This invention relates to engine cooling systems and more particularly to a novel and improved cooling system in an internal combustion engine.
The development of internal combustion engines for reduced exhaust emissions has resulted in significant increases in the amount of heat dissipation into engine cooling systems.
Traditionally, increases in the required amount of heat dissipation has been accomplished by improving the radiator cooling capacity through increasing the core size of the radiator. In addition, increased coolant and cooling air flow have been used to deal with the increase in required heat dissipation.
Packaging space for larger radiator cores and high energy consumption due to increased coolant and cooling air flow limit the amount of heat dissipation capacity increase that can be accomplished with these traditional approaches.
It is possible to improve cooling capacity by elevating the maximum permissible coolant temperature above traditional levels. The adoption of pressurized cooling systems which permitted operation with coolants up to 100° C./212° F. was a step in this direction. The addition of expansion tanks assisted in maintaining such temperature levels. However, it has become desirable to elevate coolant temperatures to even higher levels.
Utilization of elevated coolant temperatures requires proper pressurization under all operating, stand-still and ambient conditions in order to control cooling characteristics, secure coolant flow, prevent cavitation and cavitation erosion and to prevent unwanted boiling and overflow.
Temperature and pressure increase becomes more critical as the heat dissipation from the engine approaches the cooling capacity of the cooling system. A now traditional approach for pressurizing cooling systems is to rely on closed expansion or pressure tanks which depend on temperature increases of coolant and air to create and maintain desired pressures. Such a system communicates with ambient air by opening two way pressure valves thereby communicating the system with ambient air to entrain new air into the pressure tank when entrapped air and the coolant cool to create a vacuum in the system. Such systems are passive and vulnerable to leaks. Moreover, if such a system is depressurized for any reason, such as maintenance or top-off, pressure is reduced to ambient and operating time and cycles are needed to increase the pressure in the system.
In order to facilitate operation at higher pressure (and higher coolant temperature) some coolant systems employ an external pressure source such as the charge air system of the vehicle that is coupled to the expansion tank to boost cooling system pressure above that possible with passive systems. These systems typically use pressure relief and pressure control to the ambient atmosphere, that causes constant or frequent air flow through to the tank or pressure source resulting in oxidization of coolant and scavenging. In addition, the external pressure is constantly applied, resulting in parasitic losses at the pressure source.
According to the present invention, an internal combustion engine cooling system is pressurized by introducing air under pressure from an external pressurized source. More specifically, in the preferred and disclosed embodiment, air under pressure from an engine intake manifold is communicated into the cooling system to thereby pressurize the system and elevate the maximum available coolant temperature. In its simplest form, a conduit connects an engine intake manifold with a cooling system expansion tank via a flow control check valve. The flow control valve is in the form of a spring loaded non-return valve connected in the conduit for enabling unidirectional flow from the intake manifold to the expansion tank.
In an alternate embodiment, a flow control valve in the form of a spring loaded non-return valve is also used. A second spring loaded non-return valve allows decompression of the expansion tank to a threshold pressure level corresponding to the spring pressure of the second valve plus the pressure in the engine air inlet system. In order to dampen decay of pressure in the coolant system, a restrictor is interposed in series with the second non-return valve.
A further alternative includes a valve, such as for example a floating check valve or electronically controlled valve, between the expansion tank and the conduit that is actuated based on a level of coolant liquid in the expansion tank to block flow of coolant to the pressure source when the tank level reaches a predetermined limit.
A further alternative includes an electric or pneumatic switch between the restrictor and the second non-return valve. A control algorithm for this switch is based on coolant pressure, temperature, engine load parameters and duty cycles for optimizing the expansion tank pressure.
In a still further alternative, a two directional two way control valve is used together with pressure sensors respectively located on opposite sides of the control valve. A control algorithm for pressure control is based on selected parameters such as coolant pressure, engine load, charge air pressure, coolant temperature, ambient temperature and pressure, cooling system capacity, cooling fan speed and duty cycles. A pressure control range is calculated based on the selected parameters and the valve is actuated to maintain pressure within the control range.
The alternate embodiments using electronic control units enable diagnosis of the systems actual functioning condition. The system compares actual pressure levels, time temperatures and valve positions with expected critical pressures under given conditions in the setting and design parameters for the system and components used in it. Diagnostic information is available for drivers and service information. It also can be used for actively changing the functioning of the system to enable continued use of the engine vehicle in a so-called limp home mode in case of system malfunction.
Accordingly, the objects of this invention are to provide a novel and improved engine coolant system and a method of engine cooling.
Referring to the drawings and
The engine 12 is equipped with a cooling system which includes an expansion tank 18,
A conduit 26 connects the intake manifold 15 to the expansion tank 18. The conduit 26 communicates with the expansion tank 18 through an inlet 28. A floating check valve 30 functions to control unidirectional fluid flow through the inlet 28 when a level of coolant 32 in the tank 18 rises to a higher level than that depicted in
A flow control valve 34 is interposed in the conduit 26. In its simplest form, the flow control valve is a simple spring loaded non-return valve which allows pressurized flow from the manifold 15 to the tank 18, but prevents reverse flow of pressurized fluid from the tank 18 to the manifold 15.
With the embodiment of
In the embodiment of
With the embodiment of
An electronic control unit 40 controls the positioning of the directional control valve. The control algorithm for this function is based on coolant pressure, temperature, engine load parameters, and duty cycles relevant for optimizing the expansion tank pressure. Alternatively, a pneumatic switch may be substituted for the electrically controlled directional control valve that has been described.
