Patent Application
20160348640
The present invention relates generally to an energy transforming unit adapted to convert reciprocating fluid movements into rotating axle movements. The invention also relates to an energy transforming system, for example a wave power plant, comprising such a unit.
Ocean waves generate both horizontal and vertically rotating oscillating movements, as described in patent application US2007/0158950 and patent application U.S. Pat. No. 7,385,301. The oscillating movements can contain tens and sometimes hundreds of kW per running meter wave and has therefore been subjected to several attempts of creating systems that are able to convert this enormous amount of energy into useful and competitive energy transformers converting the energy into for example electric power. In order to achieve these goals it is not enough to use different types of block diagrams to disclose how a certain energy transformer converts wave movement into for example rotational movements, not without at the same time describe why this certain construction have the requirements for a long lifetime with low supervision and maintenance cost.
The present invention is aiming to create a compact and cost efficient energy transformer unit which functionally and geometrically has been optimized to, by using well-known methods and experiences, be able to calculate life and maintenance costs with regard to material, fluids, gases, and mechanical, electric and electronic components.
The invention has been inspired by the applicants discoveries on the actual pump and automatic control functions of the heart, described in the paper “Cardiac Pumping and Regulating Functions of Intraventricular Septum” (Lundback 1986). In the paper the discovery of a new pump principle was disclosed, now named Dynamic Adaptive Piston pumps (DAP) also disclosed as DeltaV-pumps (ΔV-pumps), see U.S. Pat. No. 4,648,877. These pumps take advantage of the best characteristics of the two earlier known pump principles; the dynamic pump principle (for example centrifugal pumps) and the displacement pump principle (for example piston pumps). The ΔV-pump can during lower flows and frequencies be regarded as a displacement pump where the piston is so designed that it with a one-way directed force, besides a pump work also produces a reciprocating volume, ΔV-volume, which can store and convert energy in order to generate a hydraulic return of the piston, named ΔV-function. The new pump function, which is the same as the real pump function of the heart, has mathematically been described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,239,987.
The nature has both constructed and energized the heart like a ΔV-pump, using the characteristics and functions of the heart muscular cells. These cells perform their work by one-way longitudinal reductions and contractions and need stored energy, ΔV-functions, for their return movement. The one-way power generation of the muscular cells and the hydraulic return of the piston like cardial valve planes of the heart can be compared with the heaving power generation of the waves and has inspired to the present invention; a compact energy transformer.
In order to convert the energy of the ocean waves into mechanical work and/or electric current, energy generating arrangements are required which are able to convey the vertical and/or horizontal forces to the wave movements created by the movements of the water molecules. At larger depth the waves are circular water molecular movements which decreases in intensity the further away from the surface the measurements or energy absorption are performed. At more shallow depth the waves are elliptic water molecular movements. The vertical forces of the waves are in relation to their horizontal forces at lager depth the same, i.e. 50/50%. At smaller depths the vertical forces are more and more added to the horizontal forces, which together with for example the friction to the bottom finally create a break of the wave.
In order to further explain where the present invention can be used as simple and cost effective energy converting units, some examples are below given where historically well-known energy generating arrangements are connected to more or less complex energy transformers of a later date.
In U.S. Pat. No. 1,791,239 (1931, original 1919 OWC, Oscillating Water Column) Braselton describes a way of translating wave energy into electric power by letting the movements of the waves to work as a large piston in a “cylinder”-wave catcher. The movement of the waves translates a large flexible and compressible amount of air towards a converging pipe. In this pipe an air turbine is mounted which transforms the flow of air into electric power. The large and often land based OWC-constructions have a very low efficiency. This is, among other things, due to the difficulty for the air turbines to handle large variations in pressure and flow, which is the result of the reciprocating movement of the air. The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) located in Trondheim Norway, did during the 70's and 80's, under the guidance of Budal, perform an extensive study on the OWC-technique by using Point Absorbers (buoys on the ocean surface). In 2003 an abstract was published with conclusions from these studies. In the abstract they revealed that in order to in a cost effective way translate wave energy into electric power, the usage of elastic air as a force translator should be converted into modern hydraulics with latching-controlled buoy movements. Further it was revealed that “small is beautiful”, i.e. that the buoy size should not be larger that 5-10% of the wave length, and that the latch technique also was able to protect the whole system during bad weather. Experiments with the OCW-technique are still ongoing, for example by improving the efficiency of the turbines.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,355,511 (1982) describes embodiments where, for example, the latch technique is used.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,172,689 (1979) describes a way where a floating buoy or a craft is arranged so that it collects the waves on one side and converts these towards a water turbine on the opposite side of the craft. This energy absorbing method, plus other methods that utilizes the differences between wave crests and wave troughs on the ocean surface, for example the Pelamis “sea snake”, require large constructions to function.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,001,597 (1977) describes how a bottom based energy carrying unit, “wave tilter”, on shallow water can be brought to tilt backwards and forwards depending on the horizontal forces of the motion of the waves. The motions of the wave tilters affect water cylinders providing land based turbines with water flow. One example where this technique is used is Aquamarine's sea-wave power technique Oyster Wave Energy Converter, where the “wave tilter” operates water cylinders which under high pressure provide land based pelton-type turbines with water flow. Another example is U.S. Pat. No. 7,131,269 (2006) where the wave tilter via a piston compresses air, taken from above the water, and via an air-lift-pump at the bottom generates a water flow that operates a turbine. Another example is US 2006/0150626 (2006) Al where a revolving displacement pump with various one way valves are connected to a wave tilter to provide an adjacent hydraulic system with pressurized fluid.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,989,951 (1976) describes how a bottom based energy carrying unit with a flexible rubber membrane catches statistical pressure variations generated by crests of waves and trough of waves at the ocean surface. These pressure variations transfer a gas over a gas turbine producing electric current. This converter should have efficiencies that are comparable with the classical OWC-converter.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,229,225 filed May 1998 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,392,314 filed December 1998 display an embodiment of U.S. Pat. No. 3,989,951 (1976) where a flexible buoy located under the water surface is affected by the wave motions' statistical pressure variations such that compression and decompression of a buoy give displacement changes. This result in variations in pulling forces that can be used to produce mechanical work. The size of the buoys and the migration of the gases through the flexible buoy material may cause long-term problems.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,081,962 (1978) display how a reactive mass under the water surface can be used to create forces opposite to the water motions on the water surface and how these opposite forces can be used to extract energy. Several modifications of this basic concept have been made throughout the years. Wavebob is an example where this technique is being used.
In U.S. Pat. No. 1,318,469 (1919), Wilkinson introduces a simple device where a rope connected to a buoy is used to transform the buoy's motions to mechanical work. Others have with the same basic idea presented solutions which with help from endless wires, belts, chains and gear racks converts the buoy motions to rotating motions of an axis, which can be used for example for the production of electric power. These converting manners give, through its direct connection to the buoy, an efficiency that mostly is determined from the generators efficiency at different number of revolutions. With assistance from the latch-technique that was showed by Budal, however often forgotten or impossible to implement, you can by affecting the buoy's motions in waves optimize the energy absorption from the waves and the efficiency of the converter system.
The life of the seemingly very simple and easily comprehensible constructions is in terms of rope- and wire constructions very short, even during the most optimal conditions. The life for constructions with belts, chains and gear racks can be made considerably longer if they operate under optimal conditions. Another troublesome factor regarding these purely mechanical constructions is to find lasting solutions to protect systems when they reach their closing position. Shock absorbers in the form of steel springs and rubber can be heavy, volume-consuming and create back springing forces that are not always positive.
