Patent Application
20060201481
This disclosure concerns an invention relating generally to combustion methodologies for internal combustion engines, and more specifically to combustion methodologies resulting in decreased pollutant emissions.
For better understanding of the invention described in this document, it is initially useful to review basic principles of internal combustion engine structure and operation.
(1) An intake stroke, wherein the intake valve 110 is opened while piston 104 retreats from cylinder head 106 to draw air into the combustion chamber 102 from the intake manifold 112.
(2) A compression stroke, wherein the piston 104 approaches cylinder head 106 with the combustion chamber valves 110 and 114 closed (at least during the latter portion of the stroke).
(3) A power or expansion stroke, wherein fuel injected into the combustion chamber 102 is ignited and the expanding gases within the combustion chamber 102 push the piston 104 outwardly (as during the intake stroke). Again, the combustion chamber valves 110 and 114 usually remain closed (at least during the early portion of the stroke).
(4) An exhaust stroke, wherein the combustion products within the combustion chamber 102 are expelled to the exhaust manifold 116 by advancing the piston 104 towards the cylinder head 106 with the exhaust valve 114 open.
Bach stroke occurs over 180 degrees of crankshaft rotation, with the entire cycle thereby occurring over 720 degrees (two full crankshaft revolutions). The combustion chamber valves 110 and 114 are usually opened and closed at the desired times by valve actuators such as cams or other structures, which are in turn driven by the crankshaft (not shown). Since such arrangements couple the timing and extent of valve opening and closing to the positioning of the crankshaft, and since it may be desirable to have a greater degree of control over valve actuation to achieve desired combustion chamber conditions, there has been a recent trend towards the use of variable valve timing technologies. These technologies wholly or partially decouple the timing and/or extent of valve actuation from the crankshaft position, and allow the, valves 110 and 114 to be opened and/or closed when desired (and may also allow the degree of opening to be varied as desired). Examples of variable valve actuation (VVA) schemes may be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,777,915; 4,829,947; and 5,515,818.
The foregoing combustion cycle steps/strokes differ between classical SI and CI engines in that SI engines tend to inject fuel during the intake stroke, whereas CI engines tend to inject fuel late in the compression stroke or early in the power stroke, close to “top dead center” (TDC), the piston 104's point of closest approach to the cylinder head 106. Additionally, in SI engines, ignition of the fuel/air mixture occurs by introduction of a spark (with no spark plug being illustrated in
In the field of engine development and manufacture, two concerns of critical importance are engine efficiency (e.g., power output per fuel consumption) and engine emissions. Diesel engines tend to operate more efficiently than SI engines, but they unfortunately also tend to have much greater pollutant emissions than SI engines. Common pollutants arising from the use of internal combustion engines are nitrogen oxides (commonly denoted NOx) and particulates (also known simply as “soot”). NOx is generally associated with high-temperature engine conditions, and may be reduced by use of measures such as exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), wherein the engine intake air is diluted with relatively inert exhaust gas (generally after cooling the exhaust gas). This reduces the oxygen in the combustion chamber and obtains a reduction in maximum combustion temperature, thereby deterring NOx formation. Particulates (soot) include a variety of matter such as elemental carbon, heavy hydrocarbons, hydrated sulfuric acid, and other large molecules, and are generally associated with incomplete combustion. Particulates can be reduced by increasing combustion and/or exhaust temperatures, or by providing more oxygen to promote oxidation of the soot particles. Unfortunately, measures which reduce NOx tend to increase particulate emissions, and measures which reduce particulates tend to increase NOx emissions, resulting in what is often termed the “soot-NOx tradeoff”.
At the time of this writing, the diesel engine industry is facing stringent emissions legislation in the United States, and is struggling to find methods to meet government-imposed NOx, and soot targets for the years 2002-2004 and even more strict standards to be phased in starting in 2007. One measure under consideration is use of exhaust after-treatment (e.g., particulate traps) for soot emissions control in both heavy-duty truck and automotive diesel engines. However, in order to meet mandated durability standards (e.g., 50,000 to 100,000 miles), the soot trap must be periodically regenerated (the trapped soot must be periodically re-burned). This requires considerable expense and complexity, since typically additional fuel must be mixed and ignited in the exhaust stream in order to oxidize the accumulated particulate deposits.
