Patent Application
20160274043
Not applicable.
The present invention generally to methods for the enhancement of NMR and MRI signals. Specifically, the present invention relates to methods of increasing the sensitivity of 13C NMR/MRI by polarization enhancement of 13C nuclei in hydrogen-containing compounds.
Carbon is an essential element and intimately involved in nearly all biochemical pathways. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) can be used to noninvasively explore structure and properties of 13C compounds. Compared to other nuclei, 13C has large chemical shift dispersion; for example, the 13C chemical shift range is about 30-fold greater than that of protons. When 13C enriched compounds are used, the NMR spectrum is simpler to interpret since only the NMR signals originating from the administered compounds and corresponding metabolites are observed.
However, the analytical potential of 13C NMR has not been exploited to its full capacity because of poor sensitivity. The low sensitivity of 13C NMR/MRI originates from the inherently low natural abundance (1.1%) and small gyromagnetic ratio, γ13C=γ1H/4. Thus, 13C nuclear spin polarization (fraction of nuclear spins contributing to MR signal), is only 4×10−6 at 4.7 T. For comparison, the polarization produced by optical methods is close to unity.
The low thermal 13C spin polarization can be enhanced by polarization transfer to carbon from more abundant protons. A number of approaches have been developed to enhance the thermal 13C polarization by as much as a factor of four. However, the transfer of thermal polarization leads to only a minor improvement and leaves the sensitivity inadequate for the majority of in vivo applications.
An alternative approach to enhance 13C NMR signal is to create non-thermal polarization, often referred as “hyperpolarization”. Hyperpolarization methods include optical pumping of noble gases, PASADENA (Parahydeogen and Synthesis Allow Dramatically Enhanced Nuclear Alignment),2,3 and DNP (Dynamic Nuclear Polarization)4,5. These methods can potentially create a non-thermal polarization close to unity, thereby increasing 13C NMR signals by factor 104-105.
The PASADENA effect relies on the molecular addition of para-hydrogen to a double bond in a substrate molecule via catalytic hydrogenation. The spin polarization of adjacent protons can be transferred to 13C by various methods 6,7. DNP is based on polarizing nuclear spins in the solid state at cryogenic temperatures and utilizes the transfer of spin polarization from electrons to the nuclear spins. This mechanism requires the presence of unpaired electrons, which are added to the sample as organic free radicals. Both DNP and PASADENA have been shown to be particularly useful for enhancing the signals of some carbon compounds 8.
Despite recent successes of PASADENA7-11 and DNP,12-15 these methods have significant limitations. For example, the PASADENA method is limited to unsaturated molecular precursors with the C≡C bond that allow molecular addition of para-hydrogen to produce hyperpolarized molecular agents. DNP requires high field magnets, expensive cryogenic equipment, and several tens of minutes to produce hyperpolarized samples. Moreover, DNP and PASADENA utilize toxic chemicals (free radical or catalyst respectively), which require filtration for use in vivo.
The nuclear spin polarization of the noble gases 3He and 129Xe can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude (up to a factor of 105) by optical pumping methods. Hyperpolarized noble gases are produced by transferring the angular momentum from a beam of circularly polarized laser light to the atom's nuclear spins via an intermediate alkali metal vapor step16-20. Removal of the alkali metal from the hyperpolarized gas is easily accomplished by a simple freeze out, which is a part of polarization procedure. Importantly, this can be accomplished with virtually no loss of polarization. In the case of PASADENA and DNP filtering out toxic substances requires an extra step upon which some polarization losses might occur. Hyperpolarized noble gases are easily administered via inhalation and therefore, have crucial advantage for in vivo applications, most importantly for human studies. Hyperpolarized noble gas MRI has allowed visualization of the sinuses21, perfusion in the brain22,23 and the lung 24-32, with main research effort being devoted to the imaging of lung structure and function.
Hyperpolarized 129Xe can also be used to enhance 13C polarization by spin polarization-induced nuclear Overhauser effect (SPINOE)33,34 or low-field thermal mixing (TM).4,5,35,36 SPINOE is the result of cross-relaxation between hyperpolarized xenon and other nuclear species. The low-field thermal mixing is performed in a frozen mixture of the hyperpolarized xenon and 13C-containing compound. TM is driven by the dipolar interactions between the nuclear spins and requires a uniform distribution of 13C spins in a solid 129Xe matrix. When the applied magnetic field (referred to as a “mixing field”) is comparable to the local dipolar fields, nuclear spins equilibrate their polarizations.
