contact pin is also fabricated from a conductive material and also resides within the inner bore of the tandem sub. The contact pin comprises a contact head that extends into the switch housing from the bottom, a shaft, and a distal end in electrical communication with the signal line. The contact pin is configured to transmit instruction signals from the surface to a next (or downstream) perforating gun by means of the signal line.
Preferably, the detonation system also has a top end plate. The top end plate resides at the second end of the tandem sub, between the tandem sub and a next perforating gun. The top end plate receives the distal end of the contact pin. Note that the top end plate is preferably above a downstream carrier tube associated with the next perforating gun, which means that the top end plate is actually below, or downstream from, the tandem sub.
The detonation system also has a transmission pin. The transmission pin resides within a second through-opening of the bottom end plate, and delivers detonation signals from the electric line to the addressable switch. Note that the transmission pin is never in electrical communication with the detonator.
Finally, the detonation system comprises a ground post. The ground post has a proximal end extending into the switch housing, and a distal end threaded onto the bottom end plate.
In the detonation system, the addressable switch is configured to monitor instruction signals received through the signal line and transmission pin. When an instruction signal is received to detonate charges in the adjacent carrier tube, that is, the gun barrel, the addressable switch sends a detonation signal through the detonation pin and to the detonator. Preferably, the perforating gun having the adjacent carrier tube is upstream of the tandem sub. However, in the detonation system the gun barrel may be downstream of the tandem sub.
In operation, the detonation system is part of the perforating gun assembly. The perforating gun assembly is run into a wellbore at the end of an electric line. More typically, the perforating gun assembly is pumped into the horizontal portion of the wellbore. The ground post and the contact pin are in electrical communication with the e-line, with the e-line extending from the perforating gun assembly up to the surface. When a signal is sent through the e-line, it is carried through the perforating gun assembly by means of the signal line and the contact pins residing within the string of perforating guns and tandem subs.
The addressable switches filter instruction signals from the operator at the surface. When an addressable switch receives a signal associated with its tandem sub and perforating gun, the addressable switch will send a detonation signal through the detonation pin and to the detonator. The detonator, in turn, ignites the explosive material that passes through the detonating cord and on to the charges along the carrier tube.
In addition to the detonation system, a tandem sub for a perforating gun assembly is also provided herein. The tandem sub comprises a first end and an opposing second end. The first end represents a male connector and is threadedly connected to a first perforating gun. Similarly, the second end represents a male connector and is threadedly connected to a second perforating gun.
The first end abuts a first end plate while the second end abuts a second end plate. An inner bore extends between the first end of the tandem sub and the second end.
A switch housing resides within the inner bore of the tandem sub proximate the first end. An addressable switch resides within the switch housing. The addressable switch is configured to receive instruction signals from an operator at the surface via a signal line.
The tandem sub includes a detonation pin and a separate signal transmission pin. The detonation pin has a proximal end that extends into an adjacent carrier tube and is in electrical communication with a detonator. The detonation pin also has a distal end that extends into the switch housing and is in electrical communication with the addressable switch. Similarly, the transmission pin has a proximal end that extends into the switch housing, and a distal end that is in electrical communication with a signal line coming in from the carrier tube.
The tandem sub includes a receptacle. The receptacle is positioned within the inner bore of the tandem sub proximate the second end. The receptacle is dimensioned to closely receive a bulkhead, wherein the bulkhead comprises:
The contact pin is fabricated substantially from a conductive material. The contact head transmits instruction signals from the electric line (such as by means of a ground post) to a next perforating gun.
In one aspect, the first end plate comprises a first through-opening and a second through-opening. The first through-opening receives the detonation pin while the second through-opening receives the signal transmission pin. The signal transmission pin and the contact pin are in electrical communication with the e-line, with the e-line extending from the perforating gun assembly up to the surface.
The addressable switch filters instruction signals from the operator at the surface. When the addressable switch receives a signal associated with its tandem sub and adjacent perforating gun, the addressable switch will send a detonation signal through the detonation pin and back up to the detonator through the detonator pin. As noted above, the detonator defines a small aluminum housing having a resistor inside. The resister is surrounded by a sensitive explosive material. When current is run through the detonator, a small explosion is set off by the electrically heated resistor. This small explosion ignites an explosive material placed within the detonating cord. As the explosive material is ignited, the detonating cord delivers the explosion to shaped charges along the first perforating gun.
