Enhanced herbicides

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The invention relates generally to herbicides, methods of improving existing herbicides and controlling the growth of plant life and more particularly to methods and products involving succinate-based chemicals and other additives which can enhance the activity (effectiveness) of herbicidal compounds. As used herein, herbicidal refers to materials which destroy or inhibit plant growth, such as by desiccation or defoliation, for example, to act as a harvest aid or to control weed growth.

[0003] Glyphosate and paraquat are the number 1 and 2 non-selective herbicides used worldwide. Paraquat is extremely toxic and therefore unacceptable for many applications. Glyphosate can be slow acting, commonly requiring 1 to 2 weeks to achieve plant death and is therefore also unsuitable for many herbicide applications.

[0004] Other conventionally known herbicides include fatty acids, such as pelargonic acid, a nine carbon fatty acid, and caprylic acid, an eight carbon fatty acid. Scythe, sold by Mycogen/Dow and Liberty, made by AgrEvo are known commercially available herbicides. Pelargonic acid is the active ingredient in SCYTHE and glufosinate-ammonium is the active ingredient in LIBERTY. However, the activity of these products is such that the cost of products such as SCYTHE can be undesirably high and the amount of active ingredients needed in products such as paraquat could lead to undesirable effects.

[0005] Accordingly, it is desirable to provide improved herbicides, methods for enhancing the activity of existing herbicides and methods of controlling plant growth in order to overcome inadequacies of the prior art.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] Generally speaking, in accordance with the invention, improved herbicide compositions, methods of making the compositions and methods of controlling plant growth are provided. The subject invention relates to combining fatty acid based and other herbicides with succinic acid, succinic acid derivatives and other additives such as those having essentially no herbicidal activity to increase the activity of the herbicide and provide methods of controlling plant growth by applying a combination of a herbicidal fatty acid with succinic acid and/or succinic acid derivative chemicals and/or other additives. In addition to the use of succinic acid, combining other Krebs cycle acids with herbicides can also provide beneficial effects. Concentrations of herbicides and additives applied to plants in accordance with the invention can include compositions involving about 0.1 to 30% herbicide and additive, preferably 0.5 to 15% herbicide and additive and more preferably 1-8% herbicide and additive. The ratio of herbicide, such as fatty acid herbicide to activity enhancing additive can be from about 1:10 to 20:1, preferably 1:1 to 20:1, more preferably 1:1 to 5:1.

[0007] Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide improved herbicidal compositions.

[0008] Another object of the invention is to provide additives which can enhance the activity of herbicidal compositions.

[0009] Yet another object of the invention is to improve the safety of herbicides.

[0010] A further object of the invention is to provide improved methods of plant control.

[0011] The invention accordingly comprises the several steps and the relation of one or more of such steps with respect to each of the others, and the compositions possessing the characteristics, properties and the relation of constituents useful to effect such steps, which will be exemplified in the compositions hereinafter described, all as exemplified in the following detailed disclosure, and the scope of the invention will be indicated in the claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0012] The invention is directed to improved herbicidal compositions. Herbicides, such as those including fatty acids as the active ingredient can be formulated at low fatty acid concentration and have relatively low herbicidal activity or at higher fatty acid concentration and have enhanced activity. However, it has been found that certain additives, such as organic acids and their derivatives, which may have substantially no herbicidal activity can enhance the herbicidal activity of herbicidal fatty acids and other herbicides and provide herbicides with either enhanced activity or reduced fatty acid concentrations. Preferred additives include those organic acids which are part of the Krebs cycle and in particular, succinic acid as well as succinic acid derivatives. Thus, substantially safe non-herbicidal additives are combined with G.R.A.S. (generally recognized as safe by the FDA) herbicidal compounds such as fatty acids, and the result is a generally safe herbicide with enhanced activity.

[0013] The following examples demonstrate the synergistic relationship between additives (such as succinic acid) and fatty acid herbicides such as caprylic acid, pelargonic acid and others. Other synergistic relationships between organic acids (for example, citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid and lactic acid) with caprylic acid as the fatty acid were also exhibited. In general, with the exception of tartaric acid, there was a general lack of correspondence between the acidity of the organic acid and the degree of synergy of the organic acid with caprylic acid. It was determined that tartaric acid (e.g. L-tartaric acid) exhibited particularly high performance enhancement of caprylic acid across a wide variety of plant types.

[0014] A synergistic relationship between succinic acid and sodium salicylate was also demonstrated where the effect of succinic acid alone on the plants treated was negligible.

[0015] Accordingly, it has been determined that combining certain organic acids and compounds having a significant herbicidal effect, such as pelargonic, caprylic, caproic, capric and oleic acid, and also such acids as acetic, butyric, valeric, hexanoic and heptanoic acid and compounds such as sodium salicylate, glyphosate (in Round Up) or glufosinate-ammonium with other organic acids and additives including those having substantially no herbicidal effect could enhance herbicidal activity and reduce costs, environmentally undesirable effects or be otherwise more convenient to use.

[0016] Effective additives include succinic acid and succinic acid derivatives such as dimethyl succinic acid, calcium succinate, magnesium succinate, diammonium succinate and ammonium succinate as well as certain other organic acids, such as tartaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, lactic acid, adipic acid and plant oils such as limonene and pine oil, especially Unipine (a pine oil derivative available from Busche, Boake & Allen, Inc.), as well as other additives including ammonium sulfate, ammonium tartrate, ammonium chloride and sodium salicylate.

[0017] In order to confirm that additives in accordance with the invention provided an enhanced herbicidal effect, a number of experiments were performed in which only fatty acids or other herbicides were applied to plants, the additives alone were applied and the fatty acids plus the additives were applied. The herbicides were applied in the “spray to drip” amount or at a calibrated 20-60 gallons/acre. “Spray to drip” is an uncalibrated application of fluid to foliage, where sufficient spray volume is used to sufficiently saturate the foliage surface until excess fluid begins to drip from the foliage. In general, about 5 to 200 gallons/acre, preferably 20-100 gallons/acre can be effective.

[0018] Fatty acids above 6-7 carbon atoms tend to be relatively insoluble in water. Caprylic and pelargonic acids are 8 and 9 carbon acids respectively and require a solvent, such as acetone or an emulsifier to help prevent separation between aqueous and lipid phases. Herbicides can be provided in concentrated form and then diluted at the point of use.

[0019] Aspects and embodiments of the invention will be described more clearly with reference to the following examples, which are intended to be interpreted as exemplary and not in a limiting sense.

1Example 1Potato field trial: two varieties (Snowden and Russet Burbank)Comparison of Desiccate II with experimental formulationsAverage injury rating* & (% vine injury) (days after 1st application)SnowdenRusset BurbankTreatment:Day 5Day 8Day 15Day 5Day 8Day 151Desiccate II (2.175 quart/acre)0 (0)30 (10)100 (100)50 (40)60 (70)100 (96) 24% pelargonic + 0.5% succinic acid90 (70)100 (94) 100 (100)97 (90)98 (95)100 (100)34% caprylic/capric + 0.5% succinic90 (70)96 (92)100 (100)95 (90)98 (97)100 (100)44% caprylic/capric + 0.5% succinic + 1% sodium salicylate90 (80)100 (98) 100 (100)95 (90)96 (92)100 (100)54% sodium salicylate + 0.5% succinic25 (0) 40 (10)95 (90)70 (60)98 (92)100 (100)66% caprylic/capric + 0.5% succinic95 (75)100 (90) 100 (100)80 (70)98 (94)100 (100)*Injury rating based on scale of 1-5, where 5 = complete desiccation of all plants/plot Second application 5 days after 1st application; each at 87 G/a (45 psi) Treatment #1 contained 0.125% Wilfarm Crop Oil Concentrate Treatments #2-4 and 6 contained 0.83% Emsorb 6900, 0.43% mineral oil and 1% Hasten Treatment #5 contained 0.3% Sylgard 309 Summary: all experimental treatments (#2-6) better than treatment #1 (Desiccate II)

[0020]

2

Example 2

Potato field trial:

2 applications of selected herbicides, including Desiccate II

Injury rating*, average per plot

Treatment
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Day 5

1
5% pelargonic
4.07
4
4.13
4.43

2
5% pelargonic +
4.23
4.23
4.47
4.57

1% di-ammonium succinate

3
5% caprylic/capric +
3.87
3.9
4.03
4.4

1% di-ammonium succinate

4
Desiccate II (1.5 quarts/acre)
1
1.5
1.67
3

*Injury rating, based on a scale of 1-5, where 5 = complete desiccation of all plants/plot

1% Hasten in treatments 1, 2 and 3. For treatment 4: 0.125% Wilfarm Crop Oil Concentrate.