Although several attempts to transfer polarization from hyperpolarized 129Xe to 13C spins in the solid state by TM have been implemented,35,36 the measured transfer efficiency has always been substantially lower than that predicted by theory. A major requirement of the transfer techniques is the formation of a homogeneous phase by 129Xe and 13C species. As a result, prior methods have been limited to compounds that dissolve well in liquid xenon. Thus, the reported TM studies have all used carbon disulphide (13CS2) due to its good solubility in liquid xenon. The majority of biomolecules, however, have poor xenon solubility, which poses a severe limitation for biologically relevant applications. Hence, there is a need for the development of polarization transfer methods that would be effective for use with biologically relevant 13C containing compounds, particularly those that may be insoluble in xenon liquid.
The inventors have developed novel methods of enhancing the 13C NMR signal of hydrogen-containing carbon compounds using a thermal mixing (TM) procedure. The hydrogen-containing carbon compound is mixed with hyperpolarized 129Xe, and the mixture is frozen within a magnetic field. The magnetic field is then reduced to allow for the exchange of spin polarization between the 13C nuclei of the carbon compound and the hyperpolarized 129Xe. After polarization exchange, the magnetic field is raised to its original value and the mixture is thawed.
The inventors have demonstrated that the method induces significant polarization enhancement in 1-13C-acetic acid, and believe this to be the first time that polarization transfer has been reported from 129Xe to 13C by thermal mixing for a hydrogen-containing molecule of biomedical importance. The invention will be useful in hyperpolarizing a wide range of 13C enriched compounds for improved NMR signal sensitivity. As many such compounds are important in biomedical and biophysical research using both NMR and MRI, the invention will greatly facilitate such research.
Accordingly, the invention encompasses in a first aspect a method of preparing a hydrogen-containing carbon-13 (13C) compound test sample exhibiting an enhanced 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal when exposed to a 13C NMR pulse sequence. First, a compound comprising hydrogen and 13C and hyperpolarized Xenon-129 (129Xe) are mixed. The 129Xe is hyperpolarized by optical pumping. The mixture is subsequently frozen within a magnetic field. In certain embodiments, the mixture is frozen as a thin film. Preferably, the magnetic field within which the mixture is frozen is the fringe filed of a magnet.
Preferably, the compound and hyperpolarized 129Xe are mixed in the gas phase. In such embodiments, the compound may be in the liquid phase at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, and the compound may be initially provided as a vapor of the liquid phase. In other embodiments, the compound is mixed with hyperpolarized 129Xe on a chromatographic column.
After the mixture is frozen, the magnetic field strength is reduced sufficiently so that spin polarization is transferred from the hyperpolarized 129Xe to the compound. The magnetic field strength is then increased, and the mixture is thawed to obtain a test sample exhibiting enhanced 13C polarization when undergoing NMR analysis. In preferred embodiments, the step of reducing the magnetic field strength sufficiently so that spin polarization is transferred is performed by increasing the field strength of a separate electromagnet that compensates the existing magnetic field, and the step of increasing the magnetic field strength is performed by decreasing the field strength of the separate electromagnet. More preferably, increasing the field strength of the separate electromagnet is accomplished by switching the electromagnetic on, and decreasing the field strength of the separate electromagnet is accomplished by switching the electromagnet off. Preferably, the mixture is thawed by applying a radio frequency pulse to the mixture.
The hydrogen-containing 13C compound used in the method may have low solubility in liquid xenon. Preferably, the compound used in the method is a compound of biological relevance. More preferably, the compound of biological relevance is chosen from the group consisting of acetic acid, acetate salts, pyruvate salts, and ethanol. Specific preferred 13C compounds for use in the method include 1-13C-AcH (acetic acid), Na-1-13C-acetate, and 2-13C-EtOH (ethanol), with 1-13C-AcH being the most preferred compound.
In a second aspect, the invention encompasses methods for mixing a test sample having one or more hydrogen-containing 13C compound(s) and subsequently analyzing the test sample. The method is practiced by vaporizing a composition containing one or more compound(s) comprising hydrogen and 13C and mixing the resulting vapor with hyperpolarized 129Xe. Preferred hydrogen-containing 13C compounds for use in the method include compounds of biological relevance and compounds that have low solubility in liquid xenon.
The resulting mixture is then frozen within a magnetic field. The magnetic field strength is reduced sufficiently so that spin polarization is transferred from the hyperpolarized 129Xe to the compound(s) within the frozen mixture. The magnetic field strength is then increased, and the mixture is thawed to either obtain the test sample directly, or the thawed mixture is further exposed to one or more other substances to obtain a test sample.
To analyze the test sample, a 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) pulse sequence is applied to the test sample, and 13C active nuclei in the test sample are detected. The 13C active nuclei can be detected by NMR spectroscopy, magnetic resonance imaging, or both.
In a third aspect, the invention encompasses a test composition comprising a hydrogen-containing 13C compound exhibiting an enhanced 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal when exposed to a 13C NMR pulse sequence. The test composition encompasses any test sample resulting from practicing the methods described above. In preferred embodiments, the hydrogen-containing 13C compound is a compound of biological relevance that has low solubility in liquid xenon.
