Patent Application
20150260542
This application claims priority from Italian Application for Patent No. TO2014A000202 filed Mar. 13, 2014, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.
The present invention is directed to a step-counter device, a so-called “pedometer”, provided with energy scavenging (or energy-harvesting) operation, thus having self-supply capability, i.e., being able to autonomously provide for its own supply of electrical energy. The present invention further relates to a step-counting method.
Step-counter devices are known, which, either worn or otherwise carried by a user, enable measurement of the number of steps taken and calculation of the distance travelled, as well as providing additional information, such as for example average speed or consumption of calories.
Step-counter devices are, for example, used in inertial navigation systems (the so-called “dead-reckoning” systems) applied to humans, in applications in the clinical field (for example, rehabilitation), and in general in the fitness field (as instruments for monitoring physical activity performed by the user).
In particular, step-counter devices are known, using integrated accelerometers of the MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical System) type for detecting steps.
These devices have particularly compact dimensions, so that they may be conveniently worn by the user, for example being integrated in the user footwear.
The aforesaid step-counter devices implement a method for detecting steps based on the analysis of the pattern of a vertical acceleration signal that is generated during the various phases of the gait cycle, due to impact of the foot on the ground, and that is detected by the accelerometer fixed with respect to the body of the user. In particular, occurrence of a step is determined by identifying acceleration peaks that appear in the acceleration signal, and these peaks are identified by comparing the acceleration signal with a given reference threshold.
Notwithstanding the use of MEMS sensors, with reduced energy consumption, known step-counter devices require a source of supply, typically a battery, for their use and for transmission of the information detected to external devices (for example, a portable electronic apparatus, such as a smartphone, a PDA, a tablet, a digital audio player, a photographic camera, or a video camera).
Further known are solutions for scavenging energy from environmental energy sources, and in particular for conversion of mechanical energy originating from such sources into electrical energy. Such solutions have aroused considerable interest in a wide range of technological fields, given the ever-increasing demand for miniaturization of electronic systems, in particular portable ones, and the corresponding need for supplying these electronic systems with batteries of small dimensions or, wherever possible, with supply sources of their own (the so-called “self-supply”), without the aid of additional energy sources (for example, one or more batteries).
Mechanical energy is converted by one or more transducers (for example, piezoelectric or electromagnetic transducers) into electrical energy, which may then be used, after appropriate operations of conversion and processing, for supplying an electrical load. In this way, the same electrical load does not require batteries or other additional supply systems. For instance, low-frequency vibrations, such as for example mechanical vibrations in systems with moving parts, may constitute a valid source of energy.
For instance, systems have been proposed for recovery of energy from the human gait, by appropriate energy-harvesting systems housed inside, or coupled to, the shoes of a user.
In this regard, the following documents may for example be cited: “Shoe-mounted PVDF Piezoelectric Transducer for Energy Harvesting” by D. Fourie, MIT Undergraduate Research Journal 19, pp. 66-70, Spring 2010 (incorporated by reference); or “Energy Scavenging with Shoe-Mounted Piezoelectrics” by N. S. Shenck, J. A. Paradiso, Micro, IEEE, vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 30-42, May/June 2001 (incorporated by reference).
The above systems envisage, by piezoelectric transducers, recovery of part of the mechanical energy dissipated when the foot strikes the ground during walking. The energy recovered may, for example, be used for supplying portable electronic devices, or else for activating wireless transmission of information.
In U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/034,764, filed on Sep. 24, 2013 (claiming priority from patent application No. TO2012A000833, filed on Sep. 26, 2012 (incorporated by reference)), in order to improve step-counter devices of a known type, the use has been proposed, in a step-counter device, of an energy-harvesting system (the so-called “harvester” or “scavenger”), which enables recovery of the mechanical energy associated to the walking step and the use of the resulting electrical energy for carrying out step detection operations.