Treatments 1, 2 and 3 also had 0.86% Emsorb 6900 and 0.43% mineral oil

Plot size: 3X6 feet. Each treatment group had 3 replicates

40-42 G/acre, with <45 psi for 1stapplication and 45 psi for 2ndapplication

2ndtreatment applied 2 days after 1sttreatment

Variety: Katahdin (thick canopy), with active growth (irrigated)

Summary: 1) treatments 1-3 superior to treatment 4 (Desiccate II),

2) perlagonic acid enhanced by di-ammonium succinate

[0021]

3

Example 3

Dry bean (navy) field trial: single application of

selected herbicides, including Desiccate II

Injury rating*, average per plot
% desiccation, day 14

Treatment
Day 2
Day 4
Day 5
Day 6
Day 14
foliage
vines
pod

1
Desiccate II (1.5 quarts/acre)
3.375
3.8
4.55
4.68
4.625
90
50
60

2
4% pelargonic + 0.5% succinic acid
4.325
4.35
4.7
4.73
4.763
98
90
97

3
4% caprylic + 0.5% succinic acid
4.413
4.43
4.76
4.83
4.8
98
90
97

4
4% sodium salicylate + 0.5% succinic
4.388
4.38
4.68
4.73
4.775
95
80
97

*Injury rating, based on a scale of 1-5, where 5 = complete desiccation of all plants/plot

1% Hasten in treatments 2, 3 and 0.3% Sylgard 309 in treatment 4. Treatment 1 had 0.125% Wilfarm Crop Oil Concentrate

Treatments 2 and 3 also contained 0.86% Emsorb 6900 and 0.43% mineral oil

Plot size = 3 X 6 feet, with 4 replicates (plots) per treatment group

40 gallons per acre at 45 psi for one application

Dry bean variety (navy): Vista

Field

Summary: Treatments 2-4 were superior to treatment 1 (Desiccate II)

[0022]

4

Example 4

Bean (black) trial: single application of selected herbicides, including Desiccate II

Injury rating*, average per plot
% desiccation, day 19

Treatment:
Day 1
Day 3
Day 7
Day 9
Day 19
foliage
vines
pods

1
Desiccate II (1.5 quarts/acre)
1.75
4.35
4.5
4.7
4.88
97
99
100

2
3% caprylic + 0.5% succinic acid
4.3
4.55
4.55
4.7
4.9
99
99
100

3
3% pelargonic + 0.5% succinic acid
4.55
4.75
4.78
4.85
5
100
100
100

4
3% sodium salicylate + 0.5% succinic acid
4.5
4.7
4.7
4.83
5
100
100
100

*Injury rating, based on a scale of 1-5, where 5 = complete desiccation of all plants/plot

1% Hastern in treatments 2, 3 and 0.3% Sylgard 309 in treatment 4. Treatment 1 had 0.125% Wilfarm Crop Oil Concentrate

Treatment 2 and 3 also contained 0.86% Emsorb 6900 and 0.43% mineral oil

Plot size: 3 X 6 feet, with 2 replicates (plots) per treatment group

40 gallons per acre at 45 psi for one application

Dry bean variety: black, T39

Field

Summary: Treatments 2-4 superior to treatment 1

[0023]

5

Example 5

Synergistic interactions of succinic acid and di-ammonium

succinate with herbicidal compounds, on navy dry beans

Injury rating*,

average per plot
% desiccation (Day 12)

Treatment:
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4
Day 12
foliage
vines
pods

1
3% caprylic
3.5
3.93
3.93
4
4.2
50
10
80

2
3% caprylic + 0.5% succinic acid
4.43
4.43
4.6
4.5
4.7
95
70
85

3
3% caprylic + 2% succinic acid
4.5
4.47
4.57
4.5
4.8
99
85
90

4
3% caprylic + 2.52% di-ammonium succinate
4.47
4.43
4.67
4.6
4.8
99
90
99

5
3% sodium salicylate
3.8
4.13
4.57
4.5
4.7
92
70
90

6
3% sodium salicylate + 0.5% succinic acid
3.93
4.27
4.63
4.6
4.8
95
85
92

7
3% sodium salicylate + 2% succinic acid
4.2
4.4
4.67
4.6
4.9
97
80
95

8
3% sodium salicylate + 2.52% di-ammonium succinate
4.4
4.43
4.72
4.6
4.9
97
90
95

9
0.5% succinic acid
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

10
2% succinic acid
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

11
2.52% di-ammonium succinate
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

12
0.5% succinic acid
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

13
2% succinic acid
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0

14
2.52% di-ammonium succinate
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

*Injury rating, based on a scale of 1-5, where 5 = complete desiccation of all plants/plot

Treatments 1-4, 9-11: each in 0.86% Emsorb 6900, 0.43% mineral oil, 1% Hasten

Treatments 5-8, 12-14: each in 0.3% Sylgard 309

Succinic (2%) and di-ammonium succinate (2.52%) are equimolar

Plot size: 3 X 6 feet. Each treatment group had 3 replicates

One application at 40 G/acre, 45 psi

Variety: dry bean (navy Vista)

Field

Summary: both succinic acid and di-ammonium succinate were synergistic with sodium salicylate and caprylic acid

[0024]

6

Example 6

Synergistic interactions of succinic acid and di-ammonium succinate

with other herbicidal compounds, on dry beans (black)

Injury rating*,

average per plot
% desiccation (Day 12)

Treatment:
Day 2
Day 12
foliage
vines
pods

1
3% caprylic
4
4.73
80
92
95

2
3% caprylic + 0.5% succinic acid
4.37
4.87
97
95-98
90

3
3% caprylic + 2% succinic acid
4.43
4.92
99
98
97

4
3% caprylic + 2.52% di-ammonium succinate
4.37
4.9
99
95-97
85

5
3% sodium salicylate
4
4.78
95
90
90

6
3% sodium salicylate + 0.5% succinic acid
4.23
4.87
99
98
92

7
3% sodium salicylate + 2% succinic acid
4.07
4.88
99
95
90

8
3% sodium salicylate + 2.52% di-ammonium succinate
4.37
4.8
99
92
80

9
0.5% succinic acid
0
0
0
0
0

10
2% succinic acid
0
0
0
0
0

11
2.52% di-ammonium succinate
0
0
0
0
0

12
0.5% succinic acid
0
0
0
0
0

13
2% succinic acid
0
0
0
0
0

14
2.52% di-ammonium succinate
0
0
0
0
0

*Injury rating, based on a scale of 1-5, where 5 = complete desiccation of all plants/plot

Treatments 1-4, 9-11: each in 0.86% Emsorb 6900, 0.43% mineral oil, 1% Hasten

Treatments 5-8, 12-14: each in 0.3% Sylgard 309

Succinic (2%) and di-ammonium succinate (2.52%) are equimolar

Plot size: 3 X 6 feet. Each treatment group had 3 replicates

One application at 40 G/acre, 45 psi

Variety: black beans (dry bean variety T39)

Summary: both succinic acid and di-ammonium succinate were synergistic with sodium salicylate and caprylic acid

[0025]

7

Example 7

Enhancement of caprylic acid/

sodium salicylate as an herbicide, by succinic acid

Relative injury rating*

(average, based on 2 ratings)

Succinic

All

Treatment
acid (%)
potatoes
plants

1
0.25% caprylic +
0
3
8.5

0.25% sodium salicylate

2
0.25% caprylic +
0.5
5
17

0.25% sodium salicylate

3
0.25% caprylic +
1
6
17.6

0.25% sodium salicylate

4
0.25% caprylic +
1.5
7.7
19.7

0.25% sodium salicylate

5
0.25% caprylic +
2
6.8
18.9

0.25% sodium salicylate

6
0.5% caprylic +
0
4.8
15.1

0.5% sodium salicylate

7
0.5% caprylic +
0.5
5.3
17.7

0.5% sodium salicylate

8
0.5% caprylic +
1
5.5
19.7

0.5% sodium salicylate

9
0.5% caprylic +
1.5
7
21.3

0.5% sodium salicylate

10
0.5% caprylic +
2
7.5
22.1

0.5% sodium salicylate

*A rating of 1-5 given (5 = complete desiccation of all plants), for each treatment (1-2 plants/pot)

Two independent evaluations (ratings) performed

Helena Kinetic at 0.2% used for all treatments

All formulations in 30% acetone

Spray to drip applications to dry beans, snapbeans and potato plants

[0026]

8

Example 8

Effect of 1% succinic acid on herbicidal activity of Liberty and Scythe

Total score

for all injury

Treatment
ratings*

1
4% Scythe
66

2
2% Scythe
54.2

3
2% Scythe + 1% succinic
56.1

4
2% Scythe + 0.25% caprylic +
56.3

0.25% sodium salicylate

5
2% Scythe + 0.25% caprylic +
60.3

0.25% sodium salicylate + 1% succinic

6
2% Scythe + 0.5% sodium salicylate
47.5

7
Liberty (4 oz/gal)
87.8

8
Liberty (2 oz/gal)
76.6

9
Liberty (2 oz/gal) + 1% succinic
81

10
Liberty (2 oz/gal) + 0.25% caprylic +
77

0.25% sodium salicylate

11
Liberty (2 oz/gal) + 0.25% caprylic +
78.4

0.25% sodium salicylate + 1% succinic

12
Liberty (2 oz/gal) + 0.5% sodium salicylate
75.7

13
Liberty (1 oz/gal)
65.9

14
Liberty (1 oz/gal) + 1% succinic
70.3

15
Liberty (1 oz/gal) + 0.25% caprylic +
67.6

0.25% sodium salicylate

16
Liberty (1 oz/gal) + 0.25% caprylic +
72.1

0.25% sodium salicylate + 1% succinic

17
Liberty (1 oz/gal) + 0.5% sodium salicylate
70.8

*Injury rating based on 1 to 6, where 6 = complete desiccation of plant. Six independent evaluations performed and all scores, based on ratings for nutsedge, snapbeans and Kentucky bluegrass, where given as a total score for each treatment Kinetic at 0.2% used for all treatments. Applications of treatments made via spray to drip. Snapbeans (full bean production), nutsedge (6-8 inches, height) and bluegrass (blade height 3 inches)

1% succinic acid = zero rating. Succinic was synergistic with those combinations given above.