Apart from studies directed to after-treatment, there has also been intense interest in the more fundamental issue of how to reduce NOx and particulates generation from the combustion process and thereby obtain cleaner “engine out” emissions (i.e., emissions directly exiting the engine, prior to exhaust after-treatment or similar measures). Studies in this area relate to shaping combustion chambers, timing the fuel injection, tailoring the injection rate during injection so as to meet desired emissions standards, or modifying the mode of injection (e.g, modifying the injection spray pattern). One field of study relates to premixing methodologies, wherein the object is to attain more complete mixing of fuel and air in order to simultaneously reduce soot and NOxemissions. In diesel engines, the object of premixing methodologies is to move away from the diffusion burning mechanism which drives diesel combustion, and instead attempt to attain premixed burning. In diffusion burning, the oxidant (fuel) is provided to the oxidizer (air) with mixing and combustion occurring simultaneously. The fuel droplets within an injected spray plume have an outer reaction zone surrounding a fuel core which diminishes in size as it is consumed, and high soot production occurs at the high-temperature, fuel-rich spray core. In contrast, premixed burning mixes fuel and air prior to burning, and the more thorough mixing results in less soot production. Premixing may be performed by a number of different measures, such as by use of fumigation (injection of fuel into the intake airstream prior to its entry into the engine), and/or direct injection of a fuel charge relatively far before top dead center (TDC) so that motion of the piston 104, and convection within the cylinder, result in greater mixing.
One promising diesel premixing technology is HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition), which has the objective of causing initial ignition of a lean, highly premixed air-fuel mixture at or near top dead center (TDC). An extensive discussion on HCCI and similar premixing techniques is provided in U.S. Pat. No. 6,230,683 to zur Loye et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 5,832,880 to Dickey and U.S. Pat. No. 6,213,086 to Chmela et al. also contain useful background information. The charge is said to be “homogeneous” in HCCI because it is (at least theoretically) highly and evenly mixed with the air in the cylinder. Ignition is then initiated by autoignition, i.e., thermodynamic ignition via compression heating. The objective of HCCI is to use autoignition of the lean and homogeneous mix to provide a uniform and relatively slow non-diffusion (or minimized diffusion) burn, resulting in significantly lower combustion chamber temperatures and diminished NOx production (which thrives at high temperature), as well as lower soot production owing to enhanced mixing. In contrast, a richer mixture (such as that necessary for flame propagation from the spark in an SI engine) will burn more quickly at greater temperature, and therefore may result in greater NOx production.
Another promising premixing technology is the Modulated Kinetics (MK) technique, which might be regarded as being a species of HCCI. MK combustion is primarily characterized by three features: (1) a leaner-than-usual fuel/air mixture is used; (2) injection is made at or near top dead center (often after TDC); and (3) the ignition delay exceeds the injection duration (so that the fuel/air mixture is at least partially premixed prior to combustion). In essence, MK combustion involves use of relatively late injection(s) in the “general” HCCI combustion method described above, and concentrates on using the ignition delay for premixing. For further discussion on MK combustion, see, e.g., Kimura et al., “Ultra-clean combustion technology combining a low-temperature and premixed combustion concept for meeting future emissions standards,” SAE paper 2001-01-200, 2001.
As the foregoing references note, while HCCI-type premixing processes might be beneficially implemented in CI engines to achieve their high efficiency without their customarily high emissions, HCCI is also hard to accomplish owing to the difficulties in igniting the lean mix and/or controlling the start of ignition. Combustion in an SI engine is readily initiated by the spark, with premixed burning occurring afterward; similarly, combustion in a conventional CI engine is initiated by fuel injection near top dead center (at or slightly after the end of the compression stroke) when thermodynamic conditions for autoignition are favorable, with diffusion burning occurring afterward. However, HCCI does not utilize a spark, nor is it desirable for HCCI to use the rich mixture needed for effective use of a spark. It is also difficult for HCCI to achieve a homogeneous charge or premixed burning if injection near top dead center is used, since there is less time for mixing to occur before ignition. Thus, a key area of study in the HCCI field is how to efficiently initiate ignition, and more critically, how to effect ignition at the desired time. While these issues are somewhat straightforward where CI engines operate under a relatively rigid set of operating conditions (as with diesel generators, which tend to operate at relatively constant speeds and loads), these issues become exceedingly complex where CI engines must operate at varying speeds and loads (as in automotive/vehicular operations). These ignition and timing problems are the primary reason why HCCI methodologies have not attained widespread use outside of generators and other constant speed/load applications.
In view of the foregoing discussion, there is a significant need for methods and apparata which assist in obtaining premixed burning, particularly premixed burning which achieves or approximates HCCI burning, so as to allow exploitation of the high efficiency of CI engines without the detriment of their high pollutant emissions.
Other prior patents which are usefully considered include U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,714,932; 4,974,566; 5,201,907; 5,224,460; 5,228,422; 5,353,763; 6,286,482; 6,397,813; 6,439,210; 6,439,211; 6,460,337; and 6,571,765; and particularly U.S. Pat. No. 5,862,790 to Dai et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 6,405,706 to Hammoud et al.