Other objects, advantages and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following specification taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although suitable methods and materials for the practice or testing of the present invention are described below, other methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein, which are well known in the art, can also be used.
As used herein, compounds having “biological relevance” include both natural compounds that exist within organisms as reactants, products or intermediates in metabolic or catabolic processes or as having other functions within living organisms. Compounds having biological relevance and artificial compounds that act analogously to such natural compounds. Compounds having biological relevance include without limitation small organic molecules, such as organic acids, esters, acid salts, alcohols, amines, peptides, and monosaccharides; intermediate sized organic molecules such as oligosaccharides, oligopeptides, glycopeptides, and lipids; large organic molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, glycoproteins and polysaccharides; and inorganic compounds such as sodium bicarbonate. Such compounds also include synthetic compounds having an analogous function in organisms, such as compounds contained in synthetic pharmaceuticals and commercially available blood substitutes.
As used herein, “low solubility in liquid xenon” means having a solubility in liquid xenon that is equal to or less than 10 milliliters of solute per 100 milliliters of xenon.
As used herein, the term “organism” refers to life forms including without limitation animals, plants, microorganisms and fungi. “Organisms” may be either living or dead. The term “organism” also encompasses portions of organisms (e.g., organs, organ group(s), tissue(s), etc.) either in situ or removed from the organism to which they are native.
In a first aspect, the present invention encompasses methods of preparing a hydrogen-containing carbon-13 (13C) compound test sample exhibiting an enhanced 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal when exposed to a 13C NMR pulse sequence. In the method, a hydrogen-containing 13C compound is mixed with hyperpolarized 129Xe. The 129Xe is hyperpolarized by spin exchange optical pumping. As explained in more detail in Example 3 below, optical pumping is a method for enhancing the spin polarization of gases which consists of irradiating an alkali metal, in the presence of a noble gas, with circularly polarized light. The hyperpolarized gases that result from optical pumping methods have themselves been used for NMR studies of surfaces and for imaging void spaces and surfaces.
In the method of the invention, the hyperpolarized 129Xe is mixed with the hydrogen-containing 13C compound. In certain preferred embodiments, both the hyperpolarized 129Xe and the hydrogen-containing 13C compound are in the gas phase when mixed. Because both species are in the gas phase, an equilibrium of evenly mixed species can be established without the need for the hydrogen-containing 13C compound to dissolve in liquid 129Xe, overcoming the problem of the limited solubility of biological molecules in liquid xenon. Thus, in such preferred embodiments, the hydrogen-containing 13C compound may have low solubility in liquid xenon.
Many hydrogen-containing 13C compounds exist as liquids at room temperature and pressure. In order to effectively mix such compounds with gaseous hyperpolarized 129X, such liquids must be vaporized before they can be mixed. Methods of vaporization include without limitation collecting and removing the vapor present over a volatile liquid, vaporizing a liquid by lowering the ambient pressure, and heating the liquid to increase the vapor pressure of the liquid.
In certain other embodiments, the hydrogen-containing 13C compound is adsorbed onto a surface of a chromatographic column from an aqueous solution. In such embodiments, the hyperpolarized 129Xe is then passed trough the column to mix it with the hydrogen-containing 13C compound. The mixing occurs both on the surface and in the volume of the chromatographic column. After polarization transfer, the hydrogen-containing 13C compound can be ejected from the column by desorption of the recanting solution. Desorption is accomplished by applying a neutral gas such as nitrogen under a pressure of several atmospheres. Preferred hydrogen-containing 13C compounds used in this embodiment are water soluble salts, including without limitation pyruvate salts and acetate salts.
Once the hydrogen-containing 13C compound is mixed with the hyperpolarized 129Xe and the mixture reaches equilibrium, the mixture is frozen. This step facilitates direct contact between species by means of nonspecific dipolar interactions, and can be applied similarly to a diverse compounds in a similar fashion. The static nature of the dipolar interactions in the solid state facilitates a more efficient polarization transfer than in the liquid phase. In a preferred embodiment, the freezing step is accomplished by exposing the vessel containing the mixture to liquid nitrogen. In certain embodiments, the mixture is frozen as a thin film deposited on a surface.
The freezing process is to be synchronized with the application of an external magnetic field. In certain preferred embodiments, the applied external magnetic field is within the fringe field of a magnet. The magnetic field acts to prevent relaxation processes from occurring within nuclei in the solid state. Following solidification, the magnetic field strength is lowered to the mixing field strength comparable to the local dipolar fields. The lowering of the field strength facilitates the exchange of polarization between the hyperpolarized 129Xe nuclei and the 13C nuclei, with the enrichment of the dilute 13C spins. In certain preferred embodiments, lowering the field strength is accomplished by turning on an electromagnet that works against and thus subtracts from (compensates) the existing magnetic field. After polarization transfer, the external magnetic field strength is increased, preferably back to the original field strength. In certain preferred embodiments, increasing the field strength is accomplished by turning off an electromagnet that works against and thus subtracts from the existing magnetic field.