[0027]

9

Example 9

Enhancement of RoundUp Ultra's herbicidal activity

on snapbeans and potatoes using 1% succinic acid

Average injury rating*

Treatment
potatoes
snapbeans

1
RoundUp Ultra, 1.25%
4.48
2.92

2
RoundUp Ultra, 1.25% + 1% succinic acid
4.67
4.78

3
RoundUp Ultra, 0.25%
3.35
2.82

4
RoundUp Ultra, 0.25% + 1% succinic acid
4.37
3.2

*Rating of 1 to 6 = complete desiccation

Average rating based on 6 independent evaluations of injury to plants

Application rate of 1.25% RoundUp Ultra at 40 G/acre = 2 quarts/acre

(0.25% RoundUp Ultra at 40 G/acre = 0.4 quarts/acre)

Mature snapbeans (with beans pods) and potatoes at 6-8 inches in height were

used

Summary: succinic acid synergistic with RoundUp

[0028]

10

Example 10

Succinic acid enhancement of herbicidal activities:

sodium salicylate +/− caprylic acid

Injury rating*

Average

Spray
rating

Treatment
to drip
per pot

1
0.75% caprylic + 0.75% sodium salicylate
45.1
2.82

2
0.75% caprylic + 0.75% sodium salicylate +
60.3
3.77

1% succinic acid

3
1% caprylic + 1% sodium salicylate
50.1
3.13

4
1% caprylic + 1% sodium salicylate +
61.1
3.82

1% succinic acid

5
1.5% sodium salicylate
56.2
3.51

6
1.5% sodium salicylate + 1% succinic acid
62.5
3.91

*For each pot, a rating (1 to 5) was given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants

Three independent evaluations were done

Test plants for spray to drip application: Kentucky bluegrass, velvetleaf, foxtail,

tomato, potato and snapbeans

All spray solutions contained 30% acetone and 0.3% Sylgard 309

Caprylic acid was v/v and succinic acid and sodium salicylate were at wt/v

Summary: Succinic acid enhanced effectiveness

[0029]

11

Example 11

Enhancement of herbicide formulations with 1% succinic acid

Average

Treatment
injury rating

1
0.5% caprylic + 0.5% sodium salicylate

31.6

2
0.5% caprylic + 0.5% sodium salicylate
0.5%
ammonium sulfate

41.4

3
0.5% caprylic + 0.5% sodium salicylate
0.5%
ammonium sulfate
0.5% ammonium chloride

41.6

4
0.5% caprylic + 0.5% sodium salicylate
0.5%
ammonium chloride

39.2

5
0.5% caprylic + 0.5% sodium salicylate
0.5%
ammonium sulfate

1% succinic acid
46.8

6
0.5% caprylic + 0.5% sodium salicylate
0.5%
ammonium sulfate
0.5% ammonium chloride
1% succinic acid
44.6

7
0.5% caprylic + 0.5% sodium salicylate
0.5%
ammonium chloride

1% succinic acid
43.6

8
0.5% caprylic + 0.5% sodium salicylate
1%
succinic acid

40

*A rating of 1-5, where 5 = complete desiccation of all plants

Three independent evaluations (ratings) performed

Helena Kinetic at 0.1% used for all applications

All formulations in 30% acetone

Spray to drip applications to snapbeans and potato plants

[0030]

12

Example 12

Succinic acid enhancement of herbicidal activities: sodium

salicylate combined with hexanoic, acetic or caprylic/capric acid

Injury rating*

Average

Spray
rating

Treatment
to drip
per pot

1
2% hexanoic + 1% sodium salicylate
44.1
3.68

2
2% hexanoic + 1% sodium salicylate +
55.8
4.65

1% succinic

3
3% acetic + 1% sodium salicylate
47.1
3.93

4
3% acetic + 1% sodium salicylate +
54.4
4.53

1% succinic

5
2% caprylic/capric + 1% sodium salicylate
50
4.17

6
2% caprylic/capric + 1% sodium salicylate +
54.4
4.53

1% succinic

7
2% caprylic/capric + 1% sodium salicylate +
56.7
4.73

2% succinic

*For each pot, a rating (1 to 5) was given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants

Two independent evaluations were done

Test plants for spray to drip application: velvetleaf, corn snapbeans, foxtail and tomatoes

All spray solutions contained 30% acetone and 0.3% Sylgard 309

Acetic, hexanoic and caprylic/capric acid were v/v and succinic acid was wt/v

Caprylic/capric (caprylic, capric, caproic and lauric at 58, 40, 1 and 1%, respectively).

[0031]

13

Example 13

Succinic acid enhancement of oleic acid/sodium

salicylate herbicidal activity

Injury rating*

Average

Spray
rating

Treatment
to drip
per pot

1
2% oleic acid
26.4
2.2

2
2% oleic acid + 1% sodium salicylate
37.9
3.16

3
2% oleic acid + 1% sodium salicylate +
49.2
4.1

1% succinic acid

4
2% oleic acid + 1% succinic acid
28.1
2.33

*For each pot, a rating (1 to 5) was given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants

Two independent evaluations were done

Test plants for spray to drip: lambsquarter, velvetleaf, foxtail, nutsedge and potatoes

All spray solutions contained 50% acetone and 0.3% Sylgard 309

Oleic acid was v/v and succinic acid and sodium salicylate was wt/v

Summary: Sodium salicylate and succinic acid enhance effectiveness

[0032]

14

Example 14

Succinic acid enhancement of oleic acid/sodium

salicylate herbicidal activity

Total Injury rating*

Average

Spray

rating

Treatment
60 G/a
to drip
Total
per pot

1
2% oleic acid
23.5
22.3
45.8
1.91

2
2% oleic acid +
52.3
34.7
87
3.63

1% sodium salicylate

3
2% oleic acid +
63.8
37.1
101
4.2

1% sodium salicylate +

1% succinic acid

*For each pot, a rating (1 to 5) was given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants

Both 60 gallons/acre and spray to drip applications were made.

Two independent evaluations for both 60 G/a and spray to drip applications

Test plants for 60 G/a: lambsquarter, foxtail and velvetleaf

Test plants for spray to drip: snapbeans, corn and tomatoes

All spray solutions contained 50% acetone and 0.3% Sylgard 309

Oleic acid was v/v and succinic acid and sodium salicylate was wt/v

[0033]

15

Example 15

Cotton desiccation: comparison of Scythe with formulations

containing caprylic/capric, sodium salicylate and succinic acid

Average rating*
Average rating

Three evaluations
for all 3

Treatment
1
2
3
evaluations

1
2% caprylic + 1% sodium salicylate
1% succinic acid
0.3% Sylgard 309
4
3.5
3.6
3.7

2
2% caprylic + 1% sodium salicylate
1% succinic acid
0.3% Hasten
3.8
4.1
4
3.97

3
2% caprylic + 1% sodium salicylate
1% succinic acid
0.3% Hasten
4.2
4.5
4.4
4.4

4
2% Scythe (1.2% active ingredients)

2
2
2
2

5
4% Scythe (2.4% active ingredients)

3.4
3.2
3.3
3.27

*rating based on visual injury rating of 1-5, where 5 = complete desiccation of cotton foliage

Cotton variety = DeltaPine NuCotn 33-b

All treatments (except Scythe) in 30% acetone

Caprylic, capric, caproic and lauric at 58, 40, 1 and 1%, respectively; i.e.

Henkel's Emery 658, used at v/v, in water

Applications at 60 gallons/acre

[0034]

16

Example 16

Herbicide activity of caprylic acid/sodium

salicylate +/− succinic acid

Total Injury

Treatment
rating*

1
1% caprylic + 3% sodium salicylate + 0.5% succinic
97.7

2
3% caprylic + 1% sodium salicylate + 0.5% succinic
97.9

3
1% caprylic + 3% sodium salicylate + 1.5% succinic
97.9

4
3% caprylic + 1% sodium salicylate + 1.5% succinic
99.9

5
1% caprylic + 3% sodium salicylate
79.8

6
3% caprylic + 1% sodium salicylate
91.3

*For each pot, a rating (1 to 5) was given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants

Both 60 gallons/acre and spray to drip applications were made.

Two independent evaluations for both 60 G/a and spray to drip applications

Test plants for 60 G/a: lambsquarter, foxtail and Kentucky bluegrass

Test plants for spray to drip: nutsedge, foxtail and velvetleaf

All spray solutions contained 30% acetone and 0.3% Hasten

Caprylic acid was v/v and succinic acid and sodium salicylate were wt/v

[0035]

17

Example 17

Herbicidal activity of caproic acid with other

compounds: succinic acid and sodium salicylate

Total injury ratings*

Spray
Total

Treatment
60 G/a
to drip
score

1
2% caproic
11.2
7.3
18.5

2
2% caproic + 1% succinic
13.8
7.6
21.4

3
2% caproic + 2% succinic
12.7
7.1
19.8

4
3% caproic
13.9
7
20.9

5
3% caproic + 1% succinic
14.1
7.9
22

6
3% caproic + 2% succinic
14.5
8.2
22.7

7
2% caproic + 1% sodium salicylate
13.5
8.7
22.2

8
2% caproic + 1% sodium salicylate +
16.7
9.2
25.9

1% succinic

*For 60 G/a: 4 pots/treatment, testing lambsquarter, pigweed and velvetleaf

*For spray to drip: 2 pots/treatment, testing lambsquarter and foxtail

For each pot (2-20 plants/pot), a rating of 1-5 given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants

All solutions included 1% Emsorb 6900 and 0.3% Hasten

Summary: sodium salicylate and succinic acid enhance effectiveness

[0036]

18

Example 18

Herbicidal activity of caprylic acid combined with other

compounds (i.e., salts of succinate +/− sodium salicate)

Total injury ratings*

Spray
Total

Treatment
60 G/a
to drip
Score

1
2% caprylic
61
8.2
69.2

2
2% caprylic +
67.9
8.8
76.7

1.5% diammonium succinate

3
2% caprylic +
58
7.6
65.6

1.5% potassium succinate

4
2% caprylic + 1.5% sodium salicylate
63.7
7.8
71.5

5
2% caprylic + 1.5% sodium salicylate +
70
8.6
78.6

1.5% diammonium succinate

6
2% caprylic + 1.5% sodium salicylate +
58.9
7.5
66.4

1.5% potassium succinate

*For 60 G/a: 8 total pots/treatment, testing lambsquarter, pigweed, velvetleaf and foxtail

*For spray to drip: 2 total pots/treatment, testing velvetleaf and foxtail

Evaluations made: 2 for plants treated at 60 G/a and 1 evaluation for “spray to drip”