The direction control valve 42 is controlled by an electronic control unit 48. A control algorithm for the control unit 48 is based on selected parameters such as coolant pressure, engine load, charge pressure, coolant temperature, ambient temperature, ambient pressure, cooling system capacity, cooling fan speed, and duty cycles. The pressure in the expansion tank is optimized by actively pressurizing to satisfy coolant system function. While the pressure is optimized, it is raised to no higher than necessary pressure levels and with pressure variations and amplitudes which match the properties of materials used in the coolant system.
A passive pressure build-up in the expansion tank will take place naturally and in parallel with the active pressure control systems that have been described. How the passive pressure build-up will interact depends on which of the embodiments is employed.
The embodiments of
Diagnostic information derived when either the embodiment of
Operation
In operation from cold engine start up, operation of the turbo charger will transmit air under pressure through the conduit 26 to the expansion tank 18. Assuming the pressure relief setting of the cap pressure relief valve 24 is high enough, air under pressure will flow through the flow control valve 34 until pressure in the expansion tank 18 is approaching the relief valve opening pressure (but not higher). Should the pressure of air from the turbo charger 16 drop, the one way flow control valve 34 will prevent a pressure drop in the expansion tank 18.
With the embodiment of
With the embodiment of
With the embodiment of
The embodiment of
Electronic Controlled Coolant System with Modulated Pressurization
The pressure sensor 51 measures the system pressure, Pe, within the tank. This tank pressure is input to the ECU 50. The ECU also receives signals indicative of pressure source pressure level, Ps, from pressure sensor 61. The ECU continually calculates a real time optimal pressure, P0rt, for the system based on present vehicle operating conditions. A control range that is a function of the calculated P0rt is stored in the ECU. The control range is an amount of allowed deviation from any given P0rt. The control range is suitably selected to maintain the system pressure within the absolute limits P0−C2 and P0+C1 dictated by the components of the pressure cap 22. Using the control range and the calculated P0rt, the ECU determines a target pressure range. When the system pressure, Pe, is outside the target range, the ECU controls the valve 42 to supply or bleed pressure by allowing flow between the pressure source 60 to the tank. In addition, the ECU controls the valve to prevent flow from the tank to the pressure source when the level sensor 53 indicates a high tank level. Of course, if at any time the pressure of the system falls outside the absolute limits of the pressure cap, the pressure cap will operate to connect the coolant system to the ambient atmosphere.
The ECU calculates P0rt for the system based on a number of factors. These factors include present engine operating conditions such as engine load and speed as sensed by the engine control module, or ECM, 65; coolant temperature as sensed by temperature probe 63 which is suitably positioned in an area through which coolant flows; ambient conditions as sensed by various sensors indicated generally as 67; vehicle operating parameters such as road speed as sensed by the vehicle control module, or VCM, 75; and cooling system parameters 69 such as coolant type, and/or specific properties of materials used in the cooling system. The cooling system parameters may be stored in the ECU at vehicle assembly and changed during subsequent vehicle service as necessary. These parameters included cooling fan speed, duty cycle, and system capacity. P0rt and its associated target range are calculated to provide stable engine and cooling system performance such that, for example, unwanted coolant boiling and coolant discharge at elevated coolant temperatures and pump cavitation are prevented at a wide range of temperatures. The ECU 50 controls the valve 42 to modulate the tank pressure to provide sufficient pressure to the system with a minimum of scavenging of air through the valve 42. If tank pressure is higher than the target range, the ECU 50 may open the valve to relieve the pressure to reduce material stresses in the system. The pressure differential between the pressure at the pressure source Ps and the pressure within the cooling system Pe determines the direction of flow through the valve.
Referring now to
The method 700 will now be described in greater detail. The valve is normally closed as indicated in 710. At 720 a real time optimal pressure P0rt is calculated based on the parameters discussed above. At 730, the system pressure Pe is compared to the lower point of the target range at the optimal pressure (P0rt−C.R./2). If the system pressure is not below this point, it is compared to the upper limit (P0rt+C.R./2) at 760. If the system pressure is within the lower and upper points of the target range, the method returns and the valve is at the closed position (710). If, however, the system pressure Pe is below the target range at 730, the method checks the system pressure Pe at 740 to determine if it is at a lower pressure than the pressure source pressure Ps. If Pe is less than Ps, then the valve is opened at 750 to raise the system pressure Pe The method loops through 720-750 until Pe is raised into the target range. At 740, if Pe is not less than Ps, then opening the valve will not raise Pe and the valve is not opened. In this case the method returns to 720 where a new P0rt is calculated and if Pe falls below the absolute limit of the pressure cap, the pressure cap will vent from atmosphere.
Likewise, if the system pressure Pe is higher than the upper control limit at 760, the system pressure Pe is compared to the pressure source pressure PS at 770 to determine if Pe is higher than Ps. If Pe is higher than the system pressure Ps, the valve is opened at 780 to vent to the pressure source. The method loops until Pe is lowered into the target range. At 770 if Pe is already lower than Ps opening the valve will not lower Pe, so the method returns to 720. If Pe increases to a level above the absolute limit of the pressure cap, the pressure cap will vent to atmosphere. The method described above is but a single example of suitable control algorithms for implementing the inventive cooling system and other possible algorithms will be apparent to those of skill in the art.
Although the invention has been described in its preferred form with a certain degree of particularity, it is understood that the present disclosure of the preferred form has been made only by way of example and that numerous changes in the details of construction, operation and the combination and arrangement of parts may be resorted to without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as hereinafter claimed.
This is a Continuation-in-Part application of U.S. Ser. No. 10/360,156, filed on Feb. 6, 2003, which is a divisional application of U.S. Ser. No. 09/788,874, filed Feb. 20, 2001.
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 09788874 | Feb 2001 | US |
Child | 10360156 | Feb 2003 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 10360156 | Feb 2003 | US |
Child | 10979711 | Nov 2004 | US |