Finally, the mixture is thawed to obtain a test sample exhibiting enhanced 13C polarization when undergoing NMR analysis. Preferably, thawing takes place by the application of heat. Heat can be a applied using a number of methods known in the art. Preferably, thawing is accomplished by applying a radio frequency pulse to the mixture. The resulting liquid can then be used for enhanced analysis by conventional 13C NMR or MM methods.
Although the method may use any hydrogen-containing 13C compound, the use of compounds of biological relevance is preferred. Compounds of biological relevance are defined above, and include a variety of compounds. More preferred compounds of biological relevance for use in the method include acetic acid, acetate salts, pyruvate salts, and ethanol, with 1-13C-AcH, Na-1-13C-acetate, and 2-13C-EtOH being still more preferred. 1-13C-AcH is the most preferred compound for use in the method.
In a second aspect, the invention encompasses methods for mixing a test sample having one or more hydrogen-containing 13C compound(s) with xenon for use in NMR analysis. The test sample is prepared by mixing a composition in the gaseous phase containing one or more compound(s) comprising hydrogen and 13C with gaseous hyperpolarized 129Xe. The composition containing the one or more compound(s) comprising hydrogen and 13C need not be in the gaseous phase at standard temperature and pressure. In such embodiments, the liquid or solid composition is first vaporized to form a gas, which is then collected and mixed with the gaseous hyperpolarized 129Xe. Possible vaporization methods that could be used are well known in the art, and such methods are further discussed above.
Although the methods of the invention may use any hydrogen-containing 13C compound, the use of compounds of biological relevance is preferred. Compounds of biological relevance are defined above, and include a variety of compounds. More preferred compounds of biological relevance for use in the method include acetic acid, acetate salts, pyruvate salts, and ethanol, with 1-13C—AcH, Na-1-13C-acetate, and 2-13C-EtOH being still more preferred. 1-13C-AcH is the most preferred compound for use in the method. In certain preferred embodiments, the hydrogen-containing 13C compound has low solubility in xenon liquid.
Once the gaseous mixture reaches equilibrium, the mixture is frozen within a magnetic field. In certain preferred embodiments, the magnetic field within which the mixture is frozen the fringe field of an external magnet. In some embodiments, the freezing step is accomplished by exposing the vessel containing the mixture to liquid nitrogen. In some embodiments, the mixture is frozen as a thin film deposited on a surface.
Once the mixture is frozen, the magnetic field strength is reduced sufficiently so that spin polarization is transferred from the hyperpolarized 129Xe to the compound(s) within the frozen mixture. In certain preferred embodiments, the reduction of field strength is accomplished by turning on an electromagnet that works against and thus subtracts from (compensates) the existing magnetic field. After spin polarization transfer is complete, the magnetic field strength is increased, preferably back to the original field strength. In some preferred embodiments, increasing the field strength is accomplished by turning off an electromagnet that works against and thus subtracts from the existing magnetic field.
After the magnetic field strength is increased, the mixture is thawed to form a liquid. Thawing takes place by the application of heat. Heat can be applied using a number of methods known in the art. Preferably, thawing is accomplished by applying a radio frequency pulse to the mixture. The thawed mixture is then used for making an NMR test sample.
The thawed mixture may be used directly as a test sample, or it may be exposed to other substances to make up a test sample. The other substances may include conventional solvents known in the art for preparing NMR samples, including without limitation both deuterated solvents such as CDCl3 and aqueous buffer solutions as well as saline solutions and solutions of perfluorocarbon compounds. In some preferred prophetic embodiments, the other substances are all or a portion of an organism, and the thawed mixture is administered to the organism to make the test sample.
The test sample can be analyzed by NMR spectroscopy. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a property that magnetic nuclei have in a constant magnetic field under application of the alternating magnetic field at frequency equal to its own frequency. When applied in a constant magnetic field, the alternating magnetic field causes the nuclei to precess, the precession being detected experimentally. The alternating magnetic field is defined as radio frequency (RF) signal. Because of its nuclear spin properties, 13C isotope nuclei respond to a resonant RF signal. The absorption and emission of the RF signal by the nuclei can be monitored and detected using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or both. As the skilled artisan would recognize, the 13C NMR spectrum provides important information regarding the chemical structures contained in a test sample, while MRI provides an accurate image of the test sample.