For each pot (2-20 plants/pot), a rating of 1-5 given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants

All treatments included 1% Emsorb 6900

[0037]

19

Example 19

Efficacy of caprylic with succinic or ammonium succinate,

as herbicides in an emulsification system (Emsorb 6900)

Injury rating*,

total score

for 2 evaluations

Average

Spray
Total
rating

Treatment
60 G/a
to drip
Rating
per pot

1
2% caprylic
73.6
49.8
123.4
4.11

2
2% caprylic +
76.1
54.5
130.6
4.35

1.5% ammonium succinate

3
2% caprylic +
76.4
57.7
134.1
4.47

3% ammonium succinate

4
2% caprylic +
80.6
52.4
133
4.43

1.5% succinic acid

*For each pot, a rating (1 to 5) was given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants

Two independent evaluations done for both 60 G/a and spray to drip

Test plants for 60 G/a: black nightshade, redroot pigweed, lambsquarter, foxtail, velvetleaf and snapbeans

Test plants for spray to drip: redroot pigweed, lambsquarter, velvetleaf and foxtail

All spray solutions contained 1% emsorb (Henkel) and 0.3% Hasten

Caprylic acid was at v/v and succinic acid and ammonium succinate were at wt/v

[0038]

20

Example 20

Efficacy of caprylic with succinic or ammonium succinate,

as herbicides in an emulsification system (Emsorb 6900)

Injury rating*,

total score

for 2 evaluations

Average

Spray
Total
rating

Treatment
60 G/a
to drip
Rating
per pot

1
3% caprylic
142
36.6
178.4
4.05

2
3% caprylic +
145
37.5
182.2
4.14

0.5% ammonium succinate

3
3% caprylic +
145
39.8
185
4.2

1.5% ammonium succinate

4
3% caprylic +
151
44.6
195.9
4.45

1.5% succinic acid

*For each pot, a rating (1 to 5) was given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants

Two independent evaluations done for both 60 G/a and spray to drip

Test plants for 60 G/a: black nightshade, redroot pigweed, foxtail, lambsquarter and snapbeans

Test plants for spray to drip: redroot pigweed, velvetleaf, nutsedge and foxtail

All spray solutions contained 1% emsorb (Henkel) and 0.3% Hasten

Caprylic acid was at v/v and succinic acid and ammonium succinate were at wt/v

[0039]

21

Example 21

Efficacy of 1.5% succinic acid with oleic, caprylic or pelargonic

acid, as herbicides in an emulsification system (Emsorb 6900)

Injury rating*,

total score

for 2 evaluation

Average

Spray
Total
rating

Treatment
60 G/a
to drip
Rating
per pot

1
3% oleic
24.2
9.4
33.6
1.2

2
3% oleic +
27.3
8.7
36
1.29

1.5% succinic

3
3% caprylic
88.1
35.4
123.5
4.41

4
3% caprylic +
91.5
37.5
129
4.61

1.5% succinic

5
3% pelargonic
85.3
37.6
122.9
4.39

6
3% pelargonic +
91.2
37.4
128.6
4.59

1.5% succinic

*For each pot, a rating (1 to 5) was given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants

Two independent evaluations done for both 60 G/a and spray to drip

Test plants for 60 G/a: velvetleaf, black nightshade, redroot pigweed, foxtail and snapbeans

Test plants for spray to drip: black nightshade, velvetleaf, foxtail and snapbeans

All spray solutions contained 1% Emsorb (Henkel) and 0.3% Hasten

Oleic, caprylic and pelargonic at v/v and succinic acid at wt/v

Succinic acid, alone, had a rating of zero. Succinic acid was synergistic with oleic, caprylic and pelargonic acids

[0040]

22

Example 22

Efficacy of caprylic + sodium salicylate + succinic acid,

as an herbicide in an emulsification system (Emsorb 6900)

Injury rating*,

total score

for 2 evaluation

Average

Spray
Total
rating

Treatment
60 G/a
to drip
Rating
per pot

1
2% caprylic +
58.5
62
120.5
3.08

1.5% succinic

2
2% caprylic +
65
64.1
129.1
3.31

1.5% succinic +

1% sodium salicylate

3
3% caprylic +
68.7
68.1
136.8
3.51

1.5% succinic

4
3% caprylic +
72
71.1
143.1
3.67

1.5% succinic +

1% sodium salicylate

5
4% caprylic +
71
66.6
137.6
3.53

1.5% succinic

*For each pot, a rating (1 to 5) was given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants

Two independent evaluations done for both 60 G/a and spray to drip

Test plants for 60 G/a: redroot pigweed, velvetleaf, snapbeans, cotton and potatoes

Test plants for spray to drip: black nightshade, lambsquarter, foxtail and snapbeans

All spray solutions contained 1% Emsorb (Henkel) and 0.3% Hasten

Caprylic acid was at v/v and succinic acid and sodium salicylate were at wt/v

Succinic acid, alone, had a rating of zero. Succinic acid was synergistic with oleic, caprylic and pelargonic acids

[0041]

23

Example 23

Herbicidal activity: relationships between caprylic acid

and succinic acid +/− ammonium sulfate

Total Injury ratings,

combined, for two

separate evaluations*

Spray
Total
Average

Treatment
60 G/a
to drip
Rating
rating/pot

1
4% caprylic acid
60.7
56.1
116.8
4.49

2
4% caprylic acid +
63.9
57
120.9
4.65

0.5% succinic acid

3
4% caprylic acid +
61.6
55.6
117.2
4.51

1% succinic acid

4
4% caprylic acid +
59.4
57.4
116.8
4.49

2% succinic acid

5
4% caprylic acid +
60.4
56.6
117
4.5

0.5% succinic acid +

ammonium sulfate

6
4% caprylic acid +
64
57.8
121.8
4.68

1% succinic acid +

ammonium sulfate

7
4% caprylic acid +
62.1
57.4
119.5
4.6

2% succinic acid +

ammonium sulfate

*For 60 G/a: 7 total pots/treatment, testing redroot pigweed, foxtail and velvetleaf

For spray to drip: 6 total pots/treatment, testing foxtail, dry beans and pigweed

For each pot (2-20 plants/pot), a rating of 1 to 5 given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants

Two independent evaluations (ratings) done for plants treated at both 60 G/a and spray to drip

All treatments included Emsorb 6900 (Henkel) at 1%

Caprylic acid and succinic acid, as v/v and wt/v, respectively, in water

Succinic acid, alone, had a rating of zero. Caprylic acid + succinic acid was synergistic

[0042]

24

Example 24

Herbicidal activity: comparison of fatty acids, when

combined with succinic acid and sodium salicylate

Total Injury ratings, combined

for two separate evaluations*

pH, spray

Spray

Average

Treatment
solution
60 G/a
to drip
Total
rating/pot

1
3% butyric acid + succinic/NaSal
3.8
102.3
52.5
154.8
4.3

2
3% valeric acid + succinic/NaSal
3.9
105
53.8
158.8
4.41

3
3% caproic acid + succinic/NaSal
4.4
104.9
51.9
156.8
4.36

4
3% heptanoic acid + succinic/NaSal
4.5
108.9
54.1
163
4.53

5
3% caprylic acid + succinic/NaSal
4.5
112.4
55.5
167.9
4.67

6
3% pelargonic acid + succinic/NaSal
4.5
111.9
56.6
168.5
4.68

7
3% oleic acid + succinic/NaSal
4.5
105
53.2
158.2
4.39

8
3% caprylic/capric + succinic/NaSal
4.6
114.3
57.3
171.6
4.77

*For 60 G/a: 12 total pots/treatment, testing redroot pigweed, wheat, foxtail and velvetleaf

For spray to drip: 6 total pots/treatment, testing redroot pigweed, foxtail and velvetleaf

For each pot (2-20 plants/pot), a rating of 1 to 5 given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants

Two independent evaluations (ratings) done for plants treated at both 60 G/a and spray to drip

All treatments included 0.3% Hasten

Fatty acids at v/v and succinic acid (1%) and sodium salicylate (1%) at wt/v, in water

Caprylic/capric: caprylic, capric, caproic and lauric at 58, 40, 1 and 1% respectively (per Henkel Corporation)

No apparent correlation between pH of spray solutions (including Hasten) and herbicidal activity.

[0043]

25

Example 25

Synergistic relationships between 5% caprylic/capric (c/c)

and succinic acid: desiccation of cotton plants

Average percent

Average
of foliage

Rating
desiccated
Treatment

2
20

5% c/c

4
70
0.5% succinic and
5% c/c

4
60
1% succinic and
5% c/c

4
70
2% succinic and
5% c/c

* Average rating based on 1-5, where 5 = complete desiccation of foliage

Test plant: DeltaPine NuCotn 33-b, open boll

c/c = Caprylic, capric, caproic and lauric at 58, 40, 1 and 1%, respectively; i.e.,

Henkel's Emery 658, used at v/v, in water

All treatments contained 1% Emsorb 6900

Treatment of plants with succinic acid, alone, had a rating of zero caprylic/capric and succinic at these concentrations were synergistic

[0044]

26

Example 26

Synergistic relationships between 5%

caprylic/capric (c/c) and succinic acid

Average rating: degree of plant damage

(1-5, where 5 = complete desiccation)

60 G/acre
Spray to drip
Treatment Ingredients

4.14
4.61

5% c/c

4.33
4.83
0.5% succinic and
5% c/c

4.43
4.82
1% succinic and
5% c/c

4.41
4.71
2% succinic and
5% c/c

Test plants: cotton (DeltaPine NuCotn 33b), potatoes (Snowden), pigweed, sudan grass, wheat, foxtail, dry beans and velvetleaf

c/c = Caprylic, capric, caproic and lauric at 58, 40, 1 and 1%, respectively; i.e.,

