Patent Application
20130074474
The present disclosure relates to exhaust treatment systems and, more particularly, to engine off ammonia (NH3) selective catalytic reduction (SCR) nitrogen oxide (NOx) adsorption systems.
The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent it is described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the present disclosure.
A selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst may be used to reduce emissions in an engine. In an SCR process, nitrogen oxide (NOx) reacts with a reductant that is injected by a dosing system into an exhaust stream. The reductant is adsorbed onto the SCR catalyst. The injected dosing agent (e.g., urea) decomposes to form ammonia (NH3). The NH3 is the reductant utilized to react with the NOx, reducing it to nitrogen (N2) and water (H2O).
The SCR process typically requires relatively high exhaust temperatures (e.g., greater than 200° C.). At cold start and at low load operating conditions, engines may generate exhaust with cool exhaust temperatures (e.g., below 200° C.). Accordingly, during a cold start phase the highest temperature of the SCR catalyst may be lower than the temperature required to make the SCR catalyst active in reducing NOx emission.
An exhaust treatment system for an engine includes a selective catalyst reduction (SCR) treatment module that controls a valve and an air pump to deliver air to an SCR catalyst in response to the engine turning off. An SCR loading module controls the valve and the air pump to deliver air to an exhaust manifold and controls a dosing system to deliver a dosing agent upstream of the SCR catalyst when a temperature of the SCR catalyst is less than a temperature threshold and the SCR catalyst is not saturated with ammonia.
In other features, a method of operating an exhaust treatment system for an engine includes controlling a valve and an air pump to deliver air to an SCR catalyst in response to the engine turning off. The method includes controlling the valve and the air pump to deliver air to an exhaust manifold. The method includes controlling a dosing system to deliver a dosing agent upstream of the SCR catalyst when a temperature of the SCR catalyst is less than a temperature threshold and the SCR catalyst is not saturated with ammonia.
Further areas of applicability of the present disclosure will become apparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure.
The present disclosure will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein:
The following description is merely illustrative in nature and is in no way intended to limit the disclosure, its application, or uses. For purposes of clarity, the same reference numbers will be used in the drawings to identify similar elements. As used herein, the phrase at least one of A, B, and C should be construed to mean a logical (A or B or C), using a non-exclusive logical or. It should be understood that steps within a method may be executed in different order without altering the principles of the present disclosure.
As used herein, the term module may refer to, be part of, or include an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC); an electronic circuit; a combinational logic circuit; a field programmable gate array (FPGA); a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) that executes code; other suitable components that provide the described functionality; or a combination of some or all of the above, such as in a system-on-chip. The term module may include memory (shared, dedicated, or group) that stores code executed by the processor.
The term code, as used above, may include software, firmware, and/or microcode, and may refer to programs, routines, functions, classes, and/or objects. The term shared, as used above, means that some or all code from multiple modules may be executed using a single (shared) processor. In addition, some or all code from multiple modules may be stored by a single (shared) memory. The term group, as used above, means that some or all code from a single module may be executed using a group of processors or a group of execution engines. For example, multiple cores and/or multiple threads of a processor may be considered to be execution engines. In various implementations, execution engines may be grouped across a processor, across multiple processors, and across processors in multiple locations such as multiple servers in a parallel processing arrangement. In addition, some or all code from a single module may be stored using a group of memories.
An exhaust treatment system according to the present disclosure includes an air pump with an air valve, a three-way catalyst (TWC) with palladium-containing perovskite-based and/or platinum containing alumina-based catalysts, a dosing injector, a temperature sensor, and a NOx sensor disposed upstream from a selective catalyst reduction (SCR) catalyst. During an engine start-up period, the TWC converts NO to NO2 at a temperature less than the reduction temperature. The SCR catalyst is not able to effectively reduce the NO2 into N2 and H2O during the engine start-up period. Instead, the SCR catalyst stores NO2 during the engine start-up period. Ammonia (NH3) reduces the NO2 to nitrogen (N2) and water (H2O) after the reduction temperature is exceeded.