Beneficially, the first end plate provides a seal against the first end of the tandem sub to protect the addressable switch from a pressure wave generated by detonation of charges in the upstream gun barrel. The first end plate, thus, may be a bottom end place, secured to a downstream end of the carrier tube.
In addition, the present disclosure offers a carrier end plate. In one aspect, the end plate comprises a first end defining a first face, and a second end opposite the first end defining a second face.
The carrier end plate has an opening along the second face configured to receive an end of a ground pin. In addition, the end plate includes a first through-opening and a second through-opening. A first bulkhead resides in the first through-opening and is configured to closely receive a signal transmission pin. The signal transmission pin is configured to receive signals from the surface by means of an electrical wire, or e-line. Similarly, a second bulkhead residing in the second through-opening configured to closely receive a detonator pin. The detonator pin is configured to transmit detonation signals from an addressable switch.
In one aspect, the end plate further comprises a flange. The flange resides between the first face and the second face. An upstream carrier tube associated with a perforating gun extends over the first face and abuts the flange on a first side. At the same time, a downstream tandem sub holding the addressable switch extends over the second face and abuts the flange on a second side opposite the first side.
So that the manner in which the present inventions can be better understood, certain illustrations, charts and/or flow charts are appended hereto. It is to be noted, however, that the drawings illustrate only selected embodiments of the inventions and are therefore not to be considered limiting of scope, for the inventions may admit to other equally effective embodiments and applications.
For purposes of the present application, it will be understood that the term “hydrocarbon” refers to an organic compound that includes primarily, if not exclusively, the elements hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons may also include other elements, such as, but not limited to, halogens, metallic elements, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and/or sulfuric components such as hydrogen sulfide.
As used herein, the terms “produced fluids,” “reservoir fluids” and “production fluids” refer to liquids and/or gases removed from a subsurface formation, including, for example, an organic-rich rock formation. Produced fluids may include both hydrocarbon fluids and non-hydrocarbon fluids. Production fluids may include, but are not limited to, oil, natural gas, pyrolyzed shale oil, synthesis gas, a pyrolysis product of coal, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and water.
As used herein, the term “fluid” refers to gases, liquids, and combinations of gases and liquids, as well as to combinations of gases and solids, combinations of liquids and solids, and combinations of gases, liquids, and solids.
As used herein, the term “subsurface” refers to geologic strata occurring below the earth's surface.
As used herein, the term “formation” refers to any definable subsurface region regardless of size. The formation may contain one or more hydrocarbon-containing layers, one or more non-hydrocarbon containing layers, an overburden, and/or an underburden of any geologic formation. A formation can refer to a single set of related geologic strata of a specific rock type, or to a set of geologic strata of different rock types that contribute to or are encountered in, for example, without limitation, (i) the creation, generation and/or entrapment of hydrocarbons or minerals, and (ii) the execution of processes used to extract hydrocarbons or minerals from the subsurface region.
As used herein, the term “wellbore” refers to a hole in the subsurface made by drilling or insertion of a conduit into the subsurface. A wellbore may have a substantially circular cross section, or other cross-sectional shapes. The term “well,” when referring to an opening in the formation, may be used interchangeably with the term “wellbore.”
Reference herein to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the subject matter disclosed. Thus, the appearance of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout the specification is not necessarily referring to the same embodiment.
The following description of the embodiments refers to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers in different drawings identify the same or similar elements. The following detailed description does not limit the invention; instead, the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims.
The following embodiments are discussed, for simplicity, with regard to attaching two perforating guns to each other through a tandem sub. In the following, the terms “upstream” and “downstream” are being used to indicate that one gun barrel of a perforating gun may be situated above and one below, respectively. However, one skilled in the art would understand that the invention is not limited only to the upstream gun or only to the downstream gun, but in fact can be applied to either gun. In other words, the terms “upstream” and “downstream” are not necessarily used in a restrictive manner, but only to indicate, in a specific embodiment, the relative positions of perforating guns or other components.