Henkel's Emery 658, used at v/v, in water

All treatments contained 1% Emsorb 6900

Treatment of plants with succinic acid, alone, had a rating of zero

Caprylic/capric (c/c) and succinic acid were synergistic

[0045]

27

Example 27

Synergistic relationship between caprylic/capric (c/c) and

succinic acid, as harvest aids for potatoes and cotton

Average rating: degree of plant damage

(1-5, where 5 = complete desiccation)

Average, 2 evaluations

Cotton
Potatoes
Treatment Ingredients

3.75
4.1

8% c/c

4.35
4.25
0.5% succinic and
8% c/c

4.65
4.15
1% succinic and
8% c/c

4.65
4.35
2% succinic and
8% c/c

Cotton (DeltaPine NuCotn 33b) and potatoes (Snowden) were at full maturity

Application volume/acre was 40 G/a

C/C = Caprylic, capric, caproic and lauric at 58, 40, 1 and 1%, respectively; i.e.,

Henkel's Emery 658, used at v/v, in water

Treatment of plants with succinic acid, alone, had a rating of zero

Caprylic/capric (C/C) and succinic acid is synergistic

[0046]

28

Example 28

Herbicidal activities: synergy between succinic acid and pelargonic acid

Total injury

ratings*

Spray

Treatment
40 G/a
60 G/a
to drip
Total

1
4% pelargonic acid
41.6
45.6
66.2
153.4

2
4% pelargonic acid +
42.8
46.7
66.3
155.8

0.5% succinic acid

3
0.5% succinic acid
0
0
0
0

*For 40 G/a: 9 total pots/treatment, testing crab grass, pigweed, chick weed and foxtail

*for 60 G/a: 10 total pots/treatment, testing pigweed, Kentucky bluegrass, foxtail, crab grass and barnyard grass

*For spray to drip: 7 total pots/treatment, testing Kentucky bluegrass, pigweed, barnyard grass, foxtail and velvetleaf

For each pot (2-20 plants/pot), a rating of 1-5 given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants

All treatments included 1.125% Emsorb 6900 (v/v)

[0047]

29

Example 29

Synergistic relationships with caprylic/capric acids (c/c)

Average relative
Average
Treatment

Injury rating*
rating
Ingredients

60 G/acre
Spray to drip
per pot
Compound (1%)

4.5
4.57
4.52

3% c/c

4.49
4.59
4.54
urea
3% c/c

4.56
4.33
4.45
sorbic acid
3% c/c

4.46
4.33
4.4
di-sodium succinate
3% c/c

4.62
4.5
4.58
ammonium tartrate
3% c/c

4.53
4.52
4.53
methyl salicylate
3% c/c

4.56
4.47
4.52
potassium salicylate
3% c/c

4.6
4.61
4.61
succinic acid
3% c/c

*For 60 G/a: 10 total pots/treatment, testing lambsquarter, pigweed, foxtail and barnyard grass

*For spray to drip: 5 total pots/treatment, testing pigweed, sudan grass, foxtail, barnyard grass and velvetleaf

For each pot (2-20 plants/pot), a rating of 1 to 5 given, where 5 was complete injury/desiccation of all plants

c/c = Caprylic, capric, caproic and lauric at 58, 40, 1 and 1%, respectively; i.e.,

Henkel's Emery 658, used at v/v, in water

[0048]

30

Example 30

Herbicidal activity on cotton foliage: synergistic relationships

between succinic acid and caprylic/capric acid (c/c) combinations

Total injury ratings, combined,

for two separate evaluations*

Average

Treatment
60 G/a
rating/pot

1
4% c/c
18.5
3.08

2
4% c/c + 0.5% succinic acid
21.4
3.57

3
5% c/c
22.4
3.73

4
5% c/c + 0.5% succinic acid
25.7
4.28

5
6% c/c
25.3
4.22

*For 60 G/a: 3 total pots/treatment, testing cotton (DeltaPine NuCotn 33b)

For each pot, a rating of 1-5 was given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all foliage

Two independent evaluations (ratings) completed

All treatments included Emsorb 6900 (Henkel) at 1%

Caprylic/capric (caprylic, capric, caproic and lauric at 58, 40, 1 and 1%, respectively),

Henkel's Emery 658, used at v/v, in water

Since succinic acid tested alone had a rating of zero, caprylic/capric + succinic acid was synergistic

Herbicidal activity: 5% c/c + 0.5% succinic acid > 6% c/c

[0049]

31

Example 31

Herbicidal activities: synergistic relationships between

succinic acid and caprylic/capric acid (c/c) combinations

Total injury ratings, combined

for two separate evaluation*
Average

Spray
Total
rating

Treatment
60 G/a
to drip
Rating
per pot

1
4% c/c
123.3
41.5
164.8
4.12

2
4% c/c + 0.5%
128.1
45.1
173.2
4.33

succinic acid

3
5% c/c
129.9
46.3
176.2
4.41

4
5% c/c + 0.5%
134.5
46.5
181
4.53

succinic acid

5
6% c/c
133.9
46.8
180.7
4.52

*For 60 G/a: 10 total pots/treatment, testing nightshade, pigweed, foxtail barnyard grass, sudan grass and cotton (DeltaPine NuCotn 33b)

*For spray to drip: 5 total pots/treatment, testing Kentucky bluegrass, nutsedge, barnyard grass, sudan grass and foxtail

For each pot (2-20 plants/pot), a rating of 1 to 5 given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants

Two independent evaluations (ratings) done for plants treated at both 60 G/a and spray to drip

All treatments included Emsorb 6900 (Henkel) at 1%

Caprylic/capric (caprylic, capric, caproic and lauric at 58, 40, 1 and 1%, respectively), Henkel's Emery 658, used at v/v, in water

Since succinic acid, alone had a rating of zero, caprylic/capric + succinic acid was synergistic

[0050]

32

Example 32

General screening of candidate compounds: to examine for

synergistic relationships with caprylic/capric acids (c/c)

Average
Treatment Ingredients

Average relative injury rating*
rating
Compound

40 G/acre
60 G/acre
Spray to drip
per pot
(equimolar amounts)
c/c

4.21
4.43
4.44
4.35

3% c/c

4.35
4.47
4.54
4.44
succinic acid (1%)
+
3% c/c

4.35
4.49
4.61
4.47
ammonium succinate (1.26%)
+
3% c/c

4.36
4.42
4.4
4.4
ammonium sulfate (1.12%)
+
3% c/c

4.35
4.5
4.59
4.47
ammonium tartrate (1.42%)
+
3% c/c

*For 40 G/a: 10 total pots/treatment, testing chickweed, lambsquarter, Kentucky bluegrass, redtop and rye

*For 60 G/a: 10 total pots/treatment, testing giant and green foxtail, pigweed and crabgrass

*For spray to drip: 7 total pots/treatment, testing Kentucky bluegrass, nutsedge, pigweed, Johnson grass, foxtail and sudan grass

For each pot (2-20 plants/pot), a rating of 1 to 5 given, where 5 was complete injury/desiccation of all plants

c/c = Caprylic, capric, caproic and lauric at 58, 40, 1 and 1%, respectively; i.e.,

Henkel's Emery 658, used at v/v, in water

[0051]

33

Example 33

Herbicidal activity: storage stability of fatty

acid/succinic acid-based formulations

Average scores, for all 6 formulations

(rating per pot, 2-20 plants/pot)

Before storage
After storage

Barnyard grass
4.73
4.8

Foxtail
4.68
4.68

Formulations stored one week (average day and night time temperatures were 90 and 75 degrees, Fahrenheit, in the greenhouse) and re-tested, via spray to drip applications on same test plant varieties

4% caprylic, 4% caprylic/capric and 4% pelargonic (+/− 0.5% succinic acid) were tested or a total of 6 formulations, each containing 1.125% Emsorb 6900 (Henkel)

A rating of 1-5 was given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants

Fatty acids were v/v and succinic acid was wt/v, in water

Note: ratings for individual fatty acid treatments (+/− succinic acid), before and after storage, were similar

[0052]

34

Example 34

Herbicidal combinations of caprylic/capric (c/c) or pelargonic acid, with

equimolar amounts of succinic acid and ammonium succinate, on weed varieties

Total Injury ratings*

Spray

Average

Treatment
40 G/a
60 G/a
to drip
Total
rating/pot

1
3% c/c
85.5
60.2
36.1
181.8
4.33

2
3% c/c + 1% succinic acid
88.1
62.5
36.7
187.3
4.46

3
3% c/c + 1.26% ammonium succinate
88.8
60.8
37.4
187
4.45

4
3% pelargonic acid
87.7
60.8
37.3
185.8
4.42

5
3% pelargonic acid + 1% succinic acid
865.9
62.2
38
187.1
4.45

6
3% pelargonic acid + 1.26% ammonium succinate
87.6
61.2
36.9
185.7
4.42

*For 40 G/a: 10 total pots/treatment, testing crab grass, chickweed and common lambsquarter

*For 60 G/a: 7 total pots/treatment, testing redtop, pigweed, foxtail

For spray to drip: 8 total pots/treatment, testing barnyard grass, foxtail, sudan grass and nutsedge

For each pot (2-20 plants/pot), a rating of 1 to 5 given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants

Two independent evaluations for both 40 and 60 G/a and one evaluation for spray to drip

All treatments included Emsorb 6900 (Henkel) at 1%

Caprylic/capric (caprylic, capric, caproic and lauric at 58, 40, 1 and 1% respectively), i.e.,

Henkel's Emery 658, used at v/v, in water

Amounts of succinic acid and ammonium succinate used were equimolar amounts

Since succinic acid (or ammonium succinate) tested alone had a rating of zero, pelargonic acid (or c/c) + succinic acid (or ammonium succinate) were synergistic. The exception was: 3% pelargonic acid + 1.26% ammonium succinate

[0053]

35

Example 35

Enhancement of RoundUp Ultra (+/− ammonium sulfate or Ams)

herbicidal activity, using succinic acid amendments

RoundUp Ultra at 1 pint/acre (No Sylgard or any other surfactant used)

Average

Days after treatment: relative injury ratings*
rating

Day #6
Day #9
Day #11
Day #14
per pot

1
RU
10.5
17.1
15.9
17.5
1.91

2
RU + ams
18.3
17.6
18.4
21.6
2.37

3
RU + ams + 0.5% succinic acid
21
20.3
24.3
25.7
2.85

4
RU + ams + 1.5% succinic acid
19.4
18.6
24.2
27.3
2.8

5
RU + 0.5% succinic acid
16.7
14.2
16
20.5
2.11

6
RU + 1.5% succinic acid
16.8
16.1
18.6
23.6
2.35

*8 total pots/treatment, testing Kentucky bluegrass, barnyard grass, crab grass, pigweed, redtop, nutsedge, wheat and foxtail.