In particular, the solution proposed in the aforesaid patent application envisages implementing, in the step-counter device, an energy scavenging system, including a transducer of mechanical energy into electrical energy, in particular of an electromagnetic type, and use of the same transducer as element for detecting the step of the user, on the basis of which step counting may be carried out.
The step-counter device is thus extremely compact and efficient from the energy standpoint, given that it has self-supply capability, without the need for resorting to an external supply source, for example a battery, and without the need for further sensors for step detection.
As illustrated in
In particular, the transducer 2 is designed to be coupled to a shoe of a user, in such a way as to be subject to mechanical stresses due to the steps taken by the user and to the impact of the foot on the ground.
The step-counter device 1 further comprises a scavenger-interface stage 5, and a capacitive storage element 6.
The scavenger-interface stage 5 has a first input terminal 5a and a second input terminal 5b electrically coupled to a respective output terminal 4a, 4b of the transducer 2 for receiving the transduction signal Stransd, and a first output terminal 5c and a second output terminal 5d, connected between which is the storage capacitor 6; an output voltage Vout is present between the same output terminals.
The step-counter device 1 further comprises: a voltage-regulating stage 7, for example constituted by a DC/DC converter, which receives at its input the output voltage Vout and supplies a regulated voltage Vreg, for example having a value of 1.8 V; a processing unit 8, for example a microprocessor or microcontroller unit (or similar computing unit, for example including an FPGA—field-programmable gate array); and a transmission stage 9, coupled to a transmitting antenna 10, configured for radio (or wireless) transmission.
According to a particular aspect of the solution, the processing unit 8 is supplied by the regulated voltage Vreg and is further connected to the first and second input terminals 5a, 5b of the interface stage 5 for receiving the transduction signal Stransd. The processing unit 8 is configured to execute an appropriate algorithm for detecting the occurrence of a step as a function of the characteristics of the aforesaid transduction signal Stransd generated by the transducer 2 for performing the function of counting the steps of the user.
The processing unit 8 is further configured to actuate the transmission stage 9, and the corresponding transmitting antenna 10, for remote wireless transmission of the processed information regarding counting of the steps of the user, for example with Bluetooth (BT) transmission technology, or other technology of a known type, for example IR, Wi-Fi, NFC, or the like.
As illustrated schematically, this information may be sent to a portable electronic apparatus 12, such as for example a smartphone, a tablet, a phablet, a portable computer, a digital audio player, a photographic camera, or a video camera, for display by the user and/or for execution of further processing operations and activation of functions of the same portable electronic apparatus 12.
The step-counter device 1 may comprise a single package, designed to house all the elementary components described previously and designed to be coupled in an appropriate way to the user, for example to be arranged within the shoe, embedded in the sole; alternatively, the step-counter device 1 may comprise distinct packages, for example for the transducer 2 and for the remaining electronic circuitry associated thereto.
The scavenger-interface stage 5 is in general configured to convert the transduction signal Stransd, generated by the transducer 12 following upon the action of transduction of the mechanical energy associated to the step, into a form useful for energy scavenging and subsequent generation of the regulated voltage Vreg by the voltage-regulating stage 7, with the aim of maximizing the efficiency of conversion and in general of the energy scavenging action.
For instance, the scavenger-interface stage 5 is made as described in United States patent application publication No. 2012/0307538 A1 (incorporated by reference).
As illustrated in
The scavenger-interface stage 5 comprises two pairs of switches, functionally coupled to one another, and a logic control unit, designed to control switching thereof for cyclic management of storage of energy in the inductor 15 and its transfer to the storage capacitor 6, for both polarities, positive and negative, of voltage Vtransd. The switches are active switches, made with high-voltage transistors, for example N-channel MOSFETs.
In detail, a first pair of switches includes: a first switch 18a, connected between the first input terminal 5a and a reference terminal GND (for example, connected to the electrical ground of the circuit); and a second switch 18b, connected between the first input terminal 5a and the first output terminal 5c and to the storage capacitor 6 (the second output terminal 5d is connected to the reference terminal GND).