The SCR catalyst may store more NH3 at a predetermined storage temperature than at the reduction temperature. The predetermined storage temperature is less than the reduction temperature. For example, the reduction temperature may be about 200° C., and the predetermined storage temperature may be about 150° C. When the engine is shut down, the air valve diverts ambient air from the air pump to the SCR catalyst. When the SCR catalyst cools to less than the predetermined storage temperature, the air valve diverts the ambient air through the engine exhaust. The engine, the TWC, and an exhaust manifold heat the ambient air. The heated air has a temperature at least as high as the reduction temperature. The air pump delivers the heated air and dosing agent from the dosing injector to the SCR catalyst.
The dosing agent decomposes in the heated air to become two molecules of NH3 for every molecule of the dosing agent in the presence of water. The SCR catalyst adsorbs the NH3. When the SCR catalyst is saturated with NH3, the air pump turns off. The NH3 stored on the SCR catalyst increases the capacity of the SCR catalyst to reduce NOx after a cold start. Accordingly, the storage of NH3 on the SCR catalyst provides improved emissions without using additional fuel.
Referring to
A control module 22 communicates with an engine on/off sensor 24. The engine on/off sensor 24 may be any device indicating a difference in a signal when the engine 14 is on or off. For example only, the engine on/off sensor 24 may be an ignition voltage shut off sensor or an engine speed sensor. The control module 22 determines when the engine 14 is off based on the signal from the engine on/off sensor 24. The control module 22 operates the exhaust treatment system 12 based on the engine on/off sensor 24 and one or more other sensors within the exhaust treatment system 12.
The exhaust treatment system 12 includes a three-way catalyst (TWC) 26 and a first selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst 28. The TWC 26 oxidizes hydrocarbons in the exhaust upstream of the first SCR catalyst 28. The TWC 26 enhances NOx adsorption efficiency at low temperatures by partially converting NO contained in the exhaust into NO2.
A dosing system 32 with a dosing valve 34 and a dosing injector 36 is provided upstream of the first SCR catalyst 28. The dosing injector 36 injects the dosing agent into the exhaust stream. An air pump 38 with an air valve 40 is arranged such that the air valve 40 allows the air to be provided into the exhaust manifold 20 or between the dosing system 32 and the first SCR catalyst 28. The dosing system 32 adds the dosing agent to the exhaust stream. The heated air decomposes the dosing agent into NH3. The NH3 adsorbs onto the first SCR catalyst 28.
A first NOx sensor 30 is provided upstream of the first SCR catalyst 28 and downstream of the TWC 26. The first NOx sensor 30 is immediately upstream of the first SCR catalyst 28 and provides a NOx signal to the control module 22. A first SCR temperature sensor 42 is immediately upstream of the first SCR catalyst 28 and provides a temperature signal to the control module 22. The temperature signal indicates a temperature of the first SCR catalyst 28.
The first SCR catalyst 28 removes nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the exhaust through a chemical reaction between the exhaust, the reductant, and a catalyst on the first SCR catalyst 28. The heated air causes the dosing agent to decompose into NH3 and hydro-cyanic acid (HNCO). The HNCO further decomposes (e.g., hydrolizes) in the presence of the reduction temperature into water and NH3. The NH3 adsorbs onto the first SCR catalyst 28. The adsorbed NH3 reacts with NOx in the exhaust to form H2O and N2. The first SCR catalyst 28 may effectively convert NOx into H2O and N2 at a reduction temperature. The reduction temperature may depend on a number of factors, including but not limited to, the first SCR catalyst 28 composition and density, sizes of the canisters for the TWC 26, and/or fuel composition. The reduction temperature may be, for example only, about 200° C.
Additionally, the first SCR catalyst 28 may store more NH3 as the temperature of the first SCR catalyst 28 is lowered. After the engine 14 turns off, the control module 22 activates an air pump 38 and opens the air valve 40. The air pump 38 provides ambient air to the first SCR catalyst 28, lowering the temperature of the first SCR catalyst 28.
When the temperature of the first SCR catalyst 28 is less than the predetermined storage temperature, the control module 22 directs the air valve 40 and the air pump 38 to provide ambient air through the exhaust manifold 20 to the first SCR catalyst 28. The ambient air is heated by air from the engine 14 and the exhaust manifold 20. The heated air has a temperature greater than the reduction temperature. The control module 22 directs the dosing system 32 to provide the dosing agent to the heated air. The heated air is hot enough to allow the dosing agent to decompose into NH3 and HNCO, and to allow the HNCO in the presence of water to further decompose into NH3 and CO2. The NH3 is absorbed by the first SCR catalyst 28, increasing the capacity of the SCR catalyst to reduce NOx after a cold start. The air pump 38 stops providing the heated air and the dosing system 32 stops providing the dosing agent when the first SCR catalyst 28 is saturated with NH3 and/or the dosing agent does not decompose.