For each pot (2-20 plants/pot), a rating of 1 to 5 given, where 5 was complete injury/desiccation of all plants

RoundUp Ultra was at 1 pint/acre and ammonium sulfate, when used, was at 2%

Spray application at 60 G/acre

Succinic acid tested alone had a rating of zero. RoundUp Ultra, alone or RoundUp Ultra + ammonia sulfate were synergistic with succinic acid

[0054]

36

Example 36

Enhancement of RoundUp Ultra (+/− ammonium sulfate or

Ams) herbicidal activity, using succinic acid amendments

RoundUp Ultra at 1 pint/acre

Average

Days after treatment: relative injury ratings*
rating

Treatment
Day #6
Day #9
Day #11
Day #14
per pot

1
RU
29
30.2
31.5
29.8
3.35

2
RU + ams
30.8
32.9
34.7
32.5
3.64

3
RU + ams + 0.5% succinic acid
30.2
32.7
35.5
34.5
3.69

4
RU + ams + 1.5% succinic acid
34.6
35.7
37.8
37.4
4.04

5
RU + 0.5% succinic acid
32.8
33.9
35.1
35.4
3.81

6
RU + 1.5% succinic acid
32.5
31.2
32.6
32.5
3.58

*9 total pots/treatment, testing barnyard grass, green foxtail, sudan grass and pigweed.

For each pot (2-20 plants/pot), a rating of 1 to 5 given, where 5 was complete injury/desiccation of all plants

RoundUp Ultra was at 1 pint/acre and ammonium sulfate, when used, was at 2%

Sylgard 309 (0.3%) added immediately before spray application at 60 gallons/acre

Succinic acid tested alone had a rating of zero. RoundUp Ultra, alone or RoundUp Ultra + ammonium sulfate were synergistic with succinic acid.

[0055]

37

Example 37

Enhancement of RoundUp Ultra (+/− ammonium sulfate or Ams)

herbicidal activity, using succinic acid amendments

RoundUp Ultra (RU) at 1 quart per acre

Average

Days after treatment: relative injury ratings*
rating

Treatment
Day #5
Day #8
Day #10
Day #13
Day 17
per pot

1
RU
32.7
29.9
28.6
29.5
31.4
3.8

2
RU + ams
33.3
33.6
30.7
34.5
36.6
4.22

3
RU + ams + 0.5% succinic acid
34
34.5
32.4
35.3
36.7
4.32

4
RU + ams + 1.5% succinic acid
35.3
35.6
32.5
35.3
38.4
4.43

5
RU + 0.5% succinic acid
33.8
30.9
30.3
31
33.1
3.98

6
RU + 1.5% succinic acid
33.7
30.2
31
33.6
34
4.06

*8 total pots/treatment, testing sudan grass, green foxtail, barnyard grass and pigweed

For each pot (2-20 plants/pot), a rating of 1 to 5 given, where 5 was complete injury/desiccation of all plants

RoundUp Ultra was at 1 quart/acre and ammonium sulfate, when used, was at 2%, wt/v

Sylgard 309 (0.3%) added immediately before spray application at 60 gallons/acre

Succinic acid tested alone had a rating of zero. RoundUp Ultra, alone or RoundUp Ultra + ammonium sulfate were synergistic with succinic acid

[0056]

38

Example 38

Enhancement of herbicidal activity of RoundUp Ultra/

ammonium sulfate testing selected amendments

pH, spray
Days after treatment: injury ratings*

average

Treatment
solution
Day #4
Day #7
Day 11
Day #13
average
per test

1
RU/ams
4.51
32.3
44.1
50
50.8
44.3
4.03

2
RU/ams + succinic acid
1.77
39.3
46.3
50.7
51.4
46.9
4.26

3
RU + ams + ammonium succinate
3.71
36.2
46.2
51.3
52.3
46.5
4.23

4
RU + ams ammonium tartrate
4.78
35.7
46
49.3
50.2
45.3
4.12

5
RU/ams + tartaric acid
1.27
33.9
46.9
50.7
51.5
46.2
4.2

6
RU/ams + citric acid
1.38
34.6
46.7
50.7
51.4
45.7
4.15

7
RU/ams + L-malic acid
1.59
34.6
47.7
51.1
51.8
46.3
4.21

8
RU/ams + acetic acid
2.51
33.7
47.1
50.8
51.3
45.7
4.15

*11 total pots/treatment, testing velvetleaf, crab grass, sudan grass, redtop, green foxtail and barnyard grass.

For each pot (2-20 plants/pot), a rating of 1 to 5 given, where 5 was complete desiccation

Equimolar amounts of amendments used: 1.5% succinic acid, 1.89% ammonium succinate, 2.17% ammonium tartrate, 1.91% tartaric acid, 2.45% citric acid, 1.71% L-malic acid, 0.77% acetic acid

RoundUp Ultra (1.5 pints/acre) and 2% ammonium sulfate (ams) used in all treatments

Sylgard (0.3%) added immediately before spray application at 60 gallons/acre

Amendments used independently had a rating of zero. All amendments had a synergistic relationship with RU/ams; i.e., each amendment enhanced RU/ams herbicidal activity over ratings for RU/ams (containing no amendments).

No apparent correlation between pH of spray solutions (including Sylgard) and herbicidal activity was found.

[0057]

39

Example 39

Enhancement of herbicidal activity of caprylic/capric

acids (c/c), using selected compounds at equimolar amounts

Days after treatment:
Average

relative injury ratings*
rating

Treatment
Day #2
Day #4
Day #5
per pot

1
3% c/c
30
27.6
30.3
3.66

2
3% c/c + succinic
35.8
33.6
35.1
4.35

acid (1%)

3
3% c/c + di-ammonium
35.1
32.5
34.2
4.24

succinate (1.26%)

4
3% c/c + ammonium
35.5
33.6
34.4
4.3

sulfate (1.12%)

5
3% c/c + ammonium
35.9
33.6
34.2
4.32

tartrate (1.42%)

6
succinic acid (1%)
0
0
0
0

7
di-ammonium
0
0
0
0

succinate (1.26%)

8
ammonium sulfate (1.12%)
0
0
0
0

9
ammonium tartrate (1.42%)
0
0
0
0

*8 total pots/treatment, testing chickweed, redtop, velvetleaf, crabgrass and green foxtail

For each pot (2-20 plants/pot), a rating of 1 to 5 given, where 5 was complete injury/desiccation of all plants

All treatments included 0.86% Emsorb 6900 and 0.43% mineral oil

c/c = Caprylic, capric, caproic and lauric at 58, 40, 1 and 1% respectively; i.e.,

Henkel's Emery 658, used at v/v, in water

Application volume was 40 G/acre

Synergistic relationships exist between 3% c/c and each amendment tested

[0058]

40

Example 40

Desiccation of cotton foliage: Interaction of RoundUp Ultra

and caprylic acid/capric acid (+/− succinic acid)

Day after treatment: average rating*
Total

Treatment
1
2
5
7
10
12
Rating

1
RU + 2% AMS

0
0
6
6
7
7
26

2
RU + 2% AMS
4% C/C
18
16
15
15
15
16
95.9

3
RU + 2% AMS
4% C/C + 1% succinic acid
18
17
17
17
16
18
103.2

4
RU + 2% AMS
1% succinic acid
0
0
7.2
6.5
7.7
8.8
30.2

5
2% AMS
4% C/C + 1% succinic acid
18
17
18
17
18
17
105.4

6
2% AMS
4% C/C
18
17
18
18
18
17
104.8

*Visual rating of 1 to 5, where 5 = complete desiccation of all cotton plants (4 plants per treatment group, each plant receiving a rating of 1-5)

Cotton variety = DeltaPine NuCotn 33b, at open boll, when treated

RoundUp Ultra at 1 quart/acre delivered at 60 G/a

Each treatment contained 1.14% Emsorb 6900 and 0.57% mineral oil

Caprylic/capric (caprylic, capric, caproic and lauric at 58, 40, 1 and 1% respectively), i.e.,

Henkels, Emery 658, used at v/v, in water

AMS = ammonium sulfate

Succinic acid had a rating of zero.

Combination of succinic acid with other ingredients was synergistic.