Each perforating gun 310, 310′ comprises a tubular housing having first and second opposing ends. Each end comprises female threads 315. In the view of
An electronic switch 332 is located inside the tandem sub 325. The switch 332 is electrically connected through signal line 334 to an upstream e-wireline (shown at 240 in
Where a series of gun barrels is used in a perforating gun assembly 300, the signal from the wireline 240 will be transmitted through the series of gun barrels 310, 310′, etc. and corresponding contact pins (shown at 670 in
The switches “listen” for a detonation signal sent through the signal line 334/336. When a detonation signal is received, the switch 332 sends a corresponding detonation signal through the line 334 to the detonator (not shown) for activating a shaped charge 330 (also shown at 520 in
In
Thus, it is desirable to have a detonation system wherein the inside electronics are protected from the debris and wellbore fluids generated by the pressure wave caused by the detonation of the upstream charges so that, after a perforating process is completed, both the tandem sub 325 and its electronics 332 can be reused. It is also desirable to provide a novel tandem sub having an inner bore that contains a switch housing with an electrical switch, coupled with a novel end plate that receives pins for communicating detonation signals and instruction signals. This may be referred to herein as a sealed explosive initiation assembly.
The tandem sub 400 includes externally machined threads 404. The threads 404 are male threads dimensioned to mate with female threaded ends 315 of a gun barrel housing, such as perforating guns 310, 310′ of
Interestingly, if the operator begins having multiple misruns due to a problem with the detonator, then the portless tandem sub 400 (and internal electronic assembly 600, described below) allow the operator to switch to a new batch number, or even to switch vendors completely. The detonation system of the present invention also allows the operator to select the gun lengths, shot densities and phasing that are available on the market. Thus, a plug-n-play system that may be used with perf guns from different vendors is provided.
Intermediate the length of the tandem sub 400 and between the threads 404 is a shoulder 406. The shoulder 406 serves as a stop member as the tandem sub 400 is screwed into the end 317 of a gun barrel 310. Optionally, grooves 407 are formed equi-radially around the shoulder 406. The grooves 407 cooperate with a tool (not shown) used for applying a rotational force to the tandem sub 400 without harming the rugosity of the shoulder 406.
The tandem sub 400 includes a central bore 405. As will be described in greater detail below, the bore 405 is dimensioned to hold novel electronics associated with a perforating gun assembly 210. Such electronics represent an electronic switch housing as shown at 650 in
It is understood that each opening 510 along the carrier tube 500 will receive and accommodate a shaped charge 520. Each shaped charge 520, in turn, is designed to detonate in response to an explosive signal passed through a detonating cord. It is understood that the carrier tube 500 and the shaped charge 520 are illustrative, and that the current inventions are not limited to any particular type, model or configuration of charges, carrier tubes or gun barrels unless expressly so provided in the claims.
An electronic detonator and a detonating cord (shown at 594 and 595, respectively, in
Extending up from the top end plate 620 is a bulkhead 675. The bulkhead 675 encloses a contact pin 670. The contact pin 670 is configured to transmit detonation and communication signals from the surface, down to addressable switches along the perforating gun string. The contact pin 670 and bulkhead 675 are shown in greater detail in
A signal line 610 is seen extending down from the contact pin 670 and through the carrier tube 500. The signal line 610 further extends through the bottom end plate 630, and down to a next perforating gun (not shown). Of interest, the signal line 610 is interrupted at the bottom end plate 630 by a transmission pin 720′. The transmission pin 720′ is shown in greater detail in
In the view of
The end plate 630 has a closed end surface 635. Three separate pins are seen extending out of the closed end surface 635. These represent a ground pin 710 and two electrical pins 720′, 720″. In one aspect, ground pin 710 connects to the bottom end plate 630 as an electrical ground, while electrical pins 720′, 720″ connect to white and green wires, respectively.
Note that each of the electrical pins 720′, 720″ extends into the bottom end plate 630. As demonstrated with pin 680 in
The explosive initiation assembly 1000 first includes a switch housing 650. The switch housing 650 resides within a bore of the tandem sub 400.
The explosive initiation assembly 1000 also includes an addressable switch 660. The addressable switch 660 resides within the switch housing 650. The addressable switch 660 receives signals sent from the surface as sent by an operator, through signal transmission 720′, and filters those signals to identify an activation signal. If an activation signal is identified, then a signal is separately sent for detonation of charges in an adjacent (typically upstream) perforating gun 210 through detonator pin 720″. Note that neither the pin 710 nor the pin 720′ is at any time in electrical communication with the detonator.