Accordingly, the methods include the steps of applying a 13C NMR pulse sequence to the test sample and detecting the 13C active nuclei in the test sample. In some embodiments, the detection of the 13C active nuclei is done using NMR spectroscopy. Alternatively, in certain prophetic embodiments, MRI can be use to detect the 13C active nuclei. In MRI, the absorption and emission signals can be manipulated by additional magnetic fields to build up enough information to construct an image of the sample, where the sample can be a part or all of an organism. Image contrast is created by differences in the strength of the NMR signal recovered from different locations within the sample. These differences depend upon the relative density of excited nuclei, on differences in relaxation times of those nuclei after the pulse sequence, and often on other parameters known by one skilled in the art.
In a third aspect, the invention encompasses the test samples containing one or more hydrogen-containing 13C compounds exhibiting an enhanced 13C NMR signal when exposed to a 13C NMR pulse sequence that are produced by practicing the methods of the invention as described above and in the following Examples. In certain preferred embodiments, the hydrogen-containing 13C compound contained in the test samples is a compound of biological relevance. It some preferred embodiments, the hydrogen-containing 13C compound contained in the test samples has low solubility in liquid xenon.
The following Examples are provided as further non-limiting illustrations of particular embodiments of the invention.
This Example describes how the inventors constructed and optimized the equipment required for the polarization transfer experiments described in Example 3 below.
The main effort on this part of the project is focused on constructing and optimizing the equipment required for the polarization transfer experiments. In the preliminary experiments with hyperpolarized gas the species are mixed in the gas phase, the acetic acid being chosen as the 13C-molecule. The initial step of polarization transfer involves uniform mixing of xenon gas with acetic acid vapor to form the homogeneous phase. A gas line is constructed for gas mixing. The gas line is connected to a bag containing xenon and to a test tube containing acetic acid. The set up is evacuated prior to the gas fill to remove oxygen, an unwanted potential source of T1 relaxation.
The procedure for mixing the species is next developed and optimized. After the species are mixed, the system is transferred to the solid state by cooling with liquid N2. The major requirement is to freeze the system quickly throughout the volume. The rapid and uniform solidification process produces a homogeneous matrix, establishing a dipolar contact between nuclear species.
The solidification is synchronized with the application of the external magnetic field. To accomplish this step experimentally, a cryogenic sample holder and electromagnet are constructed in the lab. The electromagnet is switched on to provide the magnetic field for the initial isolation of species during solidification and freezing. After solidification, the field in the electromagnet is lowered to become comparable to the local dipolar fields and nuclear species exchange their polarizations, with high polarization on 13C-spins. The system is maintained in the solid state for the period of time sufficient for the polarization transfer to occur (several ms), after which the field is raised to its original value. To accomplish the field cycling on the milli-second time scale, an automated switch is constructed on the basis of commercially available National Instruments Interface Board. The field switching is performed automatically under the LabView control unit, driven by a computer.
After the polarization transfer is accomplished the system is quickly thawed by applying a short, strong rf-pulse. This pulse is provided by an rf-coil designed in the lab. Several different coils are constructed and tested. The major requirement is to thaw the system quickly by depositing heat throughout the volume with rf fields. After polarization transfer is accomplished, the hyperpolarized acetate is analyzed using a double tuned detection coil is constructed for sample analysis.
This Example describes the inventors' determination of two critical parameters for the successful performance of the polarization transfer experiments described in Example 3: the T1 relaxation times of both xenon-129 and 13C-acetic acid (1-13C-AcH).
The critical parameters for successful performance of polarization transfer experiments are T1 relaxation times of both xenon and 13C-acetic acid (1-13C-AcH). These parameters are measured prior to the transfer experiments according to the standard saturation recovery procedure. T1 of xenon gas is found to be 55±3 min, the value being independent of the magnetic field strength (two measurements are performed at 500G and 5G respectively). T1 of 1-13CAcH is measured to be 35 s and 10 min in liquid and solid states respectively. T1 of hyperpolarized 129Xe in gas mixture with 1-13C-AcH is determined to be 56±3 min. This value coincides with that for pure xenon gas within experimental error and confirms that there is no polarization loss before solidification. All T1 values agree well with literature data and afford sufficient time for the procedures related to the solidification and melting.
The other critical aspect of polarization transfer experiment is to ensure that no loss of spin polarization of individual species occur in the solid state due to fast T1 relaxation. T1 relaxation in the solid state can be intrinsically fast and further accelerated by exposure of the species to the fringe field as well as the field cycling during the experiment. To explore T1 relaxation of solid 1-13C-AcH the following experiments are performed.
First, the acetic acid is exposed to different fringe fields of a 4.7T magnet. The goal of these experiments is to find whether the exposure to the fringe field affects T1 relaxation of the acid. Second, the acetic acid is exposed to zero field, while located at different fringe fields of a 4.7T magnet. The goal of this experiment is to confirm that field cycling does not affects T1 relaxation of the compound. The zero field at the location of the acid sample is created by compensating the fringe field of the 4.7T magnet with the electromagnet.