[0059]

41

Example 41

Synergistic relationship between succinic acid and

caprylic/capric acids C/C, relating to herbicidal activity

Injury ratings based on

2 independent evaluations*

Average

rating

Treatment
40 G/a
60 G/a
Total
per pot

1
4% caprylic/capric
87.3
80.7
168
4.42

2
4% caprylic/capric +
88.6
82.1
170.7
4.49

1% succinic

3
4% caprylic/capric +
89.9
82.7
172.6
4.54

0.5% succinic

4
4% caprylic/capric +
90.3
82.6
172.9
4.55

0.5% succinic +

0.5% sodium salicylate

5
0.5% succinic acid
0
0
0
0

6
0.5% sodium salicylate
1
0.5
1.5
0.04

7
5% caprylic/capric
92
82.8
174.8
4.6

8
5% caprylic/capric +
91.6
83.9
175.5
4.62

0.5% succinic acid

*For each pot, a rating (1 to 5) was given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants

Two independent evaluations were made for both 40 and 60 gallons/acre applications

For 40 G/acre: Canadian thistle, velvet leaf, Johnson grass and giant foxtail

For 60 G/acre: velvetleaf, Johnson grass and giant foxtail were tested

C/C = Caprylic, capric, caproic and lauric at 58, 40, 1 and 1%, respectively; i.e.,

Henkel's Emery 658, used at v/v, in water

Succinic acid and sodium salicylate were added at wt/volume

All treatments included Henkel's Emery 6900 and mineral oil; i.e., for each 1% of caprylic/capric, 0.286 and 0.143% of 6900 and mineral oil were included in each treatment

[0060]

42

Example 42

Herbicidal activity: comparison of caprylic, pelargonic and

an equimolar mixture of caprylic and pelargonic acids

Injury ratings based on

2 independent evaluations*

Average

Treatments

rating

(equimolar comparison)
40 G/acre
60 G/acre
per pot

1
3% caprylic
40.8
51.6
4.16

2
3.375% pelargonic
43
53.6
4.41

3
1.5% caprylic +
43
53.6
4.41

1.69% pelargonic

4
4% caprylic
44.1
54.5
4.49

5
4.5% pelargonic
45.1
53.9
4.51

6
2% caprylic +
44.6
54.2
4.51

2.25% pelargonic

*For each pot, a rating (1 to 5) was given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants

For 40 G/acre: chickweed, redroot pigweed, lambsquarter and green foxtail were tested

For 60 G/acre: chickweed, redroot pigweed, lambsquarter, green foxtail, crabgrass and wheat were tested

Caprylic and pelargonic acids were used at volume/volume

All treatments included Henkel's Emsorb 6900 and mineral oil: for each 1% of caprylic or pelargonic acid, 0.286 and 0.143% of 6900 and mineral oil were included in each treatment.

[0061]

43

Example 43

Herbicidal enhancement of pelargonic by

succinic acid and diammonium succinate

Injury ratings based on

2 independent evaluations*

Average

Spray
rating

Treatment
40 G/a
60 G/a
to drip
per pot

1
2.5% Scythe
78.7
103
53.6
4.36

active ingredients

2
2.5% pelargonic
79.2
102.2
53.8
4.36

3
2.5% pelargonic +
81.7
105.1
55.3
4.48

0.5% succinic

4
2.5% pelargonic +
80.2
105.5
55.1
4.46

2% succinic

5
2.5% pelargonic +
80.9
105.4
54.4
4.46

2% diammonium succinate

6
2.22% caprylic/capric
80.3
103.4
51.5
4.36

(C/C)

*For each pot, a rating (1 to 5) was given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants

40 G/a: lambsquarter, velvetleaf and green foxtail were tested

60 G/a: pigweed, chickweed, crabgrass, green foxtail, velvetleaf, lambsquarter and wheat were tested

Spray to drip: nutsedge, velvetleaf, green foxtail, giant foxtail and barnyard grass were tested

C/C = Caprylic, capric, caproic and lauric at 58, 40, 1 and 1%, respectively, i.e.,

Henkel's Emery 658, used at v/v, in water

The active ingredients in Scythe, (pelargonic acid) and caprylic/capric (Henkel's Emery 658) were compared on equimolar basis

[0062]

44

Example 44

Synergistic Relationship between Succinic or Citric acid

and Caprylic Acid, Testing Dry Beans

Treatment effects 3 days after single, foliar application

Green Foliage
Yellow Foliage

Overall
Foliage
Overall
Foliage

Treatment
Effect
Affected (%)
Effect
Affected (%)

Na Salicylate (2%)
5
90
5
>90

Na Salicylate (0.5%)
2
5-10
1
30

Na Salicylate (0.5%) +
1
5-10
1
30

Citric Acid (0.5%)

Na Sallcylate (0.5%) +
1.5
5-10
1
>40

Succinic Acid (0.5%)

Citric Acid (0.5%)
0
0
0
0

Succinic Acid (0.5%)
0
0
0
0

Caprylic Acid (0.5%)
2.5
10-15
2
70

Caprylic Acid (0.5%) +
3.5
30
3
90

Citric Acid (0.5%)

Caprylic Acid (0.5%) +
4
50
4
>90

Succinic Acid (0.5%)

Overall effect: higher scores = greater effect

(where 5 equals profound desiccation)

Dry bean variety = Vista

Citric acid and succinic acid showed synergistic effect

[0063]

45

Example 45

Greater Effect by Succinic Acid over Calcium Succinate, when

used with Sodium Salicylate, Testing Several Plant Varieties*

overall

effect,

9 evaluations

Treatments
(average)

Sodium Salicylate (1%) + Succinic Acid (1%)
2.89

Sodium Salicylate (1%) + Calcium Succinate (1%)
1.44

Overall effect: higher score = greater effect

(where 5 equals profound desiccation)

*Test plants: weed varieties, shrub foliage, covergrass, turf and soybeans

[0064]

46

Example 46

Confirmation of Example 45, Testing Turf and Shrub Foliage

Treatment effects 1, 2, 4 and 7 days after a single, foliar application

Overall effect,

17 evaluations

Treatments
(average)

Sodium Salicylate (1%)
1.35

Sodium Salicylate (1%) + Succinic Acid (2%)
2.59

Sodium Salicylate (1%) + Calcium Succinate (2%)
2.18

Succinic Acid (2%)
0.24

Overall effect: higher score = greater effect

(where 5 equals profound desiccation)

Succinic acid and calcium succinate showed synergistic effect

[0065]

47

Example 47

Effects of desiccants and desiccant combinations

with other compounds on young potato plants

Injury ratings of treated plants

Treatment
(hours or days after application)
All evaluations

#
ingredients
1.5 hr
1
3
6
17
22
27
(total score)

1
1% caprylic
2
2
3
2
2.5
3
3
17.5

2
1% caprylic + 0.5% tartaric + 0.5% NaSal
3
5
5.5
5
5.5
5.5
4
29.5

3
1% caprylic + 1% tartaric
2
3
3.5
3
3.4
4
3
23

4
1% caprylic + 0.5% dimethyl succinic acid
2
3
3
3
3
3.5
3
21.5

5
1% caprylic + 0.5% beta-alanine
1
2
2
2
2.5
3
2.5
15

6
1% caprylic + 1% succinic
3
4
3
4
5
5.5
4.5
30

7
2% caprylic
3.5
5
5
5
5
5.5
5.5
34.5

8
2% caprylic + 0.5% tartaric + 0.5% NaSal
4.5
6
6
6
6
6
6
40.5

sodium salicylate

9
2% caprylic + 1% tartaric
3.5
5
5
5
5
5.5
5.5
34.5

Caprylic acid and dimethyl succinic acid added v/v; all other compounds added at wt/v.

All solutions in 50% acetone, with solution (20 mls) sprayed 2 feet from plant canopy. Helena Kinetic at 0.2% included in each solution. All plants grown in green house (day time temp = 80-100 degrees, Fahrenheit)

Higher evaluation scores represent greater degree of vine and foliage desiccation. A “6” = complete desiccation.

Summary: a) addition of succinic or tartaric acid to 1% caprylic acid >> 1% caprylic acid, (b) combination of NaSal + tartaric (or succinic acid) to caprylic acid were the best treatments

[0066]

48

Example 48

Synergistic Relationships Between:

Succinic Acid + Caprylic Acid

Succinic Acid + Sodium Salicylate

Treatment effects 3 days after a single, foliar application, testing soybeans

Overall
Foliage

Treatment
Effect
Affected (%)

Caprylic Acid (1%)
2.5
25-30

Caprylic Acid (1%) + Succinic Acid (1%)
3
30-35

Succinic Acid (1%)
0
0

Sodium Salicylate (1%)
1.5
15-20

Sodium Salicylate (1%) + Succinic Acid (1%)
3.5
40-50

Overall effect: higher scores = greater effect

(where 5 equals profound desiccation

Soybean variety = Stine 2250

[0067]

49

Example 49

Enhancement of Scythe's herbicidal activity by selected compounds

Independent evaluations of snapbean and potato plants,

hours/days after application of desiccants

Treat-

1.5 hours
2 days
11 days
15 days
Totals, all evaluations

ment #
Treatment Ingredients
beans
potatoes
beans
potatoes
beans
potatoes
beans
potatoes
Beans
Potatoes
All

1
2% NaSalicylate
1
0
1
1
1.5
1
1
1
4.5
3
7.5

2
4% Scythe
3
3
3.5
2.5
2
2
1
2
9.5
9.5
19

3
4% Scythe + 2% NaSal
4
3
5
3.5
3
3
2
3
14
12.5
26.5

4
4% Scythe + 0.25% tartaric
4
3
4
3
2.5
2.5
3
2
13.5
10.5
24

5
4% Scythe + 0.5% tartaric
4
4
5.5
3
3
2
4
1.5
16.5
10.5
27

6
4% Scythe + 1% tartaric
4
3.5
6
3.5
3
3
3
2
16
12
28

7
4% Scythe + 1% NaSal
3
3
4.5
3
2.5
2.5
2
2
12
10
22

8
4% Scythe + 0.5% NaSal
3
3
4.5
2
1.5
1.5
1
1.5
10
8
18

9
4% Scythe + 1% caprylic
4
4.5
5
3.5
2
3.5
1
3.5
12
15
27

10
4% Scythe + 0.5% tartaric + 0.5% NaSal
4
5
5.5
5
3.5
4
3
5
16
19
35

11
4% Scythe + 1% citric acid
4
3
6
3
2.5
2
2
2
145
10
24.5

Solutions applied at 40 gallons/acre, containing 0.1% Helena Kinetic. All plants grown in greenhouse (day temperature was 80-100 degrees, fahrenheit). Higher rating scores represent greater degree of desiccation. A “6” = complete desiccation. Scythe and caprylic acid added v/v. All other compounds added wt/v.