In U.S. Pat. No. 628,657 (1899) Max Gehre introduces devices which by using buoys and linear generators can generate current from wave movements. This concept has been an object for a number of variants over the years. The problems with these generators are, despite today's magnetic materials, that they in relation to fast rotating generators are bulky, heavy and expensive. These seemingly simple constructions must however be supplemented with an additional latch-technique, shock absorbers and systems to prevent water leakage through the linear passages in connection to the generator room. Furthermore, these systems can't as individual sources of power, be provided with simple devices that levels out energy production.
The most general way to transfer the wave absorbers backward and forward motions to rotary motion is made by means of hydraulics where water or oil operates a turbine or hydraulic engine connected to a generator. The “wave tilter” is ideal for these kind of technique because it is affected by double-acting forces that can be recovered by double-acting pistons or rotating cylinders. On the other hand, point absorbers (buoys) do need some form of energy to perform their accumulated return movements.
The patent application US 2005/0167988 presents an example on how you, by using conventional hydraulic connections, can transform backward and forward motions of a “point absorber” into electric current. This patent application can also serve as background to clarify the differences of the present innovation. The floating buoy in patent application US 2005/0167988 is flexibly connected to a hollow piston rod which hydraulic cylinder via an extension pipe is flexible connected to a hollow piston shaft whose hydraulic cylinder via an elongating pipe is elastically connected to a buoy sinker at the bottom of the sea. Via a piston shaft and a piston the buoy generates a piston displacement which is, by the hollow piston rod, under a high pressure accumulated in a high pressure chamber located in the buoy. This high pressure chamber is, via a controlled variable hydraulic engine and a cooling system, in contact with another pressure chamber with low pressure. The hydraulic engine transforms via a generator the pressure differences within the flow between the both chambers to electric current. The remaining pressure in the low pressure chamber is used to bring back the piston and also the connected buoy to a new starting position in the following trough of the sea. A control system with ventilators and a small pump connected to a reservoir add or remove oil from the system in order to get the pressures in the accumulator tanks to be the right at different times, wave heights, weather situations, etc., so that a continuous flow over the hydraulic motor can be performed during the piston's and the buoy's return movements.
This system is one-way acting i.e. the system utilizes and stores the wave energy during the rising phase of the wave motions to distribute this energy through an arrangement of large accumulator tanks during the whole wave period. The large pressure differences can create problem of gas migration between the accumulator tanks, thus frequent controls must be performed.
The present invention comprises in its most maintenance free and long lived embodiments of two fundamental aspects.
According to a first aspect of the invention, an energy transforming unit is provided which is adapted to convert external forces into rotating axle movements on at least one force transmitting axle, wherein the energy transforming unit comprises: a conversion module adapted to convert the external forces into rotating axle movements, at least one restriction device which is arranged to forward the external forces (F) into reciprocating movement over the conversion module, and which is characterized by a central unit which at least partly encloses the conversion module, wherein the reciprocating movement is a reciprocating movement of a fluid within an enclosed volume and/or a reciprocating movement of a mechanical arrangement to forward the external forces into reciprocating movements over the conversion module.
According to a second aspect of the invention, instead of comprising a conversion module adapted to convert energy into rotating axle movements within an enclosed volume, inputting and/or outputting flow channels are provided with one or several latch valves adapted to transform a free reciprocating fluid flow into a closed flow which prevents the movements of the reciprocating volume.
In these embodiments the reciprocating volume, preferably comprising a non-compressible fluid or compressible gas, may be used to convey pressure between the two restriction devices and to contribute as a hydraulic end stop/end position damping. When a non-compressible fluid is used a latch valve function can be added to provide for optimized energy absorption and to contribute to an optimized environment for the mechanics.
The converting module for the fundamental embodiments can be said to be torque convertor and can preferably be constructed according to the principles of continuous displacement pumps such as inwards and outwards facing gear driven pumps, lobrotating and wing pumps, but can alternatively, due to the integrated latch technique at large constructions, comprise turbine wheels, if also one or more latch valves are provided. All components in the energy transformer operate under such conditions that feasible dimensions with associated life and maintenance intervals can be calculated.
The fundamental embodiments generate forces opposite directed to the towards the energy converter incoming forces, partly by energy conversion and partly by the creation of pressure gradients over at least one, for example the primary, of the opposite restriction devices, which can convert stored energy into returning pulling and/or pushing forces and contribute to a continued energy conversion.
An important factor for a long life is, among other things, to prevent cavitation. Due to this, the fluid in the energy converter should not be in direct contact with possible volumes of gas in the same. This is prevented by delimiting the reciprocating fluid between two restriction devices, preferably, but not necessarily, of the same size, where for example the secondary restriction device directly or indirectly by a piston conveys the pressures from an external or internal compliance chamber to the opposite restriction device. If the restriction devices are constructed having different sizes, a smaller bypass flow can be created, which for example through an oil filter can be conducted directly to a possible compliance chamber. Further, embodiments with hydraulic conversion modules have been constructed and dimensioned to so that the pressure fall across the conversion modules does not need to be reduced more than approximately 1-4 times in order to obtain nominal effects.
The reciprocating fluid has no cavitation problem when the embodiments are equipped with mechanical conversion modules. These can be gear racks, chains, thin steel bands, timing belts, steel wires or synthetic cords.
The embodiments of the invention must be chosen or adapted to that they receive optimized functions in relation to the earth acceleration. This due to that the energy transformer, in some cases, operates in an integrated connection between liquid and gas, whose levels are dependent on the orientation of the energy transformer in relation to the earth acceleration.
The energy transformer can in several embodiments be modified to extract energy from, for example, the wave translating arrangements as previously disclosed but it can also be used to extract energy from other reciprocating movements, for example created by wind and water flow. Pulling force transmission into the energy transformer is in most cases the most promising solution. Manufacturing and installation costs, maintenance costs and life are determinant factors when deciding which embodiment is most suitable for the intended energy transformer.
Thus, the present invention relates to an energy transforming unit adapted to convert reciprocating forces into rotating axle movements on at least one force transmitting axle and/or into electrical power. The unit comprises at least one restriction device which is directly connected to the force and which is arranged to forward the incoming forces into a volume translating movement over at least one conversion module. The energy transformer is characterized in that the at least one restriction device is delimiting one, by the energy transforming unit enclosed reciprocating volume which entirely or partly passes through the at least one conversion module. The reciprocating volume can comprise a fluid of non-compressible fluid or gas arranged to forward the incoming forces into reciprocating movements over the at least one conversion module and/or the reciprocating volume can comprise at least one mechanical force transmitting arrangement adapted to the at least one conversion module. The unit further comprises a compact central unit which at least partly encloses the at least one conversion module.
The reciprocating volume delimited by the restriction device and the energy transforming unit is by the reciprocating forces put into a reciprocating movement over the power generating conversion module. These movements can be converted by the conversion module into useable energy/electricity by a power transmitting axle or a generator. The reciprocating volume can be said to be a non-compressible fluid or a mechanical force transmitting arrangement such as a piston/piston shaft, a gear rack, timing belt, a chain or other similar arrangements taking up a certain volume which passes over or through the conversion module. When the reciprocating volume comprises a mechanical arrangement the conversion module is adapted to the arrangement, for example if the arrangement is a gear rack the conversion module comprises corresponding gears.
According to one embodiment of the invention the at least one restriction device is in direct or indirect connection with at least one yielding compliance chamber to enable reciprocating volumes and absorption of energy.
In another embodiment is the at least one compliance chamber is delimited from its surroundings.