In this Example, the inventors demonstrate that the method of the invention can be used successfully to increase the sensitivity of 13C NMR/MRI by polarization enhancement of 13C nuclei in hydrogen-containing compounds. The specific 13C hydrogen-containing compound used in this Example is acetic acid, 1-13C-AcH.
Preliminary Feasibility Study.
Here, we utilize the thermal mixing (TM) procedure to transfer spin polarization from hyperpolarized 129Xe to acetic acid 1-13CAcH. We mix the two species in the gas phase, after which the mixture is frozen with liquid N2. This approach overcomes the problem of limited 13C-species solubility in xenon. This report is the first study of the polarization transfer from 129Xe to 13C achieved by TM for a proton-containing molecule of biological relevance.
The 13C NMR polarization was enhanced by 10-fold compared to the equilibrium Boltzmann polarization at 4.7 T. The results presented here show the potential for producing polarization enhanced 13C biomarkers for use in biological research and biomedicine.
In the polarization transfer experiment, 1-13C-AcH and isotopically enriched 129Xe are mixed in the gas phase. The gas line is evacuated prior to mixing to avoid the presence of oxygen. The gaseous mixture is condensed in liquid N2 at moderate magnetic field. The magnetic field is then cycled to almost zero for several milliseconds. The frozen mixture is delivered to the fringe field of a 4.7T scanner and the material is thawed. The NMR signal of 13C is acquired right after thawing at 4.7 T. The signal of a thermally polarized sample is measured in the 4.7 T field to obtain the equilibrium value of thermal polarization.
The results are shown in
This experiment demonstrates that the nuclear spin polarization can be transferred between 129Xe and 13C in the solid state by dipolar interactions between the species. However, the enhancement factor observed for 13C is somewhat lower than the predicted theoretical value. The obtained results indicate that there is a significant polarization loss in the solid state for both 1-13C-AcH and 129Xe. This implies the cross-relaxation between 129Xe and 131Xe in the solid state to be one of the possible reasons responsible for this loss. To minimize the influence of cross-relaxation between xenon isotopes, the 129Xe and 13C species should be kept in the high magnetic field prior to the transfer. Exposure to the high magnetic field is known to prevent cross-relaxation in the solid phase.
Materials and Methods.
Hyperpolarized 129Xe is produced by spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP), a method originally described by Driehuys et al.18 and optimized by Ruset et al.19 A mixture of 1.5% 129Xe, 25.5% N2 and 73% He (Spectra Gases), at 500 Torr enters a polarizing cell and flows through a spiral with rubidium pools (Alfa Aesar) maintained at 140° C. The Rb vapor is optically pumped with circularly polarized light from a 90 W diode laser array (Coherent). After leaving the optical cell, the gas mixture containing polarized xenon enters a small spiral cell emerged in liquid N2, surrounded by a permanent magnet that provides a holding field of 0.2 T. Here xenon freezes on the cell's walls, while the buffer gases (He and N2) are vacuumed out. A detailed description of the polarizer is given in Reference 19.
Hyperpolarized xenon is transferred to a Tedlar bag (Jensen Inert) and delivered to the facility where the NMR measurements are performed. The delivery is performed using a suitcase equipped with a solenoid coil and fitted with a stainless steel case. This device creates a relatively uniform magnetic field (˜30 Gauss) and minimizes the polarization loss during the transfer 37. The total time between optical pumping and mixing with the acetic acid is −15 minutes. The polarization of xenon measured at this point varies from 30% to 45% in our experiments.
A critical requirement for the experiment is to perform polarization transfer on the time scale shorter than T1 relaxation of the interacting species. The choice of acetic acid (1-13C-AcH) for the polarization transfer from 129Xe is determined by the following factors: (i) 1-13C-AcH is involved in important biochemical pathways, (ii) the partial pressure of 1-13C-AcH is sufficiently high to achieve micro-molar concentrations of the compound in the gas phase at normal conditions,38 and (iii) 1-13C-AcH has a relatively long T1 in solution (˜30 s). At the same time, 129Xe has a T1 of 2.6 hours in the gaseous phase,39-4° and several minutes in the liquid and solid states in the presence of a modest magnetic field.41
Prior to TM, the fringe field of the 4.7 T magnet is mapped with a gaussmeter and the locations that correspond to the field strengths of 0.5 T and 0.02 T are identified. These field strengths are used for condensation and field compensation, respectively. Liquid 1-13C-AcH (99% 13C isotopically enriched, Isotec) is deposited in a Tedlar bag (˜50 mg) and evacuated for ˜1 minute. A similar bag filled with hyperpolarized xenon is connected to the bag with 1-13C-AcH and −150 mL of gaseous hyperpolarized 129Xe is transferred to the bag with the acetic acid. 1-13C-AcH evaporates and is mixed with xenon gas for ˜1 minute (see
At first, valve #1 is opened (see
The transfer of spin polarization is the most efficient when the mixing field is comparable to the local dipolar fields, the latter varying in the range of several gauss. At this field strength, the T1 relaxation becomes very efficient due to both dipolar and quadrupolar mechanisms41,42. The latter occurs because 131Xe impurities relax the 129Xe polarization in sufficiently low magnetic fields. Thus, T1 relaxation competes with polarization transfer.