The second pair of switches includes: a third switch 18c, connected between the second input terminal 5b and the reference terminal GND; and a fourth switch 18d, connected between the same second input terminal 5b and the first output terminal 5c and to the storage capacitor 6.
Each switch 18a-18d has a respective control terminal that receives a respective control signal from the logic control unit, designated by 19.
In the case of positive polarity of voltage Vtransd, the logic control unit 19 keeps the third switch 18c closed and the fourth switch 18d open and controls switching of the first pair of switches 18a, 18b, cyclically storing energy in the inductor 15, by closing the first switch 18a (with the second switch 18b open), and subsequently causing transfer thereof to the storage capacitor 6, by closing the second switch 18b (and opening the first switch 18a).
Operation is altogether symmetrical and specular as regards the negative polarity of the voltage Vtransd, with the logic control unit 19 that keeps the first switch 18a closed and the second switch 18b open, and controls switching of the second pair of switches 18c, 18d storing cyclically energy in the inductor 15, by closing the third switch 18c, and subsequently causing transfer thereof to the storage capacitor 6, by closing the fourth switch 18d.
Switching timing of switches 18a-18d is managed by the logic control unit 19 in such a way as to maximize the coupling efficiency between the transducer 2 and the scavenger-interface stage 5, and the efficiency of the transfer of energy to the storage capacitor 6.
To explain the control algorithm executed by the logic control unit 19 reference may be made, given the symmetry of the circuit, to the circuit model of half of the circuit, shown in
In particular, also with reference to
Next, as illustrated in
In particular, the aforesaid lower limit value IOFF is equal to a fraction k (with k>1) of the peak value ION
I
OFF
=I
ON
/k
As discussed in detail in the aforesaid patent application (2012/0307538 A1), the logic control unit 19, with an appropriate choice of the time interval Tdelay and of the factor k, is able to act upon the mean value and the ripple of the current in the inductor IL.
In particular, the logic control unit 19 is able to determine optimal values of time interval Tdelay and of factor k such as to minimize the ripple in the pattern of the inductor current IL, represented with a solid line in
The logic control unit 19 thus ensures the best matching (η≈1) between the transducer 2 and the scavenger-interface stage 5 (the output of the transducer 2 and the input of the scavenger-interface stage 5 have, that is, substantially the same impedance), maximizing the efficiency of transfer of power between input and output of the scavenger-interface stage 5, in each cycle of charging/discharging of the inductor 15.
As previously highlighted, the processing unit 8 of the step-counter device 1, which is appropriately supplied thanks to the action of the scavenger-interface stage 5 starting from the transduction signal Stransd, is able to detect the occurrence of a step as a function of the characteristics of the same transduction signal Stransd.
The transduction signal Stransd generated by the transducer 2, the voltage plot of which is shown in
In particular, the aforesaid pattern envisages that a significant activity occurs (in terms of amplitude and/or duration of the signal) both in the positive portion of the signal and in the negative portion of the same signal, within a given analysis time interval, as a result of the initial impact of the foot with the ground and of the subsequent transfer of the weight of the body onto the other foot. For instance, this pattern envisages the presence of a first positive peak followed by a negative peak substantially of the same amplitude, and by a second positive peak of low amplitude, in turn followed by a subsequent step of rebound and settling (within the analysis time interval).
The processing unit 8 thus executes an appropriate algorithm (by executing appropriate software instructions) for recognizing the occurrence of the aforesaid pattern in the transduction signal Stransd and consequently detecting the occurrence of a step taken by the user.
The aforesaid algorithm in general envisages monitoring, by the processing unit 8, of the signals having positive polarity and negative polarity, respectively (and thus designated by Vpos and Vneg) present, respectively, on the first input terminal 5a and on the second input terminal 5b of the scavenger-interface stage 5 (or, likewise on the output terminals 4a, 4b of the transducer 2).