The at least one compliance chamber can be an external (open to the surroundings) or internal (delimited from the surroundings) chamber which is filled with a compressible medium, such as for example gas. The pressure gradient which is created between the restriction device and the compliance chamber can be stored as energy by compression or decompression of the compressible medium. The stored energy can be transferred to the restriction device by using pushing or pulling devices which does not put a load on the conversion module. It is also possible that the restriction device is connected to two compliance chambers, for example one internal and one external compliance chamber, where the external chamber can be the outer surroundings and the internal compliance chamber can be delimited from the surroundings and be placed internally in the energy transforming unit. It is also possible that the restriction device is in connection with two from the surroundings delimited compliance chambers to make it possible with internally reciprocating volumes with double energy storage. When the restriction devices are in direct connection with the compliance chamber the pressure gradient over the restriction device can be created directly by the reciprocating force acting on the reciprocating volume. The reciprocating volume can in this case be a mechanical force transmitting device. When the restriction device is in indirect connection with the compliance chamber the reciprocating volume can be a non compressible fluid.
In another embodiment the at least one compliance chamber is provided with an underpressure and is connected to the surroundings by a one way valve.
If the incoming external forces are connected to a double acting restriction device (preferably when the restriction device is a piston or a rotating wing) a large under pressure (vacuum) can arise in the compressible medium located in the compliance chamber, usually on one side of the restriction device. The incoming forces are then possible to convert into pulling forces over the conversion modules. By providing the underpressure volume created by the double acting restriction device with a valve which can be opened by the return motions of the restriction device, leakage of fluid, for example over piston seals, can be drained and a maximum sized underpressure volume can be maintained.
In one embodiment the delimited reciprocating volume is a fluid and limited by any of the following; restriction device and conversion module, two from each other separated restriction devices, restriction device and at least one compliance chamber.
By limiting the reciprocating fluid volume an oscillating displacement volume is created which can be used for energy extraction. The reciprocating fluid volume is either acting directly or indirectly against a compliance volume or either is an external or internal closed fluid circuit created. If the fluid volume is limited by at least one restriction device interacting with at least one compressible compliance chamber, energy can be stored in the compliance chamber.
In one embodiment the least one restriction device is connected to at least one force transmitting device so that the incoming external forces are stored in the at least one compliance chamber, parallel to a transformation of the forces into mechanical and/or electrical power in the central units.
The force transmitting device can be a non compressible fluid and or a mechanical unit such as a piston shaft or similar. The parallel storage of the forces makes it possible to translate the stored energy into pulling return forces. Thus the energy transformation is continued even if no external force is acting on the unit.
In one embodiment the energy transforming unit comprises two opposite restriction devices, which do not necessarily have to be of the same size, arranged on each side of the central unit. The opposite restriction devices can for example be one lower primary restriction device and one upper secondary restriction device. These restriction devices delimits the reciprocating volume over the at least one conversion module from the at least one compliance chamber.
The opposite restriction devices can also be mechanically connected. If so, their motions are uniform and connected. The, by the restriction devices enclosed, fluid volume can easily be separated from an internal gas volume and if the secondary restriction device is a piston, this piston also functions as an excellent guidance means for the incoming piston shaft. In embodiments where only one restriction device, for example the primary restriction device, is connected to the external incoming forces, the secondary restriction device is in principle an outer and/or inner compliance chamber, the internal pressure of which is transmitted to the primary restriction device by the external and/or internal fluid.
In another embodiment at least one restriction device is mechanically connected to the incoming external forces, thus generating two volume transmitting movements which creates an external or internal closed cycle over said at least one conversion module by movements of a fluid.
If you do not wish an energy storage in compressible compliance chambers, the restriction devices can be connected entirely mechanically (for example like the two sides of a rotating arm in a wave tilter) or mechanically but with a fluid in between the restriction devices. This creates an external or internal fluid circuit which leads to reciprocating fluid volume movements over the central unit and its conversion module.
In one embodiment of the invention the central unit comprises in and out putting flow channels which lead to and from said at least one conversion module in which the reciprocating fluid is arranged to be guided.
Thus the central unit is a compact unit that can be described as a volume enclosing and providing at least one conversion module with in and out putting flow channels which are adapted to guide a fluid flow created by an external force acting on at least one restriction device.
In another embodiment the inputting and/or outputting flow channels can be provided with one or several latch valves/shut-off valves adapted to transform a free reciprocating fluid flow into a closed flow which prevents the movements of the reciprocating volume.
The reciprocating volumes in the in and out putting flow channels comprise a fluid having a pressure conveying role between the primary and the secondary restriction device. Preferably is the fluid flow over the conversion modules controlled by a control- and communication module which by opening and closing of the latch valves/shut-off valves controls and optimizes the force absorption and movements to fit the strokes the energy transforming units are built for. The control- and communication module is adapted to automatically supervise and optimize the functions of the energy transformer by using internal sensors and controllable mechanics.
In another embodiment is at least one restriction device connected to a service volume which is delimited from the surroundings.
The service volume may contain fluid such as gas, liquid and other components to be included in a system optimizing the internal volume for the mechanics and the functions of the energy transforming unit. The service volume may also prevent emergence of cavitation and in the same time provide enough fluid for creating a hydraulic deceleration and end stop/end position damping of the restriction device. The volume in the service volume is preferably pressurized by a certain pressure.
In another embodiment, the unit further comprises a braking arrangement which is a mechanic or hydraulic brake adapted to decelerate the transmitted fluid movements in the end position/positions of the energy transforming units.
The braking arrangement can be designed so that valves, cylinder top and piston shapes create a hydraulic end stop/end position damping for the restriction device or the restriction device itself can be designed to create a hydraulic end stop/end position damping against the central unit. In order to protect the central units from unnecessary forces, the braking arrangements are so arranged that the forces they generate are separated from the forces acting on the conversion modules and the fluid surrounding these.
In another embodiment, the conversion module comprises at least some of the following; displacement pump, gear rack, chain, cord, timing belt, steel or synthetic band, wire, rope or magnetic force transmitters.
For example the reciprocating fluid movements can operate two or several conversion modules, for example two lobrotating pumps to increase the energy density of the converter and increase the possibility of creating a symmetric design. Reciprocating mechanical movements can be transmitted by one or several gear racks, chains, timing belts, steel or synthetic bands, wires, ropes or profiles for permanent magnets. If gear racks are used they are preferably arranged in pair having two respective and connected pinions to increase the energy density of the converter and to increase the possibility of creating a symmetric power output. The gear racks create a stabile adapted connection between the pistons of the two opposite restriction devices which leads to an even force distribution on the gear racks. If two or more chains are used, the energy density of the converter may increase and also the possibility of creating a symmetric design. The chains can be flexibly connected to the restrictions devices/pistons and can be hold in place by permanent magnets towards the bars which mechanically and rigidly connects and transmits the incoming external forces to the two opposite restriction devices. Chains stretch and get longer during their life time. Thus, it is also possible that the chains are connected to chain stretching loops or wheels in order to constantly absorb the prolongation of the chains. If two or more timing belts are used they are preferably mounted in pre-stretched spring like connections to the two opposite and rigidly connected restriction devices. The spring like connections will adjust the pre-stretched forces to the actual forces that the timing-belts are transforming to the conversion modules. That will prolong the lifetime of the timing belts. If two or more thin steel bands, steel wires or synthetic ropes are used the reciprocating movements are transformed into rotating axle movements by up- and unwinding on two or more drums in an upper and lower arrangement. The steel bands for each drum may comprise two thin laminas to receive optimized life and strength in relation to the diameter of the drum and the transmitted forces. Each lamina of the steel bands have attachment devices to the mechanically rigidly connected opposite restriction devices. The attachment devices provide an even force distribution of the laminas, compensate for a longer running of one lamina, strains the steel band when they are winded and compensate for the total difference in length resulting from the winding and unwinding between the upper and lower arrangements and the rigidly connected restriction devices. Each wire or rope has attachment devices to the mechanically rigidly connected opposite restriction devices. The attachment devices provide an even force distribution to the wires or ropes, strains the wires or ropes when they are winded on the drums and during rotation of the drums they are following spirally shaped recesses in the drums to prevent unnecessary wear. If profiles comprising permanent magnets are used a magnetic force distribution is created by using permanent magnets arranged in the mechanical connections connecting the opposite restriction devices. Coils arranged in the central unit may create one or several linear generators directly converting the reciprocating movements into electrical current.