The tandem sub 400 and its switch housing 650 reside between the bottom plate 630 and the top end plate 620. Flange members 636, 626 associated with the bottom end plate 630 and the top end plate 620, respectively, abut opposing ends of the tandem sub 400. Beneficially, the end plates 630, 620 mechanically seal the tandem sub 400, protecting the addressable switch 660 from wellbore fluids and debris generated during detonation of the charges 520. Note that the bulkhead 410 and the contact pin 420 (or bulkhead 675 and contact pin 670 of
Note also that neither the top end plate 620 nor the bottom end plate 630 is a so-called “tandem sub adapter.” Indeed, neither the top end plate 620 nor the bottom end plate 630 even resides within the tandem sub 500.
The explosive initiation assembly 1000 also includes a contact pin 670. The contact pin 670 resides within a non-conductive bulkhead 675. A first (or proximal) end of the contact pin 670 extends into the switch housing 650 while a second (or distal) end of the contact pin 670 extends into the top end plate 620.
It can be seen that the signal transmission line 610 is connected to the distal end of the contact pin 670. The signal transmission line 610 is protected along the top end plate 620 by means of a tubular insulator 615.
The explosive initiation assembly 1000 further includes a detonation pin 680. The detonation pin 680 also resides within a non-conductive bulkhead 685. A proximal end of the detonation pin 680 resides within an adjacent carrier tube 500, while a distal end extends into the switch housing 650. Note that the detonation pin 680 is the same as pin 720″ of
The proximal end 622 of the top end plate 620 comprises a threaded opening 621. The threaded opening 621 is configured to receive a bolt or pin (not shown) that radially fixes the top end plate to the top of the carrier tube 510.
At the proximal end 632 of the end plate 630 are two openings 642, 644. One of the openings 642 is dimensioned to receive the detonation pin 680 (or 720″) and the corresponding bulkhead 685. The other opening 644 receives a transmission pin 720′ and its own corresponding bulkhead 685. Electrical pin 720′ serves as a signal transmission pin while electrical pin 720″ serves as a detonator pin. Electrical pin 710 serves as a ground pin. The transmission pin 720′ and the detonator pin 720″ extend from inside the switch housing 650 to inside the bottom end plate 630.
Each end 652, 654 of the switch housing 650 includes contact ports. In the view of
The contact ports 658 are dimensioned to closely receive the ground pin 710 and the electrical pins 720.
The contact pin 1500 defines an elongated body 1510. In accordance with the direction of current through the body 1510, end 1504 is an upstream end while end 1502 is a downstream end, with current flowing from upstream to downstream. The body 1510 includes a plurality of shoulders, or upsets 1520. The shoulders 1520 are equi-distantly spaced along a portion of the length of the body 1510. In the illustrative arrangement of
Returning to
The bulkhead 1550 defines an elongated body 1505 with a generally circular outer diameter. In the illustrative arrangement of
The downstream end 1552 of the bulkhead 1550 provides for an opening 1556 (seen in
The result of the bulkhead assembly of
In operation, the communication line 610 extends down from the lower signal transmission pin 1530′. At the same time, the upper signal transmission pin 1530″ is in communication with the addressable switch 660 by means of wire 611 (shown in
It is understood that either or both of the signal transmission pins 1530′, 1530″ could be arranged to be inserted completely into respective openings 1506, 1508 of the contact pin 1500, meaning that the connections do not extend beyond either of the first end 1552 or the second end 1554 of the bulkhead 1550. In this instance, the communication wire 610 would extend into female opening 1506. Alternatively or in addition, wire 611 would extend into female opening 1508. A clip may be used to releasably connect wires 610, 611 into the openings 1506, 1508 of the respective conductive ends 1502, 1504.