After the cold start, the stored NH3 allows more NO2 storage on the first SCR catalyst 28. When the reduction temperature is met, the stored NH3 and the stored NOx may be reduced to N2 and H2O. It may be appreciated that a plurality (e.g., n) of SCR catalysts in series may also be used. An nth SCR catalyst 44 with an nth NOx sensor 46 and an nth SCR temperature sensor 48 is shown. The nth NOx sensor 46 and the nth SCR temperature sensor 48 communicate with the control module 22. When the engine 14 is on, the nth SCR catalyst 44 has a lower temperature than the first SCR catalyst 28. When the first SCR catalyst 28 has a temperature less than the predetermined temperature, the nth SCR catalyst 44 may store NH3.
The NOx signals received from the NOx sensors 30 and 46 may indirectly indicate the concentration of the NH3 in the first SCR catalyst 28. For example, because the amount of the dosing agent injected (and other measured values such as the NOx sensed before and after the SCR 28) is known, the concentration of the NH3 in the first SCR catalyst 28 may be determined. For example only, the concentration of the NH3 may be modeled or estimated based on the amount of the dosing agent injected and the signals provided by the NOx sensors 30 and 46.
Referring to
The engine off determination module 50 generates an engine off indicator based on an engine on/off signal from the engine on/off sensor 24. The engine off indicator indicates when the engine 14 turns off. When the engine 14 turns off, the engine off determination module 50 generates the engine off indicator. The engine off determination module 50 provides the engine off indicator to the SCR treatment module 52.
The SCR treatment module 52 generates a storage temperature indicator based on a temperature signal from the first SCR temperature sensor 42 and the predetermined storage temperature. When the engine 14 is off, the SCR treatment module 52 generates a storage temperature indicator based on the temperature signal and the predetermined storage temperature. The storage temperature indicator indicates whether the temperature of the first SCR catalyst 28 is less than the predetermined storage temperature.
The SCR loading module 54 generates an NH3 saturation indicator based in part on the NOx signals. For example, as described above in
The decomposition determination module 56 generates a decomposition indicator based on a plurality of the NOx signals. The decomposition indicator indicates whether the dosing agent is decomposing into NH3 and CO2. The decomposition determination module 56 compares a plurality of NOx signals over a predetermined time period to determine whether the dosing agent is decomposing. For example, the decomposition determination module 56 may determine that the reductant does is not decomposing when there is no increase of NH3 after the dosing agent is added.
The air control module 58 controls the air pump 38 and the air valve 40 based on the storage temperature indicator, the NH3 saturation indicator, and the decomposition indicator. The air control module 58 activates the air pump 38 and directs the air valve 40 to deliver ambient air to the first SCR catalyst 28 when the storage temperature indicator indicates that the temperature of the first SCR catalyst 28 is greater than the predetermined storage temperature. The air control module 58 activates the air pump 38 and directs the air valve 40 to deliver engine air into the exhaust when the storage temperature indicator indicates that the temperature of the first SCR catalyst 28 is less than the predetermined storage temperature. The air control module 58 turns off the air pump 38 when the decomposition indicator indicates the reductant is not reduced and/or the NH3 saturation indicator indicates the first SCR catalyst 28 is saturated.
The dosing control module 60 controls the dosing system 32 based on the NH3 saturation indicator and the decomposition indicator. The dosing control module 60 commands delivery of the dosing agent when the decomposition indicator indicates that the dosing agent is reduced and the NH3 saturation indicator indicates that the first SCR catalyst 28 is not saturated. For example, the dosing control module 60 may activate the dosing system when the dosing agent decomposes and the first SCR catalyst 28 is not saturated.
Referring to
The broad teachings of the disclosure can be implemented in a variety of forms. Therefore, while this disclosure includes particular examples, the true scope of the disclosure should not be so limited since other modifications will become apparent to the skilled practitioner upon a study of the drawings, the specification, and the following claims.