Preferably the conversion modules are placed so that the rotating axles and their attached energy transforming units create a combined energy transformer with a good symmetry and weight distribution. The conversion module can also be placed so that their rotating axles can be joined into one centrally placed rotation axle with a double or one-way rotation direction. The rotating axle can operate one or two opposite generators with or without flywheel or high pressure pumps for generating electrical power or for fresh water production.
In another embodiment the at least one restriction device comprises at least one of the following: a double acting restriction device having the shape of a straight cylinder with a piston or a cylinder with a revolving piston element, or one way acting restriction devices such as an enclosed bellows, back springing straight or spiral shaped elastomeric cylinders.
If the secondary restriction device is created by a cylinder with a non sealing piston it can, in addition to its connection to the piston of the primary restriction device, also have a connection to an outer hermetically sealed elastic elastomeric cylinder or bellow. With this construction the external reciprocating forces can be transferred to the converter without using linear lead-throughs, such as for example a piston shaft. The elastomeric cylinders also create internal enclosed circles without energy storage which can be used for hydraulic torque conversion or as double internally arranged energy storage volumes. Torque balanced spiral shaped elastomeric cylinders can also be used. A torque balanced cylinder is a cylinder which is split into two similar sized parts where one part is turned to the right and the other part is turned to the left, i.e. 50% right turned and 50% left turned with a joint in the middle. The non sealing piston in the secondary restriction device can be provided with conically shaped pipes which partly lets fluid through to match the volume changes created by the additional area of the elastomeric cylinder or bellow which in turn is matched by the piston area of the primary restriction device and partly creates an hydraulic end stop which fits suitable recesses in the cylinder top.
In another embodiment one or several hydraulic cylinders are located in the service volume. These hydraulic cylinders are adapted to position the energy transforming unit in a certain position to optimize force absorption and to use the stroke of the energy transforming unit in an optimized way.
In yet another embodiment the energy transforming unit, together with integrated equipment, is entirely or partly enclosed by a closed volume. The closed volume can be pressurized with an inert gas to prevent oxidation and to give the transforming unit a desired density.
The invention also relates to an energy transforming unit adapted to convert reciprocating external forces into rotating axle movements on at least one force transmitting axle ejecting from at least one conversion module. The unit comprises a central unit comprising the conversion module and its at least one force transmitting axle and also in- and outflow channels which leads an enclosed reciprocating volume comprising a fluid to and from said at least one conversion module. The reciprocating volume is delimited by the unit and by at least one primary and one secondary restriction device, wherein the primary restriction device can have the shape of a bellow or an elastic straight or spiral shaped elastomeric cylinder with an hermitically closed top or have the shape of a piston, the extending piston shaft of which is enclosed by a bellow or an elastic straight or spiral shaped elastomeric cylinder with an hermetically closed top. The hermetically closed top is adapted to be applied by the external force. The secondary opposite restriction device have the shape of a cylinder comprising a reciprocating piston, wherein the reciprocating piston delimits an internal compliance chamber from the enclosed reciprocating volume delimited by the restriction devices. Further, the unit comprises one or several mechanical force transmitting devices which connects the closed top with the reciprocating piston, locks them in relation to each other and transmits the external force between each restriction device. Whereby energy is stored in the compliance chamber by compression or decompression of the chamber so that the enclosed reciprocating fluid volume, without being affected by the external force, follows the reciprocating movements of the restriction devices and the stored energy is converted in the conversion modules.
Through this design energy is stored in the compliance chamber by compression or decompression of the chamber so that the fluid arranged between the restriction devices can, without being affected by the external force, follow the reciprocating movements of the restriction device. Thus, the stored energy can be transformed into a useable rotation movement by moving the enclosed fluid volume over the conversion modules.
The invention also relates to an energy transforming unit adapted to convert reciprocating external forces into directly produced electric power using one or several linear generators. In this embodiment the unit comprises a central unit comprising at least one coil for direct production of electric power and in and out putting flow channels which lead an enclosed reciprocating volume comprising a fluid to pass over said at least one coil. The reciprocating volume is delimited by the unit and at least one primary and one secondary restriction device, wherein the primary restriction device can have the shape of a bellow or an elastic straight or spiral shaped elastomeric cylinder with an hermitically closed top or have the shape of a piston, the extending piston shaft of which is enclosed by a bellow or an elastic straight or spiral shaped elastomeric cylinder with an hermetically closed top. The hermetically closed top is adapted to be applied by the external force. The secondary opposite restriction device have the shape of a cylinder comprising a reciprocating piston, wherein the reciprocating piston delimits an internal compliance chamber from the enclosed reciprocating volume delimited by the restriction devices. The unit further comprises one or several mechanical force transmitting devices comprising permanent magnets for direct production of electric power. The force transmitting devices connects the closed top with the reciprocating piston, locks them in relation to each other and transmits the external force between each restriction device, whereby energy is stored in the compliance chamber by compression or decompression of the chamber.
This embodiment makes it possible to directly produce power using a generator without having to use a conversion module. When the external force acts on a restriction device in the shape of a bellow or an elastic straight or spiral shaped elastomeric cylinder with a hermetically sealed top, it is possible to use the energy in the reciprocating movements without using a piston shaft with a necessary piston shaft seal which is difficult to dimension. Thus, the inside volume of the unit can be hermetically sealed and problems with leakage of internal fluid and/or suction of external fluid can be avoided.
In one embodiment the energy transforming unit further comprises a hydraulic braking arrangement which is adapted to protect the central unit and its conversion modules or linear generators from damaging pressure peaks. The in the central unit arranged in and/or out putting flow channels can also be provided with one or more latch valves adapted to transform a free reciprocating fluid flow into a closed flow which prevents the movements of the reciprocating volume. Thereby the energy extraction from for example the wave movements can be optimized and the reciprocating movements can in an effective way be transformed into movements providing an effective translation into mechanical work and the production of for example electric power.
In another embodiment of the invention, the straight and spiral shaped elastomeric cylinders of the energy transforming unit are provided with conducting threads or wires for current feed and communication.
The invention also relates to an energy transforming system characterized in that an energy transforming unit according to any of the above embodiments have been integrated in or is in closed contact with an energy absorber having the shape of any of the following: a point absorber with an opposite force created by a reactive mass or a weight at the bottom of a sea or an ocean, a wave tilter anchored at a suitable depth at the bottom of a sea or an ocean, close to the seashore to catch the breaking waves or an energy transforming unit adapted to convert reciprocating wind or water currents.
The energy transforming unit according to the above can be flexibly mounted in a sinker or between a sinker on a sea or lake bottom and a point absorber. The point absorber can be a compressible buoy adapted to be affected of the water pressure under a water surface or alternatively a buoy adapted to float on a water surface. The point absorber can also be a wave tilter anchored at a suitable depth at the bottom of an ocean or a lake. The energy transforming unit can also be mounted between an anchoring point and energy absorbing units for wind or water currents or be mounted between two anchoring points as a flexible energy producing link used in parallel with a retaining mooring cable or an anchoring line. The energy transforming unit can also be connected to a foundation comprising a cylinder with a double acting rotatable piston element connected to a rotatable torque converting part. The torque converting part may be a lever or a plate which is able to transmit external mechanic or hydraulic reciprocating forces into internal reciprocating fluid movements in a closed circuit over the conversion modules in the energy transforming unit.