At the proximal end 652 of the switch housing 650, the wiring terminals 640 support contacts 645. An enlarged view of a contact 645 is shown at
At the distal end 654 of the switch housing 650, the wiring terminals 640 support ground pin 710 and electrical pins 720′, 720″. Pins 710, 720 are shown and described above in connection with
The insulator boot 615 is preferably fabricated from a non-conductive material such as a rigid plastic. The insulator boot 615 includes an elongated bore 616. The bore 616 of a first boot 615 is configured to receive the distal end 674 of the contact pin 670 within the top end plate 620 after a terminal 640 and wire are connected. The bore 616 of a second boot 615 and of a third boot 615 cover ends 684 of respective signal transmission pin 720′ and detonation transmission pin 720″/680, respectively, after terminals 640 and wires are installed.
The illustrative transmission pin 680 has a proximal end 682 and a distal end 684. The proximal end defines a contact head 682 that resides within the switch housing 650. Intermediate the proximal end 682 and the distal end 684 is an elongated body, or shaft 686. The elongated shaft 686 is fabricated from an electrically conductive material, such as brass. The shaft 686 optionally includes a series of flanges 688 designed to strengthen the pin 680 within the bulkhead 685.
Each contact 645 has a cylindrical body 641. The cylindrical body 641 is slid or crimped around a wiring terminal 640. Each contact 645 also had a contact tip 642. The contact tip 642 resides external to the switch housing 650. Finally, each contact 645 may have a flange 643. The flange 643 abuts a respective contact opening 658 external to the switch housing 650 in order to secure the contact 645 relative to the switch housing 650.
It is understood that in modern detonating systems, a variety of detonators and attachment methods for the det cord may be utilized in a similar fashion. The detonator block 592, detonator 594 and wire 596 shown herein are merely illustrative. In any arrangement, the detonation components 590 reside together in the carrier tube 500. Of interest, the detonating cord 595 is sheathed in a flexible outer case, typically plastic, and contains a high-explosive material. An example of an explosive material is the RDX compound. The detonating cord 595 is connected to charges 520 along the carrier tube 500 and delivers the ignition for detonation.
In operation, a detonation signal is sent from the surface 105 through the electric line 240. The signal reaches the perforating gun assembly 600. Typically, a lowest perforating gun is designated for first explosive initiation. In that case, the signal passes along an internal transmission wire 610 through each perforating gun 210 and is then passed along by the transmission pin 720′, the addressable switches 660 in each tandem sub 400, and the contact pins 670 until the signal reaches the lowest tandem sub 400 and its addressable switch. The addressable switch then sends a detonation signal back up through the detonator pin 720″, through wires 596, and to the detonator 594.
As another way of expressing the sequence, an IE signal enters the perforating gun assembly via a big bulkhead, passes down the carrier tube, goes through the transmission pin and into the addressable switch. If a detonation signal is present, a detonation signal is sent back upstream through the detonator pin and into the detonator. Otherwise, it can continue downstream from the addressable switch through the contact pin and to the next perforating gun. The process then repeats.
After production casing has been perforated at a first level, the operator may pull the perforating gun assembly 200 up the wellbore 100. The operator then sends a next detonation signal down through the electric line 240, through the signal line 610 of the perforating gun assembly 200 and the various tandem subs 400 and contact pins 670, and down to a next-lowest tandem sub 400. The detonation signal is recognized by the addressable switch 660 in the next-lowest tandem sub 400 and a detonation signal is sent through a detonator pin 720″ and wires 596 to a next associated detonator 594. The detonation charge in the detonator 594 ignites the explosive material in the detonator cord 595 and the charges 520 of the next upstream gun barrel 212.
The pressure wave from the charges acts against the bottom end plate 630, protecting the tandem sub 400 and housed electronics from damage from the upstream perforating gun 210. Similarly, the top end plate 620 protects the electronics from a pressure wave caused by detonation of charges in an upstream perforating gun 210.
A detonator assembly 590 is placed in the upstream gun barrel 310. The detonator assembly 590 includes the detonator block 592, the detonating cord 595 and the detonator 594 itself. At the same time, the electronic switch 660 resides within the tandem sub 400, and more particularly within a bore of the tandem sub 400.
It is understood that the relative arrangement of the gun barrel 212, the bottom end plate 630, the tandem sub 400, electronic switch housing 650 and all other components of the perforating gun assembly 600 may be “flipped.” In this way, the tandem sub 400 is protected from a pressure wave upon detonation of charges in a downstream gun barrel 212.