The invention, which is defined by the claims set forth at the end of this document, is directed to methods which at least partially alleviate the aforementioned problems. To allow a reader to better compare the invention to the preexisting technology described above, preferred features of the invention will now be more specifically described with reference to
A particularly preferred version of the invention involves briefly opening at least one of the combustion chamber valves 110 and 114 for at least one discrete period sometime during the compression and/or power strokes, resulting in one or more of the following benefits:
(1) Greater mixing may be obtained within the combustion chamber 102. If one of the combustion chamber valves 110 and 114 is opened for a brief period, the gases within the combustion chamber 102 will rapidly exit from the opened valve into its associated manifold 112 or 116 during this period. The escaping gases may generate mixing flows within the combustion chamber 102, which may enhance burning of particulates and thereby result in lower emissions.
(2) The conditions in combustion chamber 102 can be altered to effect a change in the time ignition is initiated, thereby allowing the ignition timing to be varied as desired to achieve HCCI. Since ignition timing is largely dependent on the pressure (and temperature) of the gases within the combustion chamber 102, releasing the combustion chamber 102 gases by briefly opening one or more of the combustion chamber valves 110 and/or 114 will introduce an ignition delay depending on the resulting drop in pressure (and temperature). Thus, by opening one or more combustion valves 110 and/or 114 (and opening them simultaneously or sequentially, where multiple valves are opened), one can tailor combustion chamber pressures (and to some degree temperatures) so that peak values can be precisely timed, allowing control over ignition timing.
Since the pressure generated within the combustion chamber 102 is used to generate the power output from the engine 100, it might be regarded as contrary to the purposes of the engine 100 to open one or more of the combustion chamber valve(s) 110 and/or 114 for a discrete period sometime during the compression and/or power strokes: the release of pressure from the combustion chamber 102 results in a power loss. However, the power loss may be acceptable if emissions reduction and other objectives are met. The pressure loss within the combustion chamber 102 will depend on the length of the period during which the combustion chamber valve(s) 110 and/or 114 is/are opened, and the degree to which they are opened. It is believed that the benefits of the invention would best be achieved if the period and extent of valve opening be limited such that no more than 20% of the mass of the combustion chamber 102 contents (as measured after fuel injection) be released during an discrete openings of the valves 110 and 114 during the compression and/or power strokes, since computerized engine simulations appear to indicate that more substantial power losses occur if more than approximately 15% of the combustion chamber 102 mass is released.
It follows from the foregoing that it will usually be desirable to implement the invention in such a manner that any mixing and/or ignition timing objectives are met while releasing as little of the combustion chamber mass (and thus pressure) as possible.
Thus, it is expected that when the invention is implemented in most diesel engines by a single opening of a single one of the combustion chamber valves 110 and 114 to its fully open position (or nearly so), it will usually be desirable to open the valve for no more than 5 degrees of crankshaft revolution, since computerized engine simulations indicate that more substantial power losses occur above approximately 7 degrees. More preferably, the period will not exceed approximately 5 degrees. Where the invention is implemented by opening more than one combustion chamber valve (e.g., by opening both an intake valve 110 and an exhaust valve 114, or by opening more than one intake and/or exhaust valve 114 where multiple intake valves 110 and/or exhaust valves 114 are present), it is expected that the foregoing parameters would apply to the cumulative openings of the valves 110 and 114. The same principle applies where a combustion chamber valve is opened more than once during compression and/or power strokes.
The timing of the valve opening may also vary depending on which of the two aforementioned benefits is to be achieved, and the degree to which it is to be achieved. It is expected that the objective of greater mixing is best accomplished if one or more of the combustion chamber valves 110 and 114 is opened during the first half of the power stroke, most preferably within about 50 degrees after TDC (i.e., approximately the first quarter of the power stroke). At this time, ignition has usually stared and combustion is underway.
In contrast, to achieve the objective of ignition timing, it is expected that any openings of the valves 110 and 114 are usually best implemented starting in the latter half of the compression stroke, most preferably at 50 degrees before TDC or thereafter. Openings of the valves 110 and 114 could occur earlier, but since ignition delay occurs with each valve opening owing to pressure release from the combustion chamber 102, and ignition is usually desired late in the compression stroke or early in the expansion stroke, openings of the valves 110 and 114 during the latter half of the compression stroke (particularly at about 30 degrees before TDC and thereafter) should afford more precise control of ignition timing.
The foregoing discussion suggests that where ordinary engine speed/load conditions are presumed, the mixing objective is generally better achieved with openings of the valves 110 and 114 after TDC, whereas the ignition timing objective is generally better achieved with openings of the valves 110 and 114 before TDC. However, openings of the valves 110 and 114 before TDC will have an impact on mixing as well. Similarly, openings of the valves 110 and 114 after TDC may also have an impact on ignition timing provided ignition has not already begun. To illustrate, some combustion schemes—such as the Modified Kinetics (MK) combustion methodology, where ignition is often desired after the power stroke has begun—may benefit from valve openings after TDC to control ignition timing.