The invention is now described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
This stored energy can be released as pulling and/or pushing forces that are transformed into rotations by the conversion modules.
In general, one separate figure can comprise projections in different planes in order to illustrate functions and orientations.
In the following a detailed description of embodiments of the present invention will be given. It will be appreciated that these figures are for illustration only and are not in any way restricting the scope of the invention. Thus, any references to direction, such as “up” or “down”, are only referring to the directions shown in the figures. Also, any dimensions etc. shown in the figures are for illustration purposes.
It must be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
Elasticity is to be understood as a materials ability to deform in an elastic way. Elastic deformation is when a material deforms under stress (e.g. external forces), but returns to its original shape when the stress is removed. A more elastic material is to be understood as a material having a lower modulus of elasticity or Young's modulus. The elastic modulus of an object is defined as the slope of its stress-strain curve in the elastic deformation region. The elastic modulus is calculated as stress/strain, where stress is the force causing the deformation, divided by the area to which the force is applied; and strain is the ratio of the change caused by the stress.
The invention, which relates to a compact, cost effective energy transformer, comprises in its preferred embodiments one central unit comprising mechanics and fluid channels which have been adapted for reciprocating mechanical movements and oscillating volume transferring fluid and or mechanical movements generated by at least one integrated restriction or displacement device over conversion modules integrated in the central unit.
In some embodiments the restriction devices interact with themselves in open (
The energy transformers can be adapted for ingoing one-way or double acting pressing and/or pulling forces. When adapted for one-way acting forces, for example when the system receives and stores wave energy only during the up-going phase of the waves, the energy transforming unit can be provided with at least one internal compliance chamber, the volume of which changes, directly through a piston device (ex
The construction of the energy converter is well suited for hermetically sealed systems (ex.
Since the energy transformer, with assistance of for example the integrated latch valve and adapted hydraulic and mechanic conversion modules, can convert reciprocating movements into a rotating torque with a relatively high rotation speed the conversion modules become small and light and are therefore easy to integrate with the central unit.
The central unit can also comprise conversion modules having the shape of linear generators which directly can transform mechanical reciprocating movements into electric power. The advantages of still using a reciprocating fluid in such an application, is that latch valves, and hydraulic end-stops can be used with no negative effects to the internal environment.
When the back spring elastomeric cylinder 5 is in work (
Embodiments with two opposite straight cylinders (
Because the reciprocating fluid Fl over the conversion module is an enclosed volume between two mechanically connected restriction devices, this volume, with or without pressure sensors, can be provided with a constant overpressure on each side of the conversion module without affecting the pressure gradients the force F generates. In this way cavitation over the conversion module can be avoided. The constant overpressure can for example be constituted of the surrounding pressure Px or be created by internal pressure arrangements shown in
The restriction devices can comprise two opposite bellows 4 (
The restriction devices can also, except for the hydraulic connection, be mechanically connected to each other with an external, not shown, arrangement or an internal arrangement like for example the piston shafts 6b, which also can constitute a stabilizing support of the bellows 4.
The embodiments create a, against the surroundings enclosed but interacting circulation system which require double action forces to generate reciprocating fluid movements. When the back spring elastomeric cylinder 5 is in work (
In the embodiments where the opposite pistons 5a, 4b-c are mechanically connected by the piston shafts or profiles 6b the force F can switch direction and can also endure higher pressure gradients over the converters than the embodiments without a mechanical connection. This due to that the mechanically connected pistons generates pressure gradients which operate the conversion module by pressure increasing on one side of the conversion module, simultaneously with pressure reduction on the other side. Cavitation is avoided by letting the external pressure Px, without a need of feed-throughs, constantly pressurize the fluid Fl indirectly over the elastomers.
The by the pistons enclosed fluid Fl which entirely or partly passes through the conversion module can by the force F be put in reciprocating movement over the conversion modules between the compliance chambers C1 with pressures P3 or P4 and the outer surroundings with the fluid Fx and pressure Px as compliance volume. The reciprocating fluid Fl is separated from the external fluid Fx by a piston 3b, 3c and can therefore be chosen so that it in an optimized way protects the conversion module from wear out. Cavitations can by the connections Cv be avoided according to the same principles as described in
By fixating the piston shafts 6a, b to the piston like end closures 4b, c and 5a, hermetically enclosed energy transformers are created according to
The internal compliance chamber C1 is created by letting the gable provided cylinder 10 in
By enclosing the internal compliance chamber C1 and its bottom valve 11 with a closed cylinder 13, a service volume V6 is created which can be filled with fluid and gas. The fluid is of the same kind as the reciprocating fluid H and the gas can be connected to the gas in the generator rooms (not shown). The service volume V6 can both deliver and receive fluid to and from the valve 11, and can thereby fulfill its double functions, i.e. to give the pressure P4 a maximum under-pressure and to give the pistons 3b, 3c a hydraulic deceleration near its end positions. The service volume V6 also provides a hermetical sealing against the surrounding for the embodiments according to
In the embodiments according to
The gas pressures P3 and P4 in the compliance chambers C1 are, by means of the connected pistons, in direct connection with the external fluid Fx and its pressure Px. The pressure of the surroundings Px is transmitted by the elastomers in
The pressures P1 and P2 can thus be balanced with one-way acting forces F applied on the pistons by means of the piston shafts 6a so that variations in the forces result in reciprocating fluid movements which directly within the central unit can be translated into rotating axle movements suitable for mechanical work. The pressure Px of the surroundings, the area of the pistons and the back spring forces F5 of the elastomeric cylinder 5 are parameters which together with the pressures P3 and P4 in the compliance chambers C1 generates pressure gradients over the conversion modules.
The pistons shafts 6a can for example, when connected to a floating buoy with a displacing volume, create pulling forces F which balances these pressure gradients. During imbalance due to wave movements, the pressure gradients over the conversion modules are altered so that they rotate according to the shifting directions of the pressure gradients. With the assistance of the shut-off valves 8 the flows over the conversion module can be stopped until the pressure behind a calculated flow over the conversion module is large enough to deliver an optimized energy transformation from the pistons with their limited stroke. One way of increasing the operating pressures, without major changes, is to increase the pressure Px by placing the energy transformer at a larger depth.
The embodiment in
In the embodiments according to
In the embodiments according to
To have a long life all embodiments require an associated service volume (see embodiments according to
In these embodiments, the closed cylinder 13 with its lead-throughs 17, can be connected to the central unit so that the service volume V6 encloses the piston shafts 6a, 6b. The service volume can also, as disclosed in
The lead-throughs 14, 17 in
The valve 11 has in the embodiments in
The placement of the cylinders 3 and the pistons 3c in
In the embodiments according to
The fluid, limited and enclosed by the pistons being transformed by the pistons, receives superimposed pressures created by the forces F and is balanced by opposite forces generated by the pressures P4 and P5 in the compliance chambers C1 and C2. Variations in the force F result in that the superimposed pressures P1 and P2, on each side of the conversion module creates pressure gradients over these which can be translated in to a rotational mechanical work.
The service volume V6 is, by small fluid and gas pumps R1 and R2, also in contact with the compliance chamber C2. By manual and/or automatic control of these pumps located for example in the service module, fluid and gas can be transferred between the service volume V6 and the compliance chamber C2.