As can be seen, a novel detonation system is provided. The detonation system provides protection for the electronics within the tandem sub during detonation of an upstream (or adjacent) perforating gun. In one embodiment, the detonation system first includes the novel tandem sub. The tandem sub defines a generally tubular body having a first end and a second end. The first end and the second end each comprise male connectors. This allows the tandem sub to be threadedly connected, in series, to respective perforating guns. Thus, the first end is threadedly connected to a first perforating gun (or, more precisely, a female threaded end of a gun barrel), while the second end is threadedly connected to a second perforating gun (or, again, a female threaded end of an opposing gun barrel).
The first end of the tandem sub abuts a first (or bottom) end plate. Similarly, the second opposing end of the tandem sub abuts a second (or top) end plate. These may be in accordance with the bottom 630 and top 620 end plates described above. An inner bore is formed between the first end and the second end of the tandem sub.
An electronic switch housing resides within the inner bore at the first end of the tandem sub. The switch housing holds an addressable switch configured to receive instruction signals from an operator at the surface.
In addition, a receptacle is formed within the inner bore of the tandem sub. The receptacle is dimensioned to closely receive a bulkhead. The bulkhead comprises:
The electrical contact pin and its contact head are fabricated substantially from a conductive material such as brass.
In an alternative arrangement, the shaft resides entirely within the bore of the bulkhead body. The contact pin is fabricated from an electrically conductive material for transmitting current from the second (or upstream) end down to the first (or downstream) end. The first end of the electrical contact pin defines an opening configured to receive a first signal transmission pin. The first signal transmission pin, in turn, is in electrical communication with a communications wire that extends downstream from the bulkhead assembly, to transmit electrical signals to an adjoining tool downhole. Preferably, the signal is sent to an addressable switch that is part of an electrical assembly. The communications wire is not in electrical communication with a downstream detonator, meaning the addressable switch prevents current from passing to the detonator, and sends an entirely separate signal to the detonator through a dedicated detonator pin if and only if the addressable switch recognizes an activation command.
The second end of the contact pin also defines an opening, which is configured to receive a second signal transmission pin. The second end of the contact pin is in electrical communication with an electric line within a wellbore from upstream of the tandem sub, by means of the second signal transmission pin. The electric line transmits electrical signals to the second signal transmission pin from a surface.
The bottom end plate comprises a bore that defines a first opening and a second opening. A detonator pin extends through the first opening and into the carrier tube. The detonator pin is in electrical communication with a detonator residing within the first perforating gun. The detonator is configured to receive activation signals from the addressable switch, and ignite an explosive material within a detonating cord. The explosive material travels to shaped charges associated with the first perforating gun to ignite the charges. Thus, the tandem sub is an electrical feed-thru that has been configured to allow room for a switch assembly.
All electrical connections for the detonation system may be made at the gun building facility, that is, except for the wires being connected to the detonator. The end plate on the gun barrel (or gun carrier) is removed, and the pre-wired electronic switch assembly (that is, the switch housing 650 and encapsulated switch 660) is installed. Beneficially, the bulkheads for the two electrical signal pins 720′, 720″ associated with the bottom end plate 630 are pre-installed into the bottom end plate 630, with the bottom end plate 630 being easily slid against the upstream end 402 of the tandem sub 400. The pre-wired switch assembly can be tested at the gun building facility to reduce the chance of a mis-wired connection.
Note again that the tandem sub 400 need not have a side port. Removing the port from the sub 400 eliminates problems associated with known ports such as gun-flooding due to a missing o-ring and pinched wires under the plug port. The detonator is installed later in the field to comply with DOT and ATF regulations and API-RP67 recommendations.
In addition to the detonation system discussed above, a method of detonating explosive charges associated with a perforating gun is presented herein.
The method 2600 first comprises placing an addressable switch inside of an electronic switch housing. This is provided in Box 2610.
The method 2600 next includes placing the switch housing into a chamber of a tandem sub. This is shown at Box 2620. The addressable switch is configured to receive instruction signals from a surface, and if an activation signal for the tandem sub is recognized, to send a detonation signal on to the appropriate detonator.
The method 2600 also includes providing an end plate at a top end of the tandem sub. The end plate will reside between the tandem sub and an upstream perforating gun. This is shown at Box 2630. The end plate is preferably a bottom end plate as it resides at the bottom of an adjacent upstream perforating gun.