As noted above, the invention may be accomplished by opening more than one of the intake and/or exhaust valves 110 and 114, and/or by opening one or more of these valves more than once during a combustion cycle. It is expected that it will generally be most beneficial to open one or more intake valves 110, since any unburned fuel and/or particulates ejected from the combustion chamber 102 will then be retained in the intake manifold 112 for later readmission into the combustion chamber 102 during the next intake stroke. The unburned fuel and particulates (if any) ejected from the intake valve(s) 110 during one combustion cycle will therefore be taken up for consumption in the following cycle. In contrast, if the invention is implemented by alternatively or additionally opening one or more exhaust valves 114, any unburned fuel and/or particulates escaping the combustion chamber 102 will exit to the exhaust manifold 116 to exit as pollutant emissions (unless some form of after-treatment is applied to the exhaust gases). Owing to these emissions, it is expected that implementation of the invention by opening one or more exhaust valves 114 will generally be undesirable, unless any resulting emissions are outweighed by any corresponding mixing and/or ignition timing benefits.
In some instances, opening of exhaust valves 114 warrants serious consideration despite any emissions drawbacks. To illustrate, since exhaust valves 114 are often spaced at opposite ends of the combustion chamber 102 from any intake valves 110, it may in some cases be beneficial to first open an exhaust valve 114 and then an intake valve 110, or conversely first open an intake valve 110 followed by opening of an exhaust valve 114, to better achieve thorough mixing throughout the entirety of the combustion chamber 102. By opening the valves 110 and 114 at different times, a sort of back-and-forth “sloshing” effect is achieved in the contents of the combustion chamber 102, resulting in thorough mixing. However, the same effect might be accomplished by only opening intake valves 110 if multiple spaced intake valves 110 are present.
Since most standard valve actuation schemes couple valve actuation to crankshaft motion, and it would often be difficult and expensive to modify any cams or other intervening structure to effectively actuate the valves to implement the invention, it is expected that the invention would make beneficial use of variable valve actuation (VVA) technologies. Since variable valve actuators (VVAs) allow precise control of valve opening and closing times, and/or to the degree of valve opening/closing, they allow a readily available means for implementing the invention.
At various points in the foregoing discussion, preferred operating parameters were noted for the invention, with such parameters being determined in view of computerized engine simulations. These simulations were performed using WAVE simulation software (Ricardo PLC, Shoreham-by-Sea, West Sussex, England) with a Caterpillar 3401E SCOTE engine (Caterpillar Inc., Peoria, Ill., USA) running at 821 rpm, 25% load, with 61.2 mg of fuel being injected per cycle starting at 20 degrees before TDC. It should be understood that different preferred operating parameters might be derived if engines having different configurations and/or operating conditions are tested.
Note that various preferred versions of the invention are shown and described above to illustrate different possible options for the invention and the varying ways in which these options may be combined. Apart from combining the different options of the foregoing versions of the invention in varying ways, other modifications are also considered to be within the scope of the invention. Following is an exemplary list of such modifications.
First, any variable valve actuators (VVAs) used to implement the invention may make use of regeneration methodologies, i.e., recovery of energy which would otherwise be lost by the engine or by associated components, to better decrease energy demands from valve actuation. Exemplary regeneration methodologies may be seen in U.S. Pat. No. 6,315,265 (recovery of energy captured from valve during valve deceleration), as well as in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,082,328 and 6,012,424 (recovery of energy from vehicle braking systems).
Second, the invention might be implemented by opening a combustion chamber valve other than an intake valve (or valves) and/or an exhaust valve (or valves). For example, a combustion chamber might be separated from an adjacent supplemental chamber (provided outside the cylinder) by a supplemental combustion chamber valve which serves neither intake nor exhaust purposes. The combustion chamber contents might be “vented” into this supplemental chamber at appropriate times to serve the mixing and/or ignition timing functions of the invention.
Third, while the invention is believed to have most beneficial application to CI engines, it might be utilized in SI engines as well (particularly in SI engines implementing HCCI-type or similar combustion schemes ). In this case, the primary benefit of the invention would likely result from the enhanced mixing that the invention can provide, rather than from ignition timing modification (which is more readily controlled in an ST engine via spark timing).
The invention is not intended to be limited to the preferred versions of the invention described above, but rather is intended to be limited only by the claims set out below. Thus, the invention encompasses all different versions that fall literally or equivalently within the scope of these claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10/350053 | Jan 2003 | US | national |
This invention was made with United States government support awarded by the following agencies: U.S. Department of Energy Grant No(s).: DE-FC04-02AL67612 The United States has certain rights in this invention.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US04/01292 | 1/16/2004 | WO | 5/15/2006 |