The pre-set basic pressure P5 in the compliance chamber C2 can for example be chosen so that the pressure gradient created between the compliance chambers C1 and C2 is balanced by a pulling force F which is created by the displaced water volume from a floating buoy on a water surface without waves. If, for example, the displaced water volume with the pulling force F in calm waters corresponds to 50% of the total buoyancy of the buoy, the wave movement will create oscillating force variations around the pre-set force F. These force variations can by low pressure changes and low pressure progressions in the compliance chambers C1 and C2 in principle directly be converted into rotational movements in the conversion modules.
Mainly by movement of fluid between the service volume V6 and the compliance chamber C2, the pre-set basic pressure can be changed in as well pressure as progression. If the compliance volume V5 is decreased by transmittance of fluid Fl from the service volume V6 to the compliance chamber 2, the pre-set basic pressure P5 and the progression of the pressure changes is increased due to a decreased compliance volume V5. The opposite happens if fluid is transmitted from the compliance chamber C2 to the service volume V6. This adjustment function can assure that the reciprocating movements of the fluid Fl happens within the possible stroke range of the pistons, i.e. makes it possible to continuously adapt the energy transformer after added forces and movements for optimized energy transformation.
In order to further exploit the limited stroke of the energy transformers in an optimized way, the shut-off valves or latch valves 8 with engines 9 have been integrated into the exemplified central units 1h, 1i, 1e, 1f. Large pressure differences and flows over the conversion modules enable high power outputs. With assistance from the shut-off valves 8, the flow over the conversion modules 2c, 2d can be stopped until the pressures and the limited flows over the conversion modules are large enough to let the pistons work their limited stroke for an optimized energy transformation. The latch valves can in this way transform sinus formed extraction forces to more square wave like forces for better force extraction from the waves, better use of the stroke length and faster rotation motions that makes e.g. electric generators to have better efficient rates.
With, for example, a maximized under-pressure P4 in the compliance chamber C1 and an adapted overpressure P5 in the compliance chamber C2, both with a basic setting for very low progressions, the pressure gradients of the energy transformers can be adapted so that it always is required a powerful pulling force F in order for them to be in an equilibrium. In this way, energy output can be generated by as well positive as negative wave movements, which gives a more uniform energy production, see
The elastomeric cylinder 22 can be armored by a spiral shape, where the armoring also can be composed of a conducting material and glass fiber for distribution of electric power and communication. The connections 25 can be attached to the elastomeric cylinder 22 by for example vulcanization or clamp couplings and can comprise connectors and attachments for power output and communication. Further, the connections can be so formed that the enclosed electrical components and joint couplings for communication and high current. The, electrical conduits enclosed in the elastomeric cylinder can comprise one or several coils separated by the material of the elastomeric cylinder. The conduits can also be enclosed by a separate own insulation coating. At higher currents several conduits can be connected in the connection means 25 which has an insulator 25b to protect the conduits and to protect and cover the adaption part 25c. The elastomeric cylinder is in this way provided with in and outlets for electrical conduits and communications 51. When spiral shaped bellows are used, the conduits can also be placed in separate spiral tubes which loosely or fixed follows the inner contour of the spiral shaped bellow.
In embodiments where the elastomeric cylinder 22 can be the object of non desirable over- or under-pressure, the elastomeric cylinder or bellow can be provided with a pressure releasing connection 25d. This connection can, with or without a one-way valve (not shown), be in connection with the service volume V6 or to the volume V34 which is created by the encapsulation 34 in
The elastomeric cylinder and spirally shaped bellows with its elastic conduit fulfills two important functions i.e:
1. It can provide hermetically enclosed energy transformers without any fluid leakage
2. Current supply and communication can be provided between the ocean surface and the bottom without cables that constantly are reciprocating up and down with large risk of weakening movements and mechanical damages.
The integrated latch valves are controlled by the electronics module E (not disclosed) and their software which cooperates with the power electronics and its software and control. By the latch valves it is possible to delay the movements of the buoy in the flexion points of the waves until a displacement large enough has occurred around the basic position of the buoy. Thereby, the sinus shaped movements of the waves can be transformed into square waves. This results in that the limited stroke of the energy transformer can be used so that it with as large force and velocity as possible can transfer energy to the generators. The latch technique can also in harsh weather lock the movements of the buoy.
The piston shafts 43 can directly or indirectly by the wheels 44 and for example the wires 45 be connected to anchoring modules at the bottom of the ocean. A hydraulic pump (not disclosed) controlled by the electronics modules E and its software can transfer the pistons with the piston shafts 43 so that the energy transformer, by for example tidal variations, takes its location where an effective energy generation is possible. The variable anchoring system can also be used to protect the whole system during harsh conditions. If large adaptations are necessary (large tidal changes) the stroke of the pistons can be increased by extending the cylinders 42 which are allowed to pass through the gable plate 46 and/or complement the arrangement with the wheels and wires 44, 45 which, in the example, doubles the optimization possibilities of the energy transformer.
The whole transformer can be encapsulated in a, around the rotational axis, symmetrical capsule 34 which can be adapted so that the energy transformer receives a density that result in that the transformer easily takes the pulling direction given by the buoy when effected by waves, currents and winds. This means that eventual side forces on linear bearings are reduced to a minimum.
The internal environment of the energy transformer, including generators, can in a cost effective way be optimized for a long life and long service intervals. The gas included in the system can for example be N.sub.2 in order to not oxidize the included components. The reciprocating fluid Fl can comprise the organic oil Tellus E 46 which at the same time is a perfect lubricant for all included components. When lobe rotor pumps are used the oscillating fluid can be water or a water based fluid. The encapsulation with associated automatic control, steer and service functions can even lead to a completely maintenance free power production until it is totally renovated or replaced (compare with encapsulated refrigerator compressors).
In
Conversion modules in this embodiment require, in order to provide reciprocating fluid motion over the conversion module, that double-acting forces F are applied on the pistons. The pressure gradient formed by the pressures P5 and Px over the piston shaft clear area can, in some embodiments with unidirectional forces, give returning forces large enough for the piston and fluid over, for example a conversion module with free hub features, shall return to the starting point.
The embodiments in
The need of compliance volume of the reciprocating fluid is reduced towards zero by providing the pistons 3b and 3c with opposite piston shafts 6b having a total area equal to the piston shafts 6a which penetrate the central units le and lf. Due to that, no volume changes occur within the internal circulation cycle.
The embodiments in
Energy transformers in this embodiment demands, in order to be able to generate reciprocating fluid motions over the conversion modules that double-acting forces F act on the pistons.
In
In
The revolving cylinders TC form in similarity with energy transformers described in
The revolving cylinder with two wings gives better balance against harmful uneven load on the rotor. The wings can be supplied with small raisings at the middle of the outflows to form hydraulic damping at the ends. The service volume V6 can be formed from an external unit attached to the energy transformer. It can serve as a fluid- and gas depot and with its own pressure or with an internal compliance tank 28 through a pump system which pressurizes the fluid Fl and prevents cavitations and automatically replace leakage over the seals 37 and the seals round the rotating axis 7 of the conversion module.
Energy transformers with revolving cylinder demands double-acting forces F to generate reciprocating fluid motions. Both the embodiments can be equipped with central units and conversion module suitable for one or two generators with or without free hub and fly wheel. These embodiments are well suitable to be integrated in wave tilter. They can also be included in a lever system where e.g. a buoy is raising a lever which return by its own weight.