As a compromise, the condensation setup is kept at a magnetic field strength of 0.5 T that exceeds the dipolar and quadrupolar fields by several orders of magnitude during, prior, and after condensation. The mixture is exposed to the mixing field only for a short period of time, required for polarization transfer. The mixing field is generated by compensating the fringe field with a custom-built electromagnet. Because of technical limitations, the maximum compensating field strength is 0.02 T. Consequently, the condensation setup is physically relocated after condensation from 0.5 T to 0.02 T for the polarization transfer.
The condensed sample is collected in a 5 mm NMR tube at the fringe field of 0.5 T and the condensation setup is quickly transferred to a home-built electromagnet situated in the fringe field of 0.02 T (
Following the TM, the sample is transferred back to the 0.5 T field, where it is thawed for 30-40 s,
Results and Discussion.
The observed enhancement values, expressed as a ratio of integrated signal intensity of the hyperpolarized signal relative to that of the reference thermal spectrum, ranged from 3 to 5, (
The polarization transfer mechanism in TM is nonselective by its nature and occurs with respect to all nuclear spins that are present in the system including 1H, 13C, and quadrupolar impurities such as 131Xe. The latter can potentially depolarize 129Xe, 13C, and 1H in the solid matrix. To determine whether the presence of 131Xe impurity is the factor that limits the efficiency of our polarization transfer experiment, the polarization of 129Xe is measured under conditions identical to those in TM procedures. 129Xe was depolarized from 30% to 10%, which corresponds to T1 relaxation of xenon in the solid state. Therefore, we conclude that quadrupolar impurities are not the dominant source of polarization loss in the solid matrix.
The noteworthy discrepancy between the theoretical limit and the experimental results is likely due to formation of an inhomogeneous solid matrix and/or relaxation processes in the solid state. Since the melting temperatures Tmelt of 129Xe and 1-13C-AcH are substantially different (Tmelt=159 K for 129Xe and Tmelt=290 K for 1-13C-AcH), it is conceivable that the acetic acid condenses first, so that the two species become microscopically separated and do not establish the dipolar contact in the solid state. To explore this hypothesis, the condensation is also performed in the mixture of 129Xe and 1-13C-ethanol (10:1 molar ratio). The melting temperature of 1-13C-ethanol is Tmelt=170 K, comparable to that of xenon. However, no enhancement of 13C polarization is observed in TM of 1-13C-ethanol. This phenomenon is further explored in Example 4 below. This result suggests that the transfer efficiency of spin polarization is not limited by the species separation in the solid phase.
While the possibility of an inhomogeneous matrix formation cannot be excluded, it is not due to a difference in melting points between 1-13C-AcH and 129Xe. Aside from quadrupolar interactions with 131Xe, there are two competing processes of polarization transfer from 129Xe to 1H and 13C. Protons have ˜4 times greater gyromagnetic ratio γ than the 13C and the internuclear distance between a 1H-129Xe pair is significantly shorter than that for 13C-129Xe. Since dipolar interactions are proportional to γ and inversely proportional to the cube of the distance between the interacting spins, the couplings of 129Xe with proton lattice are expected to be about one to two orders of magnitudes greater than those with 13C. As a result, we anticipate 129Xe polarization to be transferred to the 1H lattice rather than to 13C. Since the T1 losses of 129Xe polarization are minimal, we consider other contributions to polarization loss that can occur via 1H as well as 13C spin lattice relaxation processes.
While magnetic fields of <1 mT are necessary for the nuclear spins to exchange polarizations, the dipolar energy reservoir makes the relaxation mechanisms more efficient at low magnetic fields,42 thereby compromising the net efficiency of the process. For example, 1H T1 values in the millisecond range were reported for methyl43 and ammonium44 protons at low temperatures and low magnetic field. Such fast relaxation is governed by the dynamics of methyl and ammonium groups. If proton T1 is reduced to the millisecond range, it would result in efficient relaxation of polarization via the 1H lattice during TM, thereby explaining the relatively low experimental enhancements of 13C polarization.
Moreover, cross-polarization from 129Xe is another viable alternative for polarization transfer to 13C molecules, albeit with more demanding hardware requirements.
TM is a useful method to transfer noble gas hyperpolarization via direct dipolar interactions between nuclear species. It does not require sophisticated hardware and can be applied to a wide range of molecules. Moreover, the condensation procedure utilized here does not require dissolving 13C enriched compounds in liquid xenon and thus, overcomes the problem of limited solubility of biological molecules. We have demonstrated that the 13C nuclear polarization of 1-13C-AcH can be enhanced by polarization transfer from hyperpolarized 129Xe in the solid state using TM. The observed experimental maximum enhancement is likely a result of competing polarization transfers from 129Xe to 13C and 1H and relaxation. The results presented here demonstrate that TM is an experimentally viable approach to enhance 13C polarization in proton containing molecules.
In this Example, the inventors determine the dependence of the enhancement factor on thawing time and use 2-13C-EtOH in the method of the invention to determine the effect of solid phase species separation on spin polarization transfer efficiency.
Using the technique outlined in Example 3 above, the inventors measured dependence of the polarization enhancement factor on thawing time for the sample. As shown in
One possible reason for low efficiency of the polarization transfer is that the melting temperatures Tmelt for 129Xe and 1-13C-AcH are substantially different (Tmelt=163K for 129Xe and Tmelt=270K for 1-13C-AcH), so that the acetic acid solidifies first, and the species do not establish the contact in the solid phase. To test this hypothesis, the experiment is performed with 2-13C-EtOH as the 13C-species, following the same procedure as outlined in Example 3 above. EtOH has a melting temperature comparable to that of xenon (Tmelt=170K) and presumably should not form a separate phase upon solidification.
In this prophetic Example, the inventors explain two alternative ways of mixing the 13C compound and the hyperpolarized 129Xe for optimal T1 relaxation and polarization transfer: (1) deposition of the 13C compound from an aqueous solution onto a chromatographic column followed by exposure of the column to hyperpolarized 129Xe; and (2) solidifying the mixture in a thin layer.
The initial step of the transfer process is to establish contact between 129Xe and 13C-compounds. This can be accomplished by either absorption of the 13C-molecule and 129Xe on a surface, or mixing 13C-molecule with xenon in the gas state.
The research conducted in regards to absorption of the 13C-molecule and 129Xe on a surface is focused on finding efficient absorbents and optimizing the experimental conditions for deposition and removal of the 13C-compound. Pyruvate is chosen as 13C-containing molecule. Our preliminary results demonstrate efficient adsorption of pyruvate on a surface with subsequent desorption into aqueous solution is plausible on a time scale short compared to T1 of both 129Xe and 13C spins (seconds for adsorption/desorption vs. minutes for T1 relaxation). It was found that pyruvate can be reversibly deposited from aqueous solution onto a commercially available chromatographic column, the retention molarity being comparable to the cell concentrations (40 μM). The adsorbed pyruvate can be subsequently ejected from the column in several seconds by applying a neutral gas (nitrogen) under pressure of several atmospheres, the recanting solution containing 92.5% of initially deposited pyruvate (
The materials (the adsorbent and the eluent) as well as the experimental conditions (pH, applied gas pressure) for pyruvate deposition and extraction were found and optimized. To deliver the eluent to the column at high speed, an automated mixer was constructed. The delivery is performed automatically under a LabView control unit, which moves the fluid with gated gas pressures through a series of solenoid valves. The remaining step of the project is to expose the column with deposited pyruvate to hyperpolarized Xe.
There exist two possible sources of fast relaxation in the solid phase. First, when the species form the solid phase, the resulting structure is highly non-uniform because of the spontaneous solidification process. As a consequence, the gradients of the magnetic fields might appear inside the solid mixture due to susceptibility variations, structural defects (vacancies and dislocations etc). The internal gradients accelerate T1 relaxation, giving rising to a significant polarization losses. Second, the system undergoes phase transition upon thawing; T1 relaxation time of xenon at phase transition might become as short as several milliseconds. Under such conditions, relaxation compete with the polarization transfer and a significant fraction of 129Xe polarization (and potentially, the enhanced 13C polarization) will be lost before the detection point.
A possible solution to overcome these limitations is to solidify the mixture of 129Xe and 13C-compound in a thin layer to minimize the influence of the internal gradients and phase transition. Toward to this goal, a solidification set up was constructed in the laboratory. The set up includes a spiral glass tube within an outer glass cylinder, as in a typical distillation apparatus condenser. The gas mixture is deposited in the internal spiral, while the coolant (such as liquid N2) is supplied to the surrounding cylinder. As it is cooled, the gas mixture solidifies onto the internal glass spiral surface as a thin film within which polarization transfer may occur.
While the present invention has been described in what is perceived to be the most practical and preferred embodiments and Examples, it is to be understood that the invention is not intended to be limited to the specific embodiments set forth above. Further, it is recognized that modifications may be made by one of skill in the art of the invention without departing from the spirit or intent of the invention and, therefore, the invention is to be taken as including all reasonable equivalents to the subject matter of the appended claims. All references cited herein are incorporated by reference for all purposes.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/136,267, filed on Aug. 22, 2008, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61136267 | Aug 2008 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12545637 | Aug 2009 | US |
| Child | 15073043 | US |