Due to the switching operation of the scavenger-interface stage 5, the aforesaid signals have a so-called “choppered” pattern, i.e., they are constituted by a plurality of pulses with short duration, that is a function of the switching duty cycle, and an amplitude that is, in general, a function of the value of the output voltage Vout stored in the storage capacitor 6.
In particular, the value of the positive signal Vpos is substantially zero during the operating condition of storage of energy in the inductor 15 (i.e., during a first portion of the switching period), and becomes almost instantaneously substantially equal to the output voltage Vout on the storage capacitor 6 during the subsequent operating condition of transfer of energy to the storage capacitor 6 (i.e., during the second portion of the switching period); similar considerations apply to the negative signal Vneg.
The envelope of the positive and negative signals Vpos, Vneg thus follows the plot of the output voltage Vout on the storage capacitor 6. Furthermore, the positive and negative signals Vpos, Vneg themselves are substantially zero, when the transduction signal Stransd is also substantially zero, given that the current in the inductor IL does not reach the threshold value Ith, and the switching operation is interrupted.
The processing unit 8 is thus configured to determine the occurrence of a step in the case where a number of positive pulses (or, likewise, negative pulses) greater than a given counting threshold is detected—i.e., the presence of a significant number of positive (or negative) pulses is found—and further (within a pre-set time interval) a number of negative (or, likewise, positive) pulses greater than the counting threshold is consecutively detected—i.e., the presence of a significant number of negative (or positive) pulses is found.
Once occurrence of a step has been determined, the processing unit 8 enables a transmission operation, whereby information related to the increase of step count is sent to the portable apparatus 12 by the transmission stage 9.
Advantageously, in the solution described previously, the step-counter device 1 may ideally be self-supplied, thanks to the presence of the efficient energy scavenging system, which supplies sufficient energy for step detection and for transmission of the step-counting information to the outside world (for example, to a portable electronic apparatus by Bluetooth wireless transmission).
The number of components required is minimized, thanks to the absence of a battery or other electrical supply sources, and to the fact that the same transducer is used both for operations of energy scavenging from walking and for step detection and the consequent counting of the steps taken by the user.
For step detection, no additional sensors, such as for example accelerometer sensors, are thus required. Consequently, the energy demand for operation of the step-counter device is minimized.
However, the solution described has some potentially disadvantageous characteristics, which may preclude the possibility of fully achieving the aforesaid advantages.
In particular, the present Applicant has found that the aforesaid step-counting algorithm has a certain amount of complexity, which may entail the possibility of counting errors, and further a consumption of energy, by the processing unit 8, which could be excessive in certain situations. For instance, the situation could arise in which the electrical energy supplied by the scavenger-interface stage 5 and stored in the storage capacitor 6 is not sufficient for guaranteeing supply of the processing unit 8 for the time required for execution of the aforesaid algorithm.
In general, the need is thus felt for further improvement of step-counter devices, in particular as regards the related energy efficiency and counting reliability.
In an embodiment, an energy scavenging step-counter device and a corresponding step-counting method are consequently provided.
In an embodiment, a step device comprises: a transducer configured to generate an electrical transduction signal as a function of mechanical activity generated during steps; an energy scavenging system coupled to said transducer and configured to generate electrical energy from the mechanical activity generated during each step and supply an output supply signal from said electrical transduction signal; a regulator stage configured to generate a regulated supply signal starting from said output supply signal; and a transmission stage supplied by said regulator stage for radio transmission of information associated to said count, wherein said transmission stage is configured to implement a transmission, to the outside world, of a count-increment signal upon exceeding of a first threshold by the regulated supply signal, wherein completion of said transmission is indicative of the occurrence of a step.
In an embodiment, a method comprises: performing an operation of transduction for generating an electrical transduction signal as a function of the mechanical activity generated during the steps; performing an energy scavenging operation in response to said mechanical activity generated during each step to generate an output supply signal from said electrical transduction signal; generating a regulated supply signal starting from said output supply signal; and implementing a transmission to the outside world of a count-increment signal upon exceeding of a first threshold by the regulated supply signal, wherein completion of said transmission is indicative of the occurrence of a step.
In an embodiment, a step-detection device comprises: a transducer configured to generate an electrical transduction signal in response to step-related mechanical activity; an energy scavenging system coupled to said transducer and configured to generate an output supply signal in response to said electrical transduction signal; a regulator stage configured to generate a regulated supply in response to said output supply signal; and a wireless transmitter supplied by said regulator stage an configured to initiate a wireless transmission of a count-increment signal indicative of detection of a step when said regulated supply exceeds a first threshold.
For a better understanding of the present invention, preferred embodiments thereof are now described, purely by way of non-limiting example and with reference to the attached drawings, wherein:
With reference to
The step-counter device 20 has a structure substantially similar to the one described with reference to
According to a particular aspect of the present solution, unlike known solutions, no processing of the transduction signal Stransd is carried out for determining the occurrence of a step; in fact, it is the very generation of electrical energy, which results in the generation of the regulated voltage Vreg, that is used for indicating the occurrence of a step.
The transmission stage 9 is in fact supplied by the regulated voltage Vreg and, once the regulated voltage Vreg itself reaches a desired value, for example 1.8 V, it transmits to the outside world, for example by Bluetooth wireless communication, a signal indicating occurrence of the step. Consequently, the “transmission” event is designed to indicate occurrence of a step.
A portable electronic apparatus 12, such as for example a smartphone, a tablet, a phablet, a portable computer, a digital audio player, a photographic camera, or a video camera, on the basis of the reception of the aforesaid signal, is thus able to increment a step-counting signal.
The aforesaid feature advantageously enables considerable simplification of the step detection, eliminating the signal processing required in prior art solutions, and thus the demand for electrical energy associated to the detection process is considerably reduced.
A further aspect of the present solution envisages that radio transmission is kept active for a pre-set time interval, in the presence of sufficient electrical energy, i.e., with the regulated voltage Vreg that has a value sufficient to enable radio transmission. After this period, a load is activated, for example a load of a resistive type, for the voltage-regulating stage 7, which enables progressive reduction of the value of the regulated voltage Vreg, as well as enabling the system to be brought back into the condition of being able to detect a new step.
In greater detail, and with reference to
When the regulated voltage Vreg exceeds the upper threshold value Vth1, from step 30 a step 31 is reached, where the transmission stage 9, supplied by the regulated voltage Vreg, executes operations of initialization and configuration (of a known type, not described in detail herein). In particular, in this embodiment, the transmission stage 9 is able to configure itself for radio transmission. In the case where the value of the regulated voltage Vreg is less than a given lower threshold value Vth2, for example 1.5 V, operation returns to step 30, for a sufficient increase of the same regulated voltage Vreg.
At the end of the configuration operations, in a step 32, subsequent to step 31, the transmission stage 9 transmits via radio to the outside world information associated to the increase of step counting (in the form of an appropriate signal), that may be received, for example, by the portable electronic apparatus 12. This information is in particular solely a function of the fact that the value of the regulated voltage Vreg has risen (and remains) above the upper threshold value Vth1, and is not the result of signal-processing operations.
Once again, also in this step 32, in the case where the value of the regulated voltage Vreg is less than the lower threshold value Vth2, for example 1.5 V, operation returns to step 30, for a sufficient increase of the regulated voltage Vreg.
An aspect of the present solution envisages that the step of transmission by the transmission stage 9 remains active for a pre-set and fixed time interval, dependent on the characteristics of the same transmission stage 9.
Afterwards, a load, for example of a resistive type, is applied to remove any possible residual energy present in the system and cause the regulated voltage Vreg to drop below the minimum value tolerated by the transmission stage 9 (equal to the lower threshold value Vth2) in such a way that the system will be ready and reset for sensing a subsequent step. For instance, the same transmission stage 9 may be configured to activate the resistive load for the voltage-regulating stage 7.