In
In
In
Energy transformers with central units 1a-d and conversion modules 2a-b according to
In
As well rotators as stators can, in smaller units, be surrounded by the reciprocating fluid Fl (compare with canned motors). Thereby all axle seals are eliminated at the same time as the oil receives large cooling areas and can provide all bearings with optimized lubrication. The mass of the rotators (approx 5 kg/10 kW) is negligible in comparison to the decelerating power output it can deliver. This means that all the forces necessary for their acceleration and generated during their deceleration are also negligible. The latch technique 8 can therefore with full effect be used in this embodiment to provide an effective energy output from both directions of the generators.
As an example on the compactness of the transformer it can be mentioned that the volume created according to the embodiment 15d, with two integrated generators Alaxion 500STK4m with a collected effect of 66 kW and a collected generator weight of 160 kg, including the volumes in the central unit 1i and the conversion module 2d, latch technique 8, 9, electronics box E and other not disclosed equipment, is accommodated within a spherically shaped enclosure 34 with a radius of less than 40 cm. This can be compared with the weight of a linear generator which for only 30 kW is expected to weigh approx 1300 kg and take a very large volume. The pulsating power generation require larger areas on the feeding conduit with is a drawback, but this can be compensated by using several power producing units which by using power electronics can be connected to one common feeding line for further electrical distribution.
Two lobrotating pumps 56, for high flows and low pressure gradients, for example of the type Vogelsang VX136Q218, are in this embodiment used as conversion devices. They have been placed and modified so that they have through-going axles 57. This in order to be able to add cog wheels 58 and free hubs 59 to their internal mechanic and to be able to load the pumps with higher pressure gradients and thereby receive a higher efficiency. Due to these modifications their common effects can be delivered on one common central axis 60 which rotates in the same direction independent of the direction of the flow through the lobrotating pumps. This provides both geometrically and weight distribution wise, a desirable symmetry to the entire energy transformer, whose total density can be close to the displaced water volume. Further, the generators receive a uniform running by the cooperation of the flywheels.
The force operating the lobrotating pumps is created by the surrounding water pressure Px and the pressure the back springing force F5 provides and also by the pressure (underpressure) prevailing in the compliance chamber C1. The force F5 is when a bellow is used is proportionately low. The total pressure gradient over the piston 3b is increased with one bar each tenth meter the transformer is lowered into a lake or an ocean. The force F is balanced by the force Fx created by for example a floating buoy on a water surface. All changes of this balance generate reciprocating fluid movements between the pistons, which in turn can be translated into torque for energy delivery by the lobrotating pumps.
The material of the elastomeric bellow, for example a rubber mix, is adapted for an environmental friendly oil Fl in order to optimize the life of the internal mechanics. Since the bellow is lowered into water it is not exposed from degradable ozone and sun light, whereby the life of the bellow is expected to be the same as the other components of the energy transformer.
The primary cylinder C3 can be provided with both a one way valve 11 and an entrance 61 leading to a valve function (not disclosed) which can reduce the underpressure P4 if cavitation problems should occur. The cylinder closing including the valve 11 can also be replace by a cylinder closing according to
The construction can be dimensioned for long life with a continuous operation without maintenance. This is made possible by over sizing of bearings and operating the system with environmental friendly oils which is protected against oxidation by using inert gas in the gas phases of the system. The system can also be provided with an internal (not disclosed) oil purification system.
Below follows brief descriptions of energy transforming units adapted to translate reciprocating fluid movements into rotating axle movements over mechanical conversion modules as disclosed in
Gear racks can, like in this example when they are separated from each other, be connected to the pistons with joint mechanics (
An exact guiding of the gear racks is necessary to accomplish a long life. Of this reason and other the energy transformer have been provided with an inner support cylinder 3 where the piston 68 by the shaft 69 is firmly attached to the piston like end part 4a of the elastomeric cylinder.
In this embodiment, with mechanical torque conversion, the internal reciprocating fluid Fl transmits the external pressure Px around the elastomeric cylinder and the pressure created by the back-springing force F5 of the elongated elastomeric cylinder to the piston 3a of the primary cylinder through the flow channels 70 with shut-off valves 8.
The fluid, which is an environmental friendly oil, is contributing in the end position damping which is created when cone shaped pipes 71 on the upper side of the piston 68 gradually is preventing the oil from exiting the volume created between the piston and the end closure 72. A flow of oil is created partly by the decrease in volume between the upper side of the piston 68 and the end closure 72 of the cylinder and partly by the additional flow that have to pass through the piston 68 to accommodate the larger diameter of the elastomeric cylinder and its differences in thickness during its movements. The volume changes created by the movements of the elastomeric cylinder and the differences in thickness is due to interaction of the volumes created by the mechanical coupling of the elastomeric cylinder to a suitable piston area on the opposite piston 3a. The elastomeric cylinder or even bellow like cylinders can interact with the surroundings so a volume balancing occurs between the upper and lower cylinders.
The fluid Fl as liquid has three key functions. It serves as hydraulic media in the end damping functions, it prevents oscillating motions together with the shut-off-valves 8 and it also has very important lubricating and cooling functions for rack, pinions, gears ball- and linear bearings. The entrance of the racks into the conversion module is adapted to the profiles of the gear racks so that a labyrinth seal is created. This prevents pressures from being transmitted into the conversion modules when the shut-off valves 8 are closed.
The piston 3a is designed to provide hydraulic end position damping, as described above.
With a mechanical torque conversion there are no risks of cavitation and the mechanical efficiency is very high. The gear racks have been placed and modified so that their generated effect, with the assistance of cog wheels and free hubs, can be delivered on one common central axis which rotates in the same direction independent of the direction of movement of the gear racks through the central unit 1n. This provides both geometrically and weight distribution wise, a desirable symmetry to the entire energy transformer, whose total density can be close to the displaced water volume. Further, the generators receive a uniform running by the cooperation of the flywheels.
In another embodiment
The fluid pressure in the conversion modules with mechanical transmissions Cm can when internal compliance volumes and service volumes are used as in
When no service volume is used as in
In embodiments with external compliance volumes as in
The force F driving the gear racks is created by the surrounding water pressure Px and the pressure the back springing force F5 provides and also by the pressure (underpressure) prevailing in the compliance chamber C1. The total pressure gradient over the piston 3a is increased with one bar each tenth meter the transformer is lowered into a lake or an ocean.
The back-springing force F5 is determined by for example the rubber mix in or the thickness of the elastomeric cylinder. With an elongation comparative to 100% of the length of the cylinder in rest, the cylinder is expected to have a very long life when it is lowered in water and not exposed to degradable ozone or sun light. The elastomeric cylinder can also be made with coil shaped outer contours which can lead to less stress in the material.
The elastomeric cylinder may also be provided with conduits 24 for current supply and communication which can be joined in the end closures of the elastomeric cylinders (
In another embodiment (not disclosed) with rigid cylinders, internal compliance volumes, service volumes and mechanically connected pistons as in
In the disclosed embodiment four chain groups in triple embodiments have been attached to the pistons 68 and 3a. The piston 68 is with the shaft 69 firmly attached to the piston like end closure 4a of the elastomeric cylinder with arrangements for end position damping as described in
The piston 68 is also through two U-beams 74 firmly attached to the piston 3a. The U-beams are placed back to back at a distance from each other. This makes it possible to link the by the chains transmitted torque from primarily four rotating axles into one common central axis which rotates in the same direction independent of the direction of movement of the chains.
The chains (
At the inside between the legs of the U-beams a polymer ledge 76 is mounted which is provided with cut-outs adapted to the surface contour of the chains. The contour ledge has on opposite side cut-outs for permanent magnets 77. These magnets will be able to hold the chains in place independent of their orientation in relation to the gravity. Further, they are also able to attract magnetic debris. The exit and entering of the chain through the central unit 10 is provided with seals similar to labyrinth seals which prevents leakage when the valves 8 is shutting off the power transmitting function of the fluid Fl between the pistons 3a and 4b.