The method 2600 next optionally includes attaching the tandem sub to a downstream perforating gun. In this instance, the downstream perforating gun is attached to the tandem sub at an end opposite the upstream perforating gun. A perforating gun assembly is thus formed.
The method 2600 further comprises pumping the perforating guns and tandem sub into a wellbore. This is seen at Box 2650. Preferably, the perforating gun assembly is pumped into the horizontal portion of the wellbore for perforating a casing string.
The method 2600 then includes activating the upstream perforating gun without damaging the electronic switch assembly in the tandem sub. This is provided in Box 2660. Activating the upstream perforating gun means that charges associated with the upstream perforating gun are detonated in response to a detonation signal sent to a detonator within the upstream perforating gun.
In operation, the operator will send a control signal from the surface, down the e-line (such as e-line 240 of
On the other hand, if the instruction signal is recognized by the addressable switch 660 as an activation signal, then the switch 660 is armed and a window of time is opened (typically about 30 seconds) in which to send a detonation signal from the surface. As part of the detonation signal, an instruction is sent telling the upstream perforating gun (or the detonator within the upstream perforating gun) to be activated.
A detonation signal is sent from the addressable switch 660 to the bulkhead 685. The detonation signal is specifically sent to the detonation pin 680 (or 720″), and then to the detonator 594. Of interest, the detonation pin 680 extends through the bottom end plate 630, and to the detonator 594.
The charges in the upstream perforating gun are detonated. Due to the presence of the end plate and the use of sealed pins 710, 720′, 720″, the integrity of the switch assembly (that is, the switch housing 650 and encapsulated switch 660) in the tandem sub 400 is preserved and, thus, the switch assembly may be reused for another perforation operation. Similarly, the contact pin, the bulkhead, and the tandem sub itself are protected for later re-use.
Before the detonation of the upstream perforating gun, the electronic switch can feed current down to a next perforating gun (or to a bulkhead associated with a next perforating gun), depending on the instruction.
The disclosed embodiments provide methods and systems for preventing electronics located inside a switch sub from being damaged by detonation of an adjacent perforating gun. It should be understood that this description is not intended to limit the invention; on the contrary, the exemplary embodiments are intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents, which are included in the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Further, in the detailed description of the exemplary embodiments, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a comprehensive understanding of the claimed invention. However, one skilled in the art would understand that various embodiments may be practiced without such specific details.
Although the features and elements of the present exemplary embodiments are described in the embodiments in particular combinations, each feature or element can be used alone without the other features and elements of the embodiments or in various combinations with or without other features and elements disclosed herein.
Further, variations of the detonation system and of methods for using the detonation system within a wellbore may fall within the spirit of the claims, below. It will be appreciated that the inventions are susceptible to other modifications, variations, and changes without departing from the spirit thereof.
The present application is filed as a Divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 17/175,651. That application was filed on Feb. 13, 2021 and is entitled “Detonation System Having Sealed Explosive Initiation Assembly.” The '651 application was filed as a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. Ser. No. 16/996,692, filed Aug. 18, 2020. That application is entitled “Detonation System Having Sealed Explosive Initiation Assembly.” The '692 application was filed as a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. Ser. No. 16/894,512 filed Jun. 5, 2020. That application is also entitled “Detonation System Having Sealed Explosive Initiation Assembly.” The '512 application claimed the benefit of U.S. Ser. No. 63/048,212 filed Jul. 6, 2020. That application was also entitled “Detonation System Having Sealed Explosive Initiation Assembly.” The '512 application further claimed the benefit of U.S. Ser. No. 62/987,743 filed Mar. 10, 2020. That application was entitled “Detonation System Having Sealed Explosive Initiation Assembly.” The '512 application further claimed the benefit of U.S. Ser. No. 62/890,242 filed Aug. 22, 2019. The present application is also filed as a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. Ser. No. 17/164,531 filed Feb. 1, 2021, which is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. Ser. No. 16/836,193 filed Mar. 31, 2020, now patented as U.S. Pat. No. 10,914,134. These applications are entitled “A Bulkhead Assembly for a Tandem Sub, and an Improved Tandem Sub.” U.S. Ser. No. 16/836,193 claimed the benefit of U.S. Ser. No. 62/845,692 filed May 9, 2019. Each of these applications is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
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