No additional checks or operations are thus envisaged for determining an end of the transmission operation, which is instead determined by the end of the pre-set time interval (after which the aforesaid operations are repeated for sensing of a new step occurrence).
It should be noted that such a solution prevents the possibility of spurious signals being transmitted to the portable electronic apparatus 12 that might indicate erroneous step detection. In fact, the transmission is successful, and a signal for incrementing the step count is thus interpreted correctly by the receiver, only in the case where it is possible to execute the transmission until, the end of the time interval envisaged.
With reference to
The processing unit 8, however, does not have processing functions aimed at step detection (an operation that is carried out, as described previously), but only the function of control and management of the transmission stage 9, in the case where the same transmission stage 9 is not, for example, able to undergo self-configuration and autonomously carry out operations of initialization and configuration.
In this case (see also,
When the regulated voltage Vreg exceeds the upper threshold value Vth1, from step 40 a step 41 is reached, where the processing unit 8, appropriately supplied by the regulated voltage Vreg, executes operations of initialization and configuration (of a known type, here not described in detail). If in this step 41 the regulated voltage Vreg drops below the lower threshold value Vth2, operation returns to step 40.
Once the configuration step ends, the processing unit 8 (at step 42) controls the transmission stage 9 to perform appropriate operations of initialization and configuration. Also in this step 42, in the case where the value of the regulated voltage Vreg is lower than the lower threshold value Vth2, operation returns to step 40 for an appropriate increase of the same regulated voltage Vreg.
At the end of the configuration operations, in a step 43, subsequent to step 42, the transmission stage 9 transmits via radio to the outside world the information of increase of step counting for the duration of the pre-set time interval (on the hypothesis that the regulated voltage remains above the lower threshold value Vth2). After this, the residual energy is discharged by application of the load, for example of a resistive type for the voltage-regulating stage 7 (so that the regulated voltage drops below the lower threshold value Vth2).
The plots shows that, in the example illustrated, a minimal energy of just 70 μJ is sufficient for proper transmission of the step-counting information, in the solution that envisages the presence of the processing unit 8. It is evident that the minimum value of energy is lower in the case where the solution does not envisage the use of processing unit 8.
In particular, it may be noted that the regulated voltage Vreg, which is stable at a value sufficient to enable step-counting operations during the aforesaid intervals T1 and T2, decreases until it substantially goes to zero, starting from the end of the same interval T2.
The advantages of the step-counter device and of the related step-counting method are clear from the foregoing discussion.
In general, it is emphasized once again that the solution described provides a step-counter device without batteries, in so far as it may be self-supplied thanks to the efficient system for scavenging mechanical energy, and furthermore without additional sensors, for example of an accelerometer type.
The step-counter device is improved as regards energy efficiency and reliability, for example in so far as it does not require any processing of signals (not even of the signal transduced by the energy scavenger interface) for sensing and counting the steps; it is in fact the correct transmission of the count-increment signal by the transmission stage 9 that indicates occurrence of a step.
In particular, a possible embodiment does not even envisage a processing unit, given that no signal processing is required and given that a transmission stage is used capable of self-configuration and self-initialization. In this case, energy consumption proves to be even lower.
Furthermore, advantageously, the solution described enables detection of the occurrence of steps both when the user is running and when the user is walking
Finally, it is clear that modifications and variations may be made to what has been described and illustrated herein, without thereby departing from the scope of the present invention, as defined in the annexed claims.
In particular, the solution described may be used also with different types of transducers, for example of a piezoelectric type, using in any case the same transducer both for energy scavenging and for step detection.
The scavenger-interface stage 5 could be different from what has been illustrated; for example, it could have a different circuit configuration, capable in any case of ensuring generation of the regulated voltage Vreg, at least for supply of the transmission stage 9 (and, if present, of the processing unit 8).
Furthermore, it is evident that the portable electronic apparatus 12, which receives the step-counting signal from the step-counter device 20, may be configured to carry out further processing operations starting from the same signal.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| TO2014A000202 | Mar 2014 | IT | national |