Chains are prolonged during wear and therefore the energy transformer have been provided with chain tensioners 78 (
The two double sided timing belts are both powering one shaft at a time. These are running through a slot in the mechanical connection 6b and are situated eccentric, below but symmetric to each other. These shafts are by two freewheels powering two generators with flywheels 30.
The timing belts are running over wheels that are situated in the two pistons that by one or more rods are mechanically firmly attached to each other. The wheels in the piston have a spring-like connection to the piston to keep the timing belt to be pre-stretched when they are not powered by pulling forces to be converted. Once there are pulling forces to be transformed these forces will make the spring-like connection in the pulling piston to become stiff. This shift in pre-stretching forces is done to prolong the life time of the belt.
In order to speed up the rotations and store more energy in the fly-wheel without a gearbox the ends of the timing belts are attached to wheels Sw that after stretching the timing belts can be firmly locked to the central unit. In this way the formatted loop of the timing belt will result in that the belt receives double the speed of the piston motions. A higher rpm increases the storage capacity, enables the use of more compact generators and gives a more even output of electric power.
In this example the bands are 0.1 mm thick steel bands 80. They rotate as two upper and two lower band arrangements 81, alternating between rolling on and off two upper 82a and two lower drums 82b, respectively. The drums are located in the central unit 1p. The band arrangements and the drums are so located that they, according to the embodiments in
Instead of using a single and thicker steel band, a band arrangement comprised of two thin steel bands, for example 0.1 mm thick, is used. This increases the strength of the total band arrangement and avoids the stiffness a single 0.2 mm would have. Since these bands together are up-winded on top of each other, the outer band will run a slightly longer distance which must be adjusted. This adjustment occurs due to the flexible and sliding attachments arrangements of the bands to the pistons 68, 3a, which in similarity with the pistons in the embodiment of
Each band arrangement has two attachment points 83 (
The two upper and lower band arrangements are mirrored in the center line of the energy transformer and are joined to each other by a journalled connection 86a to a spring suspended force transmitting plate 85, whose task is to stretch the bands when they without load are up-winded on the drums. During load, i.e. when the bands, using pulling forces, transmits the force striving to unwind the bands from the drums, the force transmitting plate 85 will abut on a slightly flexible rubber plate 86. The through-going U-beams also imply that the opposite band arrangements are only affected by the spring forces of the force transmitting plate which thereby can absorb the difference in length due to the difference in the total drum diameter when the bands are up- and un-winded respectively.
When two thin bands are used in each band arrangement the drums can be made smaller in diameter and still generate the same power, which leads to an energy transformer with high energy density and which can operate at a primarily higher revolution. The difference in the total length between the up- and un-winded double band arrangements is approximately one centimeter, which easily can be absorbed by the force transmitting plate. The difference between the two up- and un-winded single bands is just a few millimeters.
The entrance and exits of the band arrangements through the central unit 1p are elongated slots which do not let any larger flow through when the shut-off valves 8 stops the flow through the flow channels 63.
The construction can be dimensioned for long life with a continuous operation without maintenance by for example choosing a design where the steel bands are only bent under force once per movement cycle. An internal, not disclosed, oil purification system including for example separation of magnetic debris can also be installed if required. If latch valves are not used the fluid can consist of gas.
According to the above described procedure there are also possibilities to up- and un-wind the bands on a common drum, for example by using an upper centrally wider band and two lower, in the periphery located, bands with a width divided in half to operate a common axle.
There are also possibilities, as disclosed in
In order to further prolong the lifetime of the band the edges of the band can be calendared to be thinner and harder. This will reduce the risk of cracking starting at the edges which otherwise usually is the case.
The latter embodiments, which also are relevant for force transmission with chains and lines, can be suitable for simple systems with a smaller energy absorption, with or without shut-off valves, with mechanical, fluid and/or air hydraulic end dampers. The systems may also have less demand on life and maintenance freedom.
The mechanically flexible attachment of the wires to the pistons 68 and 3a in
Between the two upper and lower drum arrangements in the central unit 1q there is a sealing wall which prevents leakage when the shut-off valve 8 is closing. Like in the embodiments above, the wires are not exposed to the forces created during hydraulic or mechanic end damping and neither to the forces needed for the double acting functions of the energy transformer. The wires in the present example are only loaded with one bending movement per operational cycle.
Embodiments similar to the ones shown in
The central unit 5x contains energy conversion modules 6xa, b, c; where 6xa is hydraulic energy conversion modules, 6xb are mechanical energy conversion modules and 6xc are coils which directly are converting the reciprocating movements of the permanent magnets into electric power. The energy transformers are hydraulic if using fluid Fl, mechanical 7x if using gear rack, chains, timing belts, bands, steel bands, wires, ropes or coils when oscillating profiles 3xa, 3xb containing permanent magnets are attached to the pistons 2xa, 2xb. The mechanical connection 3xa, b of the pistons result in that the incoming external forces F are transmitted through the central unit 5x so that they always can be adapted to suitable forces over the energy transforming units, i.e. pressure gradients during hydraulic force transmittance or pulling and pushing forces during mechanical force transmittance. The fluid Flx can be a liquid or a gas.
The energy transforming units 6xa, b, c can as hydraulic units 6xa be for example gear pumps and lobe rotating pumps 2a-d, 56 and as mechanical units 6xb be converters operated by gear racks, chains, timing belts, flat belts, steel bands, wires and synthetic ropes 64, 73, 80, 81, 87, Cm or by coils 6xc for direct conversion of the reciprocating movements into electric power.
By using this procedure, incoming one-way acting forces F can be stored in the energy transformer as both overpressures Pxa and under-pressures Pxb without effecting the energy conversion modules during the storage period but is used as energy source together with the energy in the flywheel during the time needed for the return motion of the energy transformer. This will give an even production of electric current and reduce the areas of the electric wires for transportation of electric power.
The cylinder 1xa and the piston 2xa, which do not have to be sealing, create barriers for unnecessary contact between the fluid and the gas phase Pxa, provide an excellent guidance for the piston shaft and provide a possibility to create a simple hydraulic end position damping.
If both the pistons of the two mechanically connected restriction devices are sealed towards their respective compliance volumes the fluid in between them can be set to a suitable pressure for example to the pressure in the service volume. When the oscillating flow is transforming the energy to the conversion modules (
The support piston Spx can create a hydraulic end position damping Dxc without exposing the central unit 5a and the energy conversion modules 6x and their couplings 7x or 3xb to the pistons Spx, 2xb for non desirable forces.
The central unit 5x can also be provided with shut-off valves 8x which can convert the incoming sinus shaped movements into powerful square shaped movements in order to optimize power absorption and energy transformation to the available stroke of the transformation unit.
The stretchable compliance chamber Cxc entail that the whole energy transformer is hermetically sealed and that the surroundings are operating as an outer compliance chamber. Further, the straight or spiral shaped elastomeric cylinder can be provided with coil winded conducting threads or wires for current feed and communication Lx to for example a point absorber on a water surface.
Preferred embodiments of an energy transforming unit have been described. It will be appreciated that these can be modified within the scope of the appended claims without departing from the inventive idea. Thus, unless contradictory, the features of the different embodiments can be used in all embodiments, such that for example the embodiments with generators or linear generators may exhibit the features of the other embodiments.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1050811-7 | Jul 2010 | SE | national |
| 1051357-0 | Dec 2010 | SE | national |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61365015 | Jul 2010 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13810387 | May 2013 | US |
| Child | 15237100 | US |