Summary: a) all combinations with Scythe (except 0.5% NaSal) improved performance, b) best combination was 4% Scythe with 0.5% tartaric + 0.5% NaSal, c) increasing the concentration of tartaric acid with 4% Scythe had little effect

[0068]

50

Example 50

Synergistic Relationships Between Succinic Acid and Caprylic

Acid at Different Application Rates, Testing Soybeans

Treatment effects 2 days after a single, foliar application

Two Independent Sites

(average of 2 sites)

Overall
Foliage

Effect
Affected (%)

Caprylic Acid (0.2%)
0.5
1.25

Caprylic Acid (0.5%)
2.25
9

Caprylic Acid (1.0%)
4
22.3

Caprylic Acid (0.2%) + Succinic Acid (1.0%)
1.5
6.5

Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + Succinic Acid (1.0%)
3
15

Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Succinic Acid (1.0%)
4.25
26

Succinic Acid (1.0%)
0
0

Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + L - Lactic Acid (1.0%)
2.75
15

L-Lactic Acid (1.0%)
0.5
1.25

Overall effect: higher scores = greater effect

(where 5 equals profound desiccation)

Soybean variety = Stine 2250

Succinic acid and lactic acid had synergistic effect

[0069]

51

Example 51

Synergy Comparisons of Various Organic Acids with

Caprylic Acid, Testing Soybeans

Treatment effects 3 days after a single, foliar application

Two Independent Sites

(average of 2 sites)

Overall
Foliage

Treatments
Effect
Affected (%)

Caprylic Acid (0.5%)
1.5
5

Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + L-Tartaric Acid (0.5%)
2.75
17.5

Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + L-Malic Acid (0.5%)
2
11.5

Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + Succinic Acid (0.5%)
2.25
12.5

Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + L-Lactic Acid (0.5%)
2.25
11.5

Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + CitricAcid (0.5%)
2.75
17.5

L-Tartaric Acid (0.5%)
0
0

L-Malic Acid (0.5%)
0
0

Succinic Acid (0.5%)
0
0

L-Lactic Acid (0.5%)
0
0

CitricAcid (0.5%)
0
0

Overall effect: higher scores = greater effect

(where 5 equals profound desiccation)

Soybean variety = Stine 2250

Tartaric, malic, succinic, lactic and citric acid showed synergistic effects

[0070]

52

Example 52

Synergistic Relationships Between Succinic Acid and

Caprylic Acid (or Sodium Salicylate), Testing Turf

Treatment effects 2 days after a single, foliar application

Overall

Treatments
Effect

Caprylic Acid (1.0%)
2

Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Succinic Acid (0.5%)
3

Succinic Acid (0.5)
0

Sodium Salicylate (1.0%)
1.5

Sodium Salicylate (1.0%) + Succinic Acid (0.5%)
2

Overall effect: higher scores = greater effect

(where 5 equals profound desiccation)

[0071]

53

Example 53

Effects of Various Compounds on Caprylic Acid

Testing Turf and Covergrass

Treatment effects 1, 3, 6, 7 and 11 days after a single,

foliar application at two, independent sites

Overall_Effect

10 Evaluations

Treatments
(average)

Caprylic Acid (1.0%)
2.45

Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Adipic Acid (0.5%)
2.6

Caprylic Acid (1.0) + L-Tartaric Acid (0.5%)
3.8

Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Unipine (0.5%)
3.45

Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Sodium Salicylate (0.5%)
3.1

Overall effect: higher scores = greater effect

(where 5 equals profound desiccation)

Adipic acid, tartaric acid, unipine and sodium salicylate showed synergistic effects

[0072]

54

Example 54

Effects of Various Compounds on Caprylic Acid

Testing Turf and Shrub Foliage

Treatment effects 3, 4, 6 and 7 days after a single, foliar application

Overall_Effect

29 Evaluations

Treatments
(average)

Caprylic Acid (1.0%)
1.05

Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Adipic Acid (0.5%)
2.19

Caprylic Acid (1.0) + L-Malic Acid (0.5%)
1.4

Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + L-Tartaric Acid (0.5%)
2.19

Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Unipine (0.5%)
2.4

Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Sodium Salicylate (0.5%)
2.05

Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Succinic Acid (0.5%)
1.95

Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + L-Lactic Acid (0.5%)
2.16

Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Citric Acid (0.5%)
1.47

Overall effect: higher scores = greater effect

(where 5 equals profound desiccation)

Adipic acid, tartaric acid, unipine, sodium salicylate, succinic acid, lactic acid and citric acid showed synergistic effects

[0073]

55

Example 55

Measurement of pH Values for Test Desiccants

pH Value

Caprylic Acid (0.5%)
3.30

Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + L-Tartaric Acid (0.5%)
1.07

Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + L-Malic Acid (0.5%)
1.49

Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + Succinic Acid (0.5%)
1.67

Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + L-Lactic Acid (0.5%)
1.69

Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + Citric Acid (0.5%)
1.51

L-Tartaric Acid (0.5%)
1.52

L-Malic Acid (0.5%)
1.69

Succinic Acid (0.5%)
1.94

L-Lactic Acid (0.5%)
1.93

Citric Acid (0.5%)
1.64

Caprylic Acid (0.5%)
3.55

Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + Succinic Acid (0.5%)
1.77

Succinic Acid (1.0%)
1.85

Sodium Salicylate (1.0%)
5.63

Sodium Salicylate (1.0%) + Succinic Acid (0.5%)
2.9

Caprylic Acid (1.0%)
3.93

Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Adipic Acid (0.5%)
2.69

Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + L-Malic Acid (0.5%)
2.17

Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + L-Tartaric Acid (0.5%)
2.07

Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Unipine 90 (0.5%)
4.06

Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Sodium Salicylate (0.5%)
4.29

[0074]

56

Example 56

Measurement of pH Values for Test Desiccants

pH

Value

Sodium Salicylate (0.5%)
4.48

Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Succinic Acid (1.0%)
2.76

Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Succinic Acid (1.0%) +
2.78

Caprylic Acid (0.5%)

Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Caprylic Acid (0.5%)
4.2

Succinic Acid (1.0%) + Caprylic Acid (0.5%)
2.24

Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Caprylic Acid (0.5%) +
2.46

L-Tartaric Acid (1.0%)

Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Caprylic Acid (0.5%) +
2.82

L-Lactic Acid (1.0%)

Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Caprylic Acid (0.5%) +
3.24

Succinic Acid (1.0%)

Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Caprylic Acid (0.5%) +
2.32

Succinic Acid (1.0%)

Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Caprylic Acid (0.5%) +
2.02

L-Lactic Acid (1.0%)

Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Caprylic Acid (0.5%) +
1.58

L-Tartaric Acid (1.0%)

Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Caprylic Acid (0.5%) +
5.12

Unipine 90 Acid (1.0%)

Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Caprylic Acid (0.5%) +
2.78

Adipic Acid (1.0%)

Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Gluconic Acid (0.5%)
2.49

Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Succinic Acid (0.5%)
2.29

Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Beta-Alanine (0.5%)
4.4

Caprylic Acid (1.0%)
3.85

Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + L-Tartaric Acid (0.5%)
1.76

Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + L-Lactic Acid (0.5%)
1.95

L-Tartaric Acid (0.5%)
1.72

Beta-Alanine (0.5%)
6.65

[0075]

57

Example 57

Field trial comparisons of caprylic/capric and

pelargonic acids on mixed weed varieties

Average

injury rating

Treatment
per plot*

1
3% caprylic/capric
3.95

2
3% caprylic/capric + 0.75% succinic acid
4.113

3
3% pelargonic
4.175

4
3% pelargonic + 0.75% succinic acid
4.213

*A rating of 1-5 given for each of 2 plots per treatment group where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants

Plot size: 6 X 9.3 feet

Weed varieties: grasses (dominant), dandelion, pigweed, plantain and Canadian thistle

Summary: addition of succinic acid was beneficial

[0076]

58

Example 58

Field trial comparisons of caprylic/capric and

pelargonic acids on mixed weed varieties

Average

injury rating

Treatment
per plot*

Canadian thistle:

1
3% caprylic/capric
2.58

2
3% caprylic/capric + 0.75% succinic acid
2.8

3
3% pelargonic
4.03

4
3% pelargonic + 0.75% succinic acid
4.35

Redwood pigweed:

1
4% caprylic/capric
3.1

2
6% caprylic/capric
4.55

3
6% pelargonic
4.35

*A rating of 1-5 given for each of 2 plots per treatment group where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants

Plot size: 6 X 9.3 feet

Summary: 1) although pelargonic acid was more effective for C. Thistle, caprylic/capric performed best on redroot pigweed, 2) addition of succinic acid was effective

[0077]

59

Example 59

Succinic Acids Potentiation of Sodium Salicylate, Testing Cotton

Treatment effect 2 days after a single, foliar application

Foliage

Treatment
Affected (%)

Succinic Acid (1.0%)
No effect

Succinic Acid (1.0%) + Sodium Salicylate (1.0%)
>70

Sodium Salicylate (1.0%)
<70

Some foliage (all treatments except succinic acid, alone) beginning to drop

[0078] It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, among those made apparent from the preceding description, are efficiently attained and, since certain changes may be made in carrying out the above methods and in the compositions set forth, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.

[0079] It is also understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention herein described and all statements of the scope of the invention which, as a matter of language might be said to fall therebetween.

[0080] Particularly, it is to be understood that in said claims, ingredients or components recited in the singular are intended to include compatible mixtures of said ingredients wherever the sense permits.

	Number	Date	Country
Parent	09427476	Oct 1999	US
Child	09692763	Oct 2000	US

	Number	Date	Country
Parent	09692763	Oct 2000	US
Child	10346638	Jan 2003	US

Enhanced herbicides

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CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